Chapter 7

Structural Organization in Animals

1. Answer in one word or one line.
(𝑖) Give the common name of Periplanata americana.
(ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?
(iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?

N AT IS
(iv) How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach?

C N
(v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules?

PY
O C D
Solution:
O IO
D U AA

𝑖) American cockroach

O
ii) 4 pairs of spermathecae are found in earthworm
ED PR

iii) Two ovaries are found lying laterally around 2nd to 6th abdominal
segments.
T
iv) 10 segments
©

v) Malpighian tubules are found at the junction of midgut and the

hindgut of the alimentary canals of insects.
2. Answer the following:
(𝑖) What is the function of nephridia?
(ii) How many types of nephridia are found in earthworm based on their
location?
Solution:
𝑖) Nephridia perform the function of excretion and osmoregulation in
earthworms.
ii) Three types of nephridia are found in the earthworm based on their
location they are:
Septal nephridia present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of
segment 15 to the last that opens into the intestine.
Integumentary nephridia are attached to the lining of the body wall of
segment 3 to the last that opens on the body surface.
Pharyngeal nephridia is present as three paired tufts in the 4th, 5th and
6th segments.

N AT IS
3. Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive organs of an earthworm.

C N
PY
O C D
Solution:
O IO
D U AA
The diagram of reproductive organs of an earthworm is as follows:

O
ED PR

T
©

Earthworm reproductive system

4. Draw a labelled diagram of alimentary canal of a cockroach
Solution:
The diagram of alimentary canal of a cockroach is as follows:

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©

Cockroach alimentary canal

5. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Prostomium and peristomium
(b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium
Solution:
a) Prostomium and peristomium
the difference are as follows:
Prostomium peristomium
Small, fleshy lobe, serves as a It is the crescentic aperture at the
covering for the mouth and as a anterior end of the first segment
wedge to force open cracks in of the earthworm comparing the
the soil wherein the earthworm mouth.
crawls.

b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium

Septal nephridium Pharyngeal nephridium

N AT IS
Found at the anterior and Found in three pairs in the 4th,
5th and 6th segments located on

C N
posterior surface of septa

PY
O C D
occurring after segment 15 in either side of the alimentary
O IO
earthworm canal
D U AA

Excretory matter is discharged Excretory matter is discharged

O
into the lumen of the alimentary inti the gut, in the pharynx or
canal buccal cavity
ED PR

6. What are the cellular components of blood?

T
Solution:
©

The cellular components of blood are – Red blood cells (RBC), white
blood cells (WBC) and platelets.
7. What are the following and where do you find them in animal body.
(a) Chondriocytes
(b) Axons
(c) Ciliated epithelium
Solution:
a) Chondriocytes are the cells of cartilage. Cartilage is present in the tip
of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent bones of the vertebral
column, limbs and hands in adults. They are rounded, large and mature
cells that are found occurring in clusters in the matrix of the cartilage.
b) An axon is a long slender projection of neuron or nerve cell. They are
present throughout the body. They emerge from the cyton and are
responsible to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body. They
terminate in a group of branches known as terminal arborisations.
c) If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they
are called ciliated epithelium. They are present in the inner surface of

N AT IS
hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes. It comprises of fine
vibratile cytoplasmic processes that are termed as cilia found on its free

C N
PY
O C D
surface. These cilia are functional in trapping foreign substances and
O IO
dust.
D U AA

O
8. Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled
diagrams
ED PR

Solution:
Epithelial tissues are found lining the body surface forming a protective
T
surface. These cells are densely packed with very little intercellular
©

matrix.
Various types of epithelial tissues are:
𝑖) Simple epithelium:
It is single layer of cells which functions as a lining for body cavities,
ducts, and tubes.
Based on the structural modifications of the cells, Simple epithelial cells
are further divided into 4 types:
 Squamous epithelium
Simple epithelium made of single layer of flattened cell having irregular
boundaries. Since their cells represent tiles of a floor, they are also
referred to as pavement epithelium. They are found in the walls of blood
vessels and air sacs of lungs. They are involved in excretion, protection,
exchange of gases, secretion of coelomic fluid etc.
 Cuboidal epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium is made up of single layer of cube-like cells. They
are commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in
kidneys, and its primary functions are secretion and absorption of
gamete formation.
 Columnar epithelium

N AT IS
The columnar epithelium is made of single layer of tall and slender cells.

C N
PY
O C D
They are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in
O IO
secretion and absorption. The nuclei of these cells are elongated and
D U AA
found at different position. It aids in absorption and secretion.

