CHN 2- REVIEWER occurrence of said event, within a given area

and during a specified unit of time, it is evident

that the person experiencing the event.
(Numerator) must come from the total
DEMOGRAPHY
population exposed to the risk of same event
- demo- from Ancient Greek dēmos, (Denominator).
meaning "the people", and -graphy
Ratio – is used to describe the relationship
from "writing, description or
between two (2) numerical quantities or
measurement".
measures of events without taking particular
- Demography encompasses the study of
consideration of the time or place. These
the size, structure, and distribution of
quantities need not necessarily represent the
these populations, and spatial or
same entities, although the unit of measure
temporal changes in them in response
must be the same for both numerator and
to birth, migration, ageing, and death.
denominator of the ratio.
Population size
Crude or General Rates – referred to the total
- is the actual number of individuals in a living population. It must be presumed that the
population. total population was exposed to the risk of the
occurrence of the event.
Population density
Specific Rate – the relationship is for a specific
- is a measurement of population size per
population class or group. It limits the
unit area, i.e., population size divided by
occurrence of the event to the portion of the
total land area.
population definitely exposed to it.
Population composition
Crude Birth Rate – a measure of one
- is the description of a population characteristic of the natural growth or increase
according to characteristics such as of a population.
age, sex, race and marital status. These
data are often compared over time using
population pyramids.
Spatial distribution
- is the arrangement of a phenomenon Crude Death Rate – a measure of one mortality
across the Earth's surface and a from all causes which may result in a decrease
graphical display of such an of population.
arrangement is an important tool in
geographical and environmental
statistics.
Sources of Data: Infant mortality Rate – measure the risk of
dying during the 1st year of life.
- Population census
- Registration of Vital data
- Health Survey
- Studies and researches
HEALTH INDICATORS
Rate – show the relationship between a vital
event and those persons exposed to the
Maternal Mortality Rate – measures the risk of
dying from cause related to pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium.

Natural History of Disease

- The history of disease is its course
Specific Death Rate – describes more overtime, starting from prepathogenesis
accurately the risk of exposure of certain stage to its termination.
classes or group to particular diseases. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY TRIANGLE
Leading Causes of Mortality - consists of three components- host,
- are defined as underlying cause of environment and agent. The model implies
death categories or major ICD that each must be analyzed and understood for
(International Cause of Death) comprehensions and prediction of patterns of a
groupings (such as Diseases of the disease a change in any of the component will
Heart, Malignant Neoplasms, Accidents, alter an existing equilibrium to increase or
etc) that usually account for large decrease the frequency of the disease.
numbers of deaths within a specified
population group and time period.
Life expectancy- estimate of the average
number of additional years that a person of a
given age can expect to live.

