Scalar and Vector Product
Scalar Product (Dot Product)
Definition:
Scalar Product ko Dot Product bhi kehte hain. Isme do vectors ka multiplication ek scalar
quantity (sirf magnitude) deta hai, aur isme direction ka role nahi hota.
Formula:
A · B = |A| × |B| × cos θ
Yahaan,
- |A| aur |B| vectors A aur B ke magnitudes hain.
- θ dono vectors ke beech ka angle hai.
Explanation:
Dot Product ka result hamesha scalar hota hai, aur iska magnitude vectors ke magnitudes
aur unke beech ke angle θ par depend karta hai. Jab θ = 0° hota hai (dono vectors same
direction me hain), to dot product maximum hota hai. Aur jab θ = 90° (dono vectors
perpendicular hain), to dot product zero hota hai.
Example:
Work Done:
Jab koi force F ek object ko displacement d ke along move karta hai, to work done ko hum
dot product se nikalte hain.
W = F · d = |F| × |d| × cos θ
Yahaan θ force aur displacement ke beech ka angle hai.
Practical Application: Agar ek book ko table par slide karte hain aur force apply karte hain,
to force aur displacement ke beech ka angle agar zero hai, to maximum work done hota hai.
Agar aap force ko upar ya neeche lagate hain, to cos 90° = 0 hone ki wajah se work done
zero hoga.
Vector Product (Cross Product)
Definition:
Vector Product ko Cross Product bhi kehte hain. Isme do vectors ka multiplication ek naya
vector quantity (magnitude aur direction dono) deta hai.
Formula:
A × B = |A| × |B| × sin θ × n
Yahaan,
- |A| aur |B| vectors A aur B ke magnitudes hain.
- θ dono vectors ke beech ka angle hai.
- n ek unit vector hai jo resultant vector ki direction ko dikhata hai, aur yeh A aur B dono ke
perpendicular hota hai.
Explanation:
Cross Product ka result ek naya vector hota hai jiska magnitude |A| × |B| × sin θ hota hai,
aur yeh A aur B ke plane ke perpendicular direction me hota hai. Jab θ = 0° (dono vectors
same direction me hain) ya θ = 180° (opposite direction me hain), to cross product zero
hota hai. Jab θ = 90° (dono vectors perpendicular hain), to cross product maximum hota hai.
Example:
Torque:
Jab kisi object ko rotate karte hain, to torque ko cross product se represent karte hain.
τ=r×F
Yahaan r distance vector hai aur F force vector hai. Torque ka direction right-hand rule se
find kiya jata hai.
Practical Application: Agar aap screwdriver se screw ko tighten karte hain, to force ka
direction handle ki taraf hota hai aur distance vector ka direction screw ke center ki taraf.
Dono ke cross product se torque milta hai jo screw ko rotate karta hai.
Right-Hand Rule:
Is rule se cross product ka direction find kar sakte hain. Apna right hand uthaiye, aur:
1. A ke direction me fingers ko rakhte hue.
2. B ke direction me fingers ko curl kariye.
3. Thumb jis direction me point karega, wahi direction resultant vector ka hoga.
Summary:
- Dot Product (Scalar Product): Magnitude aur angle ke cosine ka product, scalar quantity
deta hai.
- Cross Product (Vector Product): Magnitude aur angle ke sine ka product aur ek naya
perpendicular vector deta hai.
Yeh dono products vectors ke alag-alag properties ko highlight karte hain aur inka use
different physical phenomena ko describe karne me hota hai.