O
 Ciliated epithelium
ED PR

If cuboidal or columnar epithelium has cilia, then they are called as

ciliated epithelium. They are present in the inner surface of hollow
T
organs like fallopian tubes and bronchioles. Their function is to move
particles in specific direction.
©

ii) Compound epithelium

The compound epithelium a layer of two or more cells with a protective
function as it does in our skin. They are thick and strong compared to the
simple epithelium as they comprise of two or more cell layers. It renders
protection. They cover the dry skin surface, moist surface of the buccal
cavity, inner lining of the ducts of pancreatic ducts and salivary ducts.
 N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA
Simple and compound epithelium

O
9. Distinguish between
ED PR

(a) Simple epithelium and compound epithelium

(b) Cardiac muscle and striated muscle
T
(c) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues
©

(d) Adipose and blood tissue

(e) Simple gland and compound gland
Solution:
a. Simple epithelium and compound epithelium

Simple epithelium Compound epithelium

Composed of one layer of Consisting of many layers of
cells cells
They are involved in the They are involved in the
function of absorption and protection
secretion
Present in the stomach lining Present in the lining of the
and intestine buccal cavity and pharynx
Cells rest on basement Calls of the lowermost layer
membrane rest on the basement
membrane

b. Cardiac muscle and striated muscle

Cardiac muscle Striated muscle

N AT IS
They are involuntary in They are voluntary in function,
function, never gets fatigued hence gets fatigued sooner

C N
PY
O C D
They are found in heart Found in triceps, limbs and
biceps
O IO
D U AA
Branched fibers Unbranched fibers

O
uninucleated Multinucleated
ED PR

c. Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

T
Dense regular connective Dense irregular connective
tissues tissues
©

Collagen fibers are present in Consists of fibroblasts having

rows between parallel several fibers that are
boundless fibers differently oriented
Regular patterns of fibers Irregular patterns of fibers
observed observed
They are present in tendons and They are present in the skin.
ligaments

d. Adipose and blood tissue

Adipose tissue Blood tissue
It is made of collagen fibers, It consists of RBC, WBC,
fibroblasts, macrophages and platelets and plasma
adipocytes
It is a loose connective tissue It is a fluid connective tissue
Its function is to synthesize, Its function is to transport
store and metabolize the fats food, gases, hormones and
waste.
Present beneath the skin Present in the blood vessels

N AT IS
e. Simple gland and compound gland

C N
PY
O C D
Simple gland Compound gland
O IO
D U AA
They contain isolated Contains cluster of

O
glandular cells secondary cells
They are unicellular They are multicellular
ED PR

Ex: Goblet cells of the Ex: salivary glands

alimentary canal
T
©

10. Mark the odd one in each series:

(a) Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon
(b) RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage
(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament
(d) Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae
(e) Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa
Solution:
 The answer is neuron because it is not a connective tissue.
 The answer is cartilage because it is not part of blood.
  The answer is ligament because it is connective tissue, whereas the
rest are glands.
 The answer is antennae because the rest other are parts of
cockroach’s stomach.
 The answer is Protenema because it is thread-like chain of cells
found in the life cycle of moss whereas others are the parts of
segments of cockroach’s leg.
11. Match the terms in column I with those in column II:

N AT IS
Column I Column II

C N
(a) compound epithelium (i) Alimentary canal

PY
O C D
(b) compound eye (ii) Cockroach
O IO
D U AA
(c) septal nephridia (iii) skin

O
(iv) open circulatory system (iv) Mosaic vision
(v) typhlosole (v) Earthworm
ED PR

(vi) osteocytes (vi) Phallomere

T
(vii) Gennitalia (vii) Bone
©

Solution:
Column I Column II
(a) compound epithelium (iii) skin
(b) compound eye (iv) Mosaic vision
(c) septal nephridia (v) Earthworm
(iv) open circulatory system (ii) Cockroach
(v) typhlosole (i) Alimentary canal
(vi) osteocytes (vii) Bone
(vii) Gennitalia (vi) Phallomere

12. Mention briefly about the circulatory system of earthworm

Solution:
 The earthworm has a closed circular system which comprises of
blood vessels, capillaries and heart.
 In earthworms, blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels as

N AT IS
it is a closed circulatory system
 Contraction keeps blood circulating in one direction.

C N
PY
O C D
 Blood glands are present on the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. They
O IO
produce blood cells, hemoglobin, that are dissolved in plasma of
D U AA

the blood.

O
 Blood cells and are phagocytic.
 Specialized breathing system is absent hence the moist body
ED PR

surface helps in the respiratory exchange with their blood stream

T
13. Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.
©

Solution:
The diagram is as below:
 N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

Frog digestive system

T
14. Mention the function of the following (a) Ureters in frog (b)
©

Malpighian tubules (c) Body wall in earthworm

Solution:
 Ureters in frog – Acts as urinogenital duct which carries urine and
sperm in the male frog.
 Malpighian tubules – Malpighian tubules are excretory organs in
cockroaches.
 Body wall in earthworm – Helps in movement and burrowing