Czech Republic

The Czech Republic,[c][12] also known as

Czechia,[d][13] and historically known as Czech Republic
Bohemia, [14] is a landlocked country in Central Česká republika (Czech)
Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the
south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast,
and Slovakia to the southeast.[15] The Czech
Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of
78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a
mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. Flag Coat of arms
The capital and largest city is Prague; other major
Motto:
cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň Pravda vítězí (Czech)
and Liberec. "Truth prevails"

The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th Anthem:

Kde domov můj (Czech)
century under Great Moravia. It was formally "Where My Home Is"
recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman
1:13
Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in
1198.[16][17] Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526,
all of the Crown lands of Bohemia were gradually
integrated into the Habsburg monarchy. Nearly a
hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt
led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of
White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their
rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the
Austrian Empire.

In the 19th century, the Czech lands became more

Show globe
industrialized; further, in 1918, most of the country
Show map of the European Union
became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic Show all
following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after Location of the Czech Republic (dark green)
World War I.[18] Czechoslovakia was the only – in Europe (green & dark gray)
country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a – in the European Union (green) –
parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the [Legend]
interwar period.[19] After the Munich Agreement in Capital Prague
1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over and largest city 50°05′N 14°28′E
the Czech lands. Czechoslovakia was restored in Official language Czech[1]
1945 and three years later became an Eastern Bloc
communist state following a coup d'état in 1948. Ethnic groups 89% Czechs
Attempts to liberalize the government and economy (2021)[4] 3.3% Moravians
were suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion of the 0.9% Slovaks
country during the Prague Spring in 1968. In 0.7% Ukrainians
November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended 2.1% other
communist rule in the country and restored 4.0% two nationalities
democracy. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia
was peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states Religion (2021)[5] 56.9% no religion
becoming the independent states of the Czech 11.7% Christianity
9.3% Catholicism
Republic and Slovakia. 2.4% other Christian
1.2% other
The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary
30.1% unanswered
republic and developed country with an advanced,
high-income social market economy. It is a welfare Demonym(s) Czech
state with a European social model, universal health Government Unitary parliamentary
care and free-tuition university education. It ranks republic
32nd in the Human Development Index. The Czech • President Petr Pavel
Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, • Prime Minister Petr Fiala
the European Union, the OECD, the OSCE, the
Legislature Parliament
Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
• Upper house Senate
• Lower house Chamber of Deputies

Etymology Establishment
• Duchy of Bohemia c. 870
The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives • Kingdom of Bohemia 1198
from Latin: Boiohaemum, which means "home of • Czechoslovakia 28 October 1918
the Boii" (a Gallic tribe). The current English name • Czech Republic 1 January 1993
ultimately comes from the Czech word Area
Čech. [20][21][22] The name comes from the Slavic • Total 78,871 km2
tribe (Czech: Češi, Čechové) and, according to (30,452 sq mi)[6] (115th)
legend, their leader Čech, who brought them to • Water (%) 2.16 (as of 2022)[6]
Bohemia, to settle on Říp Mountain. The etymology Population
of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto- • 2024 estimate 10,900,555[7] (85th)
Slavic root *čel-, meaning "member of the people; • 2021 census 10,524,167[4]
kinsman", thus making it cognate to the Czech word • Density 133/km2 (344.5/sq mi)
člověk (a person).[23] (91st)

GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate

The country has been traditionally divided into three
• Total $551.958 billion[8]
lands, namely Bohemia (Čechy) in the west, Moravia (46th)
(Morava) in the east, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the • Per capita $50,474[8] (38th)
smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most
of which is located within modern Poland) in the GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
northeast.[24] Known as the lands of the Bohemian
• Total $325.880 billion[8]
(47th)
Crown since the 14th century, a number of other
• Per capita $29,800[8] (38th)
names for the country have been used, including
Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown,
Czechia,[25] and the lands of the Crown of Saint Gini (2023) 24.4[9]
Wenceslaus. When the country regained its low inequality
independence after the dissolution of the Austro- HDI (2022) 0.895[10]
Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of very high (32nd)
Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the
Currency Czech koruna (CZK)
Czech and Slovak nations within one country.[26]
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
After Czechoslovakia dissolved on the last day of • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
1992, Česko was adopted as the Czech short name
Date format d. m. yyyy
for the new state and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the Czech Republic recommended Czechia for the Drives on right
English-language equivalent.[27] This form was not Calling code +420[a]
widely adopted at the time, leading to the long name
Czech Republic being used in English in nearly all ISO 3166 code CZ
circumstances. The Czech government directed use Internet TLD .cz[b]
of Czechia as the official English short name in
2016.[28] The short name has been listed by the United Nations[29] and is used by other organizations
such as the European Union,[30] NATO,[31] the CIA,[32] Google Maps,[33] and the European
Broadcasting Union.[34] In 2022, the American AP Stylebook stated in its entry on the country that
"both [Czechia and the Czech Republic] are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the
Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in
English as the Czech Republic."[35]