EPIDEMIOLOGY
-is the study of occurrences and distribution of
Agent -is the intrinsic property of
diseases as well as the distribution and
microorganism to survive and multiply in the
determinants of health state or events in
environment to produce disease. Causative
specified population, and the application of this
agent is the infectious agent or its toxic
study to the control of health problems.
component that is transmitted from the source
- The first area describes the distribution of of infection to the susceptible body.
health status in terms of age, gender, race,
Host- at any given time is a result of the
geography to health and diseases.
interaction of genetic endowment with
- The second area involves explanation of the environment over the entire lifespan.
patterns of disease distribution. In terms of
Environment- is the sum total of all external
causal factors. Many disciplines seek to learn
condition and influences that affects the
about the causes of the diseases; the special
development of an organism which can be
contribution of epidemiology is its search for
biological, social and physical. The
concordance between the known or suspected
environment affects both the agent and the
causes of the disease and the known patterns
host.
to investigate for possible causal roles.
Three components of the environment:
- Epidemiology therefore is the backbone of
the prevention of the disease.
Physical environment - is composed of the 1. Sporadic -occurrence in the Philippines. In a
inanimate surrounding such as the geophysical given year, there are few unrelated cases in a
condition of the climate. given locality. The cases are few and scattered,
so that there is no apparent relationship
Biological environment-makes up the living
between them and they occur on and off,
things around us such as plants and animal
intermittently, through a period of time.
life.
(RABIES).
Socio – economic environment- which may be
2. Endemic - occurrence is the continuous
in the form of level of economic development of
occurrence throughout a period of time, of the
the community, presence of social disruption
usual number of cases in a given locality. The
and the like.
disease is therefore always occurring in the
Disease Distribution locality and the level of occurrence is more or
less constant through a period of time. The
-The methods and technique of epidemiology level of occurrence maybe low or high when
are desired to detect the cause of a disease in the given level is continuously maintained, then
relation to the characteristic of the person who the pattern maybe low endemic or high
has it or to a factor present in his environment. endemic as the case maybe. The disease is
Epidemiology variables more or less inherent in that locality, it is in a
way already identifiable with the locality itself.
-these variables are studied since they
determine the individual and population at 3. Epidemic-- occurrence is of unusually large
greatest risks of acquiring particular disease, number of cases in relatively short period of
and knowledge of these associations may have time. The is a disproportion ate relationship
predictive value. between the number of cases and the period of
occurrence, the more acute is the
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROCESS AND disproportion, the more urgent and serious is
INVESTIGATION the problem.
1. Time - refers both to the period during which 4. Pandemic is the simultaneous of epidemic
the cases of the disease being studied were of the same disease in several countries. It is
exposed to the source of infection and the another pattern of occurrence from an
period during which the illness occurred. international perspective.
2. Person- refers to the characteristics of the OUTLINE OF PLAN FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY
individual who were exposed and who INVESTIGATION
contacted the infection or the disease in
question. Person can be described in terms of
their inherent or their acquired characteristics 1. Establish fact of presence of epidemic
(such as age, race sex, practices, customs);
and the circumstances under which they live 2. Establish time and space relationship of the
(social, economic and environmental disease
condition).
3. Relation to characteristic of the group of
Place- refers to the features, factor or community
conditions which existed in or described the
4. Correlation of all data obtained
environment in which the disease occurred.
PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE AND
DISTRIBUTION CHN- PHILOSOPHY
 - It is based on the worth and dignity of - Establishment of a community health
man. worker organization at the parish
municipality level
CHN- GOAL
- Mass health campaign and mobilization
- The ultimate goal of community health to combat health problems.
services is to raise the level of health of
the citizenry. PAR
- Participation
- Beneficiaries of the research: it enables
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE the community to experience a
collective consciousness of their own
- It is the key in achieving an acceptable situations.
level of health through-out the world in - It involves: research, education,
the foreseeable future as part of social actions
development and in the spirit of social - To empower people to determine the
justice. -WHO SEP 1978 cause of their problems, analyze these
- PHC is people- oriented problems, and act by themselves in
- Its success rests on people respond to their problems.
- ITS OBJECTIVES IS TO ENABLE THE - In PAR, there is an outside researcher, a
PEOPLE professional one who through
PHC IN THE PHILIPPINES immersion and intergration on the
community becomes committed
- Practiced even before 1978 when the participant and learner in the community.
WHO declared PHC in Alma Ata
PHASES
OBJECTIVES OF PHC
1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
- 1. To enable the people to to seek health
at home, in school, in fields, and in - SCHOOL
factories. 2. ENTRY PHASE
- 2. To enable the people to prevent
injury and diseases, instead of relying - integration with the community
on doctors to repair damages that can - sensitization of the community
be avoided. campaigns
- 3. To enable the people to exercise - continuing social investigations
control in managing health and related - core group formation
systems and to ensure that. - coordination and consultation with
other community organizations
APPROACHES TO UTILIZE THE - self-awareness and leadership
OBJECTIVES OF PHC training action planning.
- PEOPLE 3, RESEARCH PHASE
- EMPOWERMENT/CAPABILITY
- BUILDING - selection of the research team
- training on data collection methods
CO-PAR (COMMUNITY ORGANIZING AND - Planning for gathering data
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH) - Prioritizations of community needs or
Community Participation problems for action.

- Formation of health committees 4. COMMUNITY ACTION PHASE

 - Organization and trainings cannot be reached by the health
- Selections of CHW’s care agencies.
- Strategy: community organizing
5. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND
and participatory action research.
CAPABILITY-BUILDING PHASE
- AIMS: to develop the faculty
- Community meetings to draw up members, staff, and students that
guidelines for the organization of the they can turn to train community
CHO residents to be self-reliant in their
- Election of officers health concerns.
- Development of management - to develop an effective PHC system
systems and procedures in underserved communities through
- Team building/ action reflection the improvement of the capabilities
action (ARA) of health training institutions;
- Working out legal requirements. a. to provide community
- Organizing of working committees. outreach services.
b. to train and to organize
SUSTENANCE AND STRENTHENING community residents in
SCHEME management of their health
- Formulation and ratification of concerns.
constitution and by-laws - Unique Features: PAR as
- Identification and development of facilitating strategy for maximum
secondary leaders community involvement, through
- Setting- up financing scheme for collective identification and analysis
community health programs. of community health problems and
- Continuing education and upgrading collective health action.
the community leaders, CHW’s and
CHO. TRAINED CI’s, STUDENTS on the
implementation of PHC through
CO-PAR
HEALTH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM OF PCPD, INC.
HRDP I- interested in the income UTILIZATION OF CO-PAR to empower
generated projects. people to realize the objective of PHC
HRDP II- “
HRDP III
- came up with the CO-PAR SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITY PEOPLE
process as strategy in the
implementation of PHC.
- developed and sponsored by PCPD,
INC.
- Purpose: to make health services
available and accessible to
depressed and unserved
communities in the PH.
- Goal: it is the delivery of health care
to far-flung communities which