History

Prehistory
Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric
human settlements in the area, dating back to the
Paleolithic era.

In the classical era, as a result of the 3rd century BC

Celtic migrations, Bohemia became associated with
the Boii.[38] The Boii founded an oppidum near the
site of modern Prague.[39] Later in the 1st century,
the Germanic tribes of the Marcomanni and Quadi
settled there.[40]
Left: Venus of Dolní Věstonice, dated to 29,000–
Slavs from the Black Sea–Carpathian region settled 25,000 BCE, is the oldest ceramic figurine in the
in the area (their migration was pushed by an world.[36]
invasion of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe Right: the stone head of a Celt is the most valuable
into their area:[41] Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Celtic sculpture in Europe and dates to the 3rd
Magyars).[42] In the sixth century, the Huns had century BCE.[37]
moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some
of present-day Austria and Germany.[42]
During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby
settled Avars,[43] became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's
Empire. The principality of Great Moravia, controlled by Moymir dynasty, arose in the 8th
century.[44] It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia), holding off
the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the
Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius. They codified the Old Church Slavonic language, the first
literary and liturgical language of the Slavs, and the Glagolitic script.[45]

Bohemia
The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century when it
was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. Bohemia was from 1002
until 1806 an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire.[46]

In 1212, Přemysl Ottokar I extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily from

the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal
status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom.[47]
German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th
century.[48] The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their
raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc.[49]
The Crown of Bohemia within the
Holy Roman Empire (1600). The After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained
Czech lands were part of the Empire the Bohemian throne.[50]
in 1002–1806, and Prague was the
imperial seat in 1346–1437 and Efforts for a reform of the church in Bohemia started already in
1583–1611. the late 14th century. Jan Hus' followers seceded from some
practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–
1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by
Sigismund. During the next two centuries, 90% of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were
considered Hussites. The pacifist thinker Petr Chelčický inspired the movement of the Moravian
Brethren (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic
Church.[51]

On 21 December 1421, Jan Žižka, a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of
forces in the Battle of Kutná Hora, resulting in a victory for the Hussites. He is honoured to this day as
a national hero.

After 1526, Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the
elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the
official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court.

The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start
of the Thirty Years' War. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White
Mountain and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were
strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621. The nobility and the middle
class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.[52]
The following era of 1620 to the late 18th century became known as the
"Dark Age". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of the Czech
lands declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as
well as due to the war, disease and famine.[53] The Habsburgs prohibited
all Christian confessions other than Catholicism.[54] The flowering of
Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman
Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663.[55] In 1679–1680 the Czech
lands faced the Great Plague of Vienna and an uprising of serfs.[56]

There were peasant uprisings influenced by

famine.[57] Serfdom was abolished between
1781 and 1848. Several battles of the
Napoleonic Wars took place on the current Battle between Hussites
and crusaders during the
territory of the Czech Republic.
Hussite Wars; Jena Codex,
15th century
The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806
The 1618 Defenestration of
led to degradation of the political status of
Prague marked the
beginning of the Bohemian
Bohemia which lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman
Revolt against the Empire as well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet.[58]
Habsburgs and therefore Bohemian lands became part of the Austrian Empire. During the 18th
the first phase of the Thirty and 19th century the Czech National Revival began its rise, with the
Years' War. purpose to revive Czech language, culture, and national identity. The
Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy
of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed.[59]

It seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end, the Emperor Franz
Joseph I affected a compromise with Hungary only. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and
the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some
Czech politicians.[59] The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania.

The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. The
first elections under universal male suffrage were held in 1907.[60]

Czechoslovakia
In 1918, during the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy
at the end of World War I, the independent republic of
Czechoslovakia, which joined the winning Allied
powers, was created, with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in
the lead.[62] This new country incorporated the
Bohemian Crown.[63]

The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised only 27% The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised 27%
of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but of the population of the former Austria-Hungary
nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to and nearly 80% of the industry.[61]
compete with Western industrial states.[61] In 1929
compared to 1913, the gross domestic product
increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the
world industrial production.[64] Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe
to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire interwar period.[65] Although the First
Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest
being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%).[66]

Western Czechoslovakia was occupied by Nazi Germany, which

placed most of the region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and
Moravia. The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich,
and the president and prime minister were subordinated to Nazi
Germany's Reichsprotektor. One Nazi concentration camp was
located within the Czech territory at Terezín, north of Prague. The
vast majority of the Protectorate's Jews were murdered in Nazi-
Prague during the 1968 Warsaw run concentration camps. The Nazi Generalplan Ost called for the
Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most
or all Czechs for the purpose of providing more living space for the
German people.[67] There was Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi
occupation as well as reprisals against the Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The German
occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague
uprising.[68] Most of Czechoslovakia's German-speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first
as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an "organized transfer" confirmed by
the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference.[69]

In the 1946 elections, the Communist Party gained 38%[70] of the votes and became the largest party
in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. A coup
d'état came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the next 41 years, the
Czechoslovak Communist state conformed to Eastern Bloc economic and political features.[71] The
Prague Spring political liberalization was stopped by the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of
Czechoslovakia. Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist movement to fracture,
ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989.

Czech Republic
In November 1989, Czechoslovakia again became a liberal democracy through the Velvet Revolution.
However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened (Hyphen War) and on 31 December 1992, the
country peacefully split into the independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both
countries went through economic reforms and privatizations, with the intention of creating a market
economy, as they have been trying to do since 1990, when Czechs and Slovaks still shared the
common state. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognized by the
World Bank as a "developed country",[72] and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as a
nation of "Very High Human Development".[73]

From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right,
has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined
NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech
Republic joined the Schengen Area.[74]
Until 2017, either the centre-left Czech Social Democratic Party or the
centre-right Civic Democratic Party led the governments of the Czech
Republic. In October 2017, the populist movement ANO 2011, led by the
country's second-richest man, Andrej Babiš, won the elections with three
times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats.[75] In
December 2017, Czech president Miloš Zeman appointed Andrej Babiš as
the new prime minister.[76]

In the 2021 elections, ANO 2011 was narrowly defeated and Petr Fiala
became the new prime minister.[77] He formed a government coalition of
the alliance SPOLU (Civic Democratic Party, KDU-ČSL and TOP 09) and Václav Havel, one of the
the alliance of Pirates and Mayors. In January 2023, retired general Petr most important figures in
Czech history during the
Pavel won the presidential election, becoming new Czech president to
20th century—leader of the
succeed Miloš Zeman.[78] Following the 2022 Russian invasion of
Velvet Revolution, the last
Ukraine, the country took in half a million Ukrainian refugees, the largest president of
number per capita in the world.[79][80] Czechoslovakia and the
first president of the Czech
Republic
Geography
The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48° and 51° N
and longitudes 12° and 19° E.

Bohemia, to the west, consists of a basin drained by the Elbe

(Czech: Labe) and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low
mountains, such as the Krkonoše range of the Sudetes. The
highest point in the country, Sněžka at 1,603 m (5,259 ft), is
located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also hilly. Topographic map
It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the
source of the Oder River (Czech: Odra).

Water from the Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea.
The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a 30,000-square-meter (7.4-acre) lot in the middle
of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of
Versailles, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be
transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028.

Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the
Circumboreal Region, within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the
territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Western European
broadleaf forests, Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Carpathian montane
conifer forests.[81]

There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park (Biosphere
Reserve), and the others are Šumava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyjí National Park, and
Bohemian Switzerland.
The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly some countries of the Bohemian Crown)
correspond with the river basins of the Elbe and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for
Moravia, and the Oder river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory).

Climate
The Czech Republic has a temperate climate, situated in the
transition zone between the oceanic and continental climate types,
with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The
temperature difference between summer and winter is due to the
landlocked geographical position.[82]
Köppen climate classification types
Temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, at
of the Czech Republic using the
higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation 0 °C isotherm:
increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Humid continental climate
Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny Subarctic climate
District to the northwest of Prague. Another factor is the
distribution of the mountains.

At the highest peak of Sněžka (1,603 m or 5,259 ft), the average

temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in the lowlands of the
South Moravian Region, the average temperature is as high as
10 °C (50 °F). The country's capital, Prague, has a similar average
temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors.

The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and

December. During these months, there is snow in the mountains
and sometimes in the cities and lowlands. During March, April,
and May, the temperature usually increases, especially during Köppen climate classification types
April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary during the of the Czech Republic using the
day. Spring is also characterized by higher water levels in the −3 °C isotherm:
rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding. Humid continental climate
Oceanic climate
The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and Subarctic climate
June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20–30 °C (36–
54 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by
rain and storms.

Autumn generally begins in September, which is still warm and dry. During October, temperatures
usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the
end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.

The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 °C
(−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in Dobřichovice in 2012.[83]
Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is throughout the year (in Prague, the average
number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) of rain varies from 12 in
September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated rainfall (days with more than 10 mm
(0.39 in) per day) are more frequent in the months of May to August (average around two such days
per month).[84] Severe thunderstorms, producing damaging straight-line winds, hail, and occasional
tornadoes occur, especially during the summer period.[85][86]

Environment
As of 2020, the Czech Republic ranks as the 21st most environmentally conscious country in the world
in Environmental Performance Index.[87] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score
of 1.71/10, ranking it 160th globally out of 172 countries.[88] The Czech Republic has four National
Parks (Šumava National Park, Krkonoše National Park, České Švýcarsko National Park, Podyjí
National Park) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas.

Government
The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary
representative democracy. The Parliament (Parlament České
republiky) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies
(Czech: Poslanecká sněmovna, 200 members) and the
Senate (Czech: Senát, 81 members).[89] The members of the
Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four-year term by
proportional representation, with a 5% election threshold.
There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's
administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the
successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and President Prime Minister
responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the Petr Pavel Petr Fiala
former Czechoslovakia. The members of the Senate are
elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff
voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year
in the autumn. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate,
but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting
system used is a two-round runoff.

The president is a formal head of state with limited and specific

powers, who appoints the prime minister, as well the other
members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister. From The Chamber of Deputies, lower
1993 until 2012, the President of the Czech Republic was selected house of the Parliament of the
by a joint session of the parliament for a five-year term, with no Czech Republic
more than two consecutive terms (Václav Havel and Václav Klaus
were both elected twice). Since 2013, the president has been
elected directly.[90] Some commentators have argued that, with the introduction of direct election of
the President, the Czech Republic has moved away from the parliamentary system and towards a
semi-presidential one.[91] The Government's exercise of executive power derives from the
Constitution. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy prime ministers and
other ministers. The Government is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies.[92] The Prime Minister is
the head of government and wields powers such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and
domestic policy and choose government ministers.[93]

Main office-holders

Office Name Party Since

President Petr Pavel Independent 9 March 2023
President of the Senate Miloš Vystrčil ODS 19 February 2020

President of the Chamber of Markéta Pekarová 10 November

TOP 09
Deputies Adamová 2021
28 November
Prime Minister Petr Fiala ODS
2021

Law
The Czech Republic is a unitary state,[94] with a civil law system
based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture.
The basis of the legal system is the Constitution of the Czech
Republic adopted in 1993.[95] The Penal Code is effective from
2010. A new Civil code became effective in 2014. The court system
includes district, county, and supreme courts and is divided into
civil, criminal, and administrative branches. The Czech judiciary
has a triumvirate of supreme courts. The Constitutional Court Interior of the Constitutional Court of
consists of 15 constitutional judges and oversees violations of the the Czech Republic in Brno
Constitution by either the legislature or by the government. [95]

The Supreme Court is formed of 67 judges and is the court of

highest appeal for most legal cases heard in the Czech Republic. The Supreme Administrative Court
decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. It also has jurisdiction over certain
political matters, such as the formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries
between government entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for public office.[95] The Supreme
Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are both based in Brno, as is the Supreme Public
Prosecutor's Office.[95]

Foreign relations
The Czech Republic has ranked as one of the safest or most peaceful countries for the past few
decades.[96] It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, OECD, Council of
Europe and is an observer to the Organization of American States.[97] The embassies of most
countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates
are located across the country.
The Czech passport is restricted by visas. According to the 2018
Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index, Czech citizens have
visa-free access to 173 countries, which ranks them 7th along with
Malta and New Zealand.[98] The World Tourism Organization
ranks the Czech passport 24th.[99] The US Visa Waiver Program
applies to Czech nationals.
Visa-free entry countries for Czech
The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs have primary citizens in green, EU in blue (see
roles in setting foreign policy, although the President also has citizenship of the European Union)
influence and represents the country abroad. Membership in the
European Union and NATO is central to the Czech Republic's
foreign policy. The Office for Foreign Relations and Information
(ÚZSI) serves as the foreign intelligence agency responsible for
espionage and foreign policy briefings, as well as protection of
Czech Republic's embassies abroad.

The Czech Republic has ties with Slovakia, Poland and Hungary as Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague
a member of the Visegrád Group,[100] as well as with
Germany,[101] Israel,[102] the United States[103] and the European
Union and its members. After 2020, relations with Asian democratic states, such as Taiwan, are being
strengthened.[104] Conversely, the Czech Republic has long had bad relations with Russia; from 2021,
the Czech Republic appears on Russia's official list of enemy countries.[105] The Czech Republic also
has problematic relations with China.

Czech officials have supported dissenters in Belarus, Moldova, Myanmar and Cuba.[106]

Famous Czech diplomats of the past included Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál, Humprecht Jan Czernin,
Count Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau, Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Karl
Philipp Schwarzenberg, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, Ottokar Czernin, Edvard Beneš, Jan Masaryk, Jiří
Hájek, Jiří Dienstbier, Michael Žantovský, Petr Kolář, Alexandr Vondra, Prince Karel Schwarzenberg
and Petr Pavel.

Military
The Czech armed forces consist of the Czech Land Forces, the
Czech Air Force and of specialized support units. The armed forces
are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The President of the
Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In
2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional
organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The
country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999.
Defence spending is approximately 1.28% of the GDP (2021).[107]
The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic General Staff of the Army of the
and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing Czech Republic in Prague
to NATO.
Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in the Resolute Support and
KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan, Mali, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Egypt,
Israel and Somalia. The Czech Air Force also served in the Baltic states and Iceland.[108] The main
equipment of the Czech military includes JAS 39 Gripen multi-role fighters, Aero L-159 Alca combat
aircraft, AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters, armored vehicles (Pandur II, BVP-2) and tanks (T-72M4CZ
and Leopard 2A4).

Human rights
Human rights in the Czech Republic are guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and
Freedoms and international treaties on human rights. Nevertheless, there were cases of human rights
violations such as discrimination against Roma children,[109] for which the European Commission
asked the Czech Republic to provide an explanation,[110] or the illegal sterilization of Roma
women,[111] for which the government apologized.[112]

People of the same sex can enter into a "registered partnership" in the Czech Republic. Conducting
same-sex marriage is not legal under current Czech law.[113]

Administrative divisions
Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj)
and the capital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected regional assembly and a regional
governor. In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the
mayor.

The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without
Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform;
they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[114]

The smallest administrative units are obce (municipalities). As of 2021, the Czech Republic is divided
into 6,254 municipalities. Cities and towns are also municipalities. The capital city of Prague is a
region and municipality at the same time.

Map of the Czech Republic with traditional Map with court districts
regions and current administrative regions

Economy
The Czech Republic has a developed,[115] high-income[116] export-
oriented social market economy based in services, manufacturing
and innovation, that maintains a welfare state and the European
social model.[117] The Czech Republic participates in the European
Single Market as a member of the European Union and is
therefore a part of the economy of the European Union, but uses
its own currency, the Czech koruna, instead of the euro. It has a
per capita GDP rate that is 91% of the EU average[118] and is a
member of the OECD. Monetary policy is conducted by the Czech Real GDP per capita in the Czech
National Bank, whose independence is guaranteed by the Republic from 1973 to 2018

Constitution. The Czech Republic ranks 12th in the UN inequality-

adjusted human development and 24th in World Bank Human
Capital Index. It was described by The Guardian as "one of
Europe's most flourishing economies".[119]

As of 2023, the country's GDP per capita at purchasing power

parity is $51,329[120] and $29,856 at nominal value.[121] According
to Allianz A.G., in 2018 the country was an MWC (mean wealth
country), ranking 26th in net financial assets.[122] The country
experienced a 4.5% GDP growth in 2017.[123] The 2016
unemployment rate was the lowest in the EU at 2.4%,[124] and the
2016 poverty rate was the second lowest of OECD members.[125]
Czech Republic ranks 27th in the 2021 Index of Economic
Freedom,[126] 30th in the 2024 Global Innovation Index,[127] 29th The Czech Republic is part of the
European Single Market and the
in the Global Competitiveness Report,[128] and 25th in the Global
Schengen Area (dark and light blue
Enabling Trade Report.[129] The Czech Republic has a diverse on the map above), but uses its own
economy that ranks 7th in the 2016 Economic Complexity currency, the Czech koruna.
Index.[130] The industrial sector accounts for 37.5% of the
economy, while services account for 60% and agriculture for
2.5%.[131] The largest trading partner for both export and import is Germany and the EU in general.
Dividends worth CZK 270 billion were paid to the foreign owners of Czech companies in 2017, which
has become a political issue.[132] The country has been a member of the Schengen Area since 1 May
2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbors on 21
December 2007.[133]

Industry
In 2018 the largest companies by revenue in the Czech Republic
were: automobile manufacturer Škoda Auto, utility company ČEZ
Group, conglomerate Agrofert, energy trading company EPH, oil
processing company Unipetrol, electronics manufacturer Foxconn
CZ and steel producer Moravia Steel.[134] Other Czech
transportation companies include: Škoda Transportation
Škoda Octavia RS iV (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), Tatra (heavy trucks, the second
oldest car maker in the world), Avia (medium trucks), Karosa and SOR Libchavy (buses), Aero
Vodochody (military aircraft), Let Kunovice (civil aircraft), Zetor (tractors), Jawa Moto (motorcycles)
and Čezeta (electric scooters).

Škoda Transportation is the fourth largest tram producer in the world; nearly one third of all trams in
the world come from Czech factories.[135] The Czech Republic is also the world's largest vinyl records
manufacturer, with GZ Media producing about 6 million pieces annually in Loděnice.[136] Česká
zbrojovka is among the ten largest firearms producers in the world and five who produce automatic
weapons.[137]

In the food industry, Czech companies include Agrofert, Kofola and Hamé.

Energy
Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10
TWh per year, the excess being exported. Nuclear power presently
provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is
projected to increase to 40 percent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of
electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants
(mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent came
from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech
power resource is Temelín Nuclear Power Station, with another
nuclear power plant in Dukovany. Dukovany Nuclear Power Station

The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting

low-grade brown coal as a source of energy. Natural gas is purchased from Norwegian companies and
as liquefied gas LNG from the Netherlands and Belgium. In the past, three-quarters of gas supplies
came from Russia, but after the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government
gradually stopped these supplies.[138] Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003–2005) is almost
double electricity consumption. South Moravia has small oil and gas deposits.

Transportation infrastructure
As of 2020, the road network in the Czech Republic is 55,768.3
kilometers (34,652.82 mi) long, out of which 1,276.4 km
(793.1 mi) are motorways.[139] The speed limit is 50 km/h
(31 mph) within towns, 90 km/h (56 mph) outside of towns and
130 km/h (81 mph) on motorways.[140]

The Czech Republic has one of the densest rail networks in the
world. As of 2020, the country has 9,542 kilometers (5,929 mi) of
lines. Of that number, 3,236 km (2,011 mi) is electrified, 7,503 km Václav Havel Airport Prague
(4,662 mi) are single-line tracks and 2,040 km (1,270 mi) are
double and multiple-line tracks.[141] The length of tracks is
15,360 km (9,540 mi), out of which 6,917 km (4,298 mi) is electrified.[142]
České dráhy (the Czech Railways) is the main railway operator in the country, with about 180 million
passengers carried yearly. Maximum speed is limited to 160 km/h (99 mph).

Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2019, it handled
17.8 million passengers.[143] In total, the Czech Republic has 91 airports, six of which provide
international air services. The public international airports are in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mnichovo
Hradiště, Mošnov (near Ostrava), Pardubice and Prague.[144] The non-public international airports
capable of handling airliners are in Kunovice and Vodochody.[145]

Russia (via pipelines through Ukraine) and, to a lesser extent, Norway (via pipelines through
Germany) supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.[146]

Communications and IT
The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with
the fastest average internet speed.[147] By the beginning of 2008,
there were over 800 mostly local WISPs,[148][149] with about
350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE,
UMTS or CDMA2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone
operators (T-Mobile, O2, Vodafone) and internet provider U:fon.
Government-owned Český Telecom slowed down broadband
penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling Founders and owners of the
began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also antivirus group Avast
SDSL. This and later privatization of Český Telecom helped drive
down prices.

On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain-owned) Telefónica group
and adopted the new name Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. As of 2017, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered
in variants, with download speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. Cable
internet is gaining more popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 50 Mbit/s to
1 Gbit/s.

Two computer security companies, Avast and AVG, were founded in the Czech Republic. In 2016,
Avast led by Pavel Baudiš bought rival AVG for US$1.3 billion, together at the time, these companies
had a user base of about 400 million people and 40% of the consumer market outside of
China.[150][151] Avast is the leading provider of antivirus software, with a 20.5% market share.[152]

Tourism
Prague is the fifth most visited city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome.[153] In 2001,
the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion CZK, making up 5.5% of the country's GNP and
9% of its overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1% of the
population.[154] Guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing
problems talk mainly about Prague, though the situation has improved recently.[155][156] Since 2005,
Prague's mayor, Pavel Bém, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty
crime[156] and, aside from these problems, Prague is a "safe" city.[157] The Czech Republic's crime rate
is described by the United States State department as "low".[158]
The Czech Republic boasts 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 3 of
them being transnational. As of 2024, further 13 sites are on the
tentative list.[159]

Architectural heritage is an
object of interest to visitors –
it includes castles and
châteaux from different
historical epochs, namely
Medieval castle Karlštejn
Karlštejn Castle, Český
Krumlov and the Lednice–
Valtice Cultural Landscape. There are 12 cathedrals and 15
Český Krumlov
churches elevated to the rank of basilica by the Pope, as well as
many monasteries.

Away from the towns, areas such as Bohemian Paradise, Bohemian Forest and the Giant Mountains
attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits.

The country is also known for its various museums, puppetry and marionette exhibitions that take
part within larger puppet festivals, and beer festivals.[160] Aquapalace Prague in Čestlice is the largest
water park in the country.

Science
The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific
innovation.[161][162] Today, the Czech Republic has a highly
sophisticated, developed, high-performing, innovation-oriented
scientific community supported by the government,[163] industry,[164]
and leading universities.[165] Czech scientists are embedded members of
the global scientific community.[166] They contribute annually to
multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their
colleagues across boundaries and fields.[167][168][169][170] The Czech
Republic was ranked 24th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020 and
2021, up from 26th in 2019.[171][172][173]

Historically, the Czech lands, especially Prague, have been the seat of
Chemist Jaroslav
scientific discovery going back to early modern times, including Tycho Heyrovský, Nobel Prize
Brahe, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Johannes Kepler. In 1784 the scientific winner
community was first formally organized under the charter of the Royal
Czech Society of Sciences. Currently, this organization is known as the
Czech Academy of Sciences.[174] Similarly, the Czech lands have a well-established history of
scientists,[175][176] including Nobel laureates biochemists Gerty and Carl Ferdinand Cori, chemists
Jaroslav Heyrovský and Otto Wichterle, physicists Ernst Mach and Peter Grünberg, physiologist Jan
Evangelista Purkyně and chemist Antonín Holý.[177] Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis,
was born in Příbor,[178] Gregor Mendel, the founder of genetics, was born in Hynčice and spent most
of his life in Brno,[179] logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel was born in Brno.
Historically, most scientific research was recorded in Latin, but
from the 18th century onwards increasingly in German and later
in Czech, archived in libraries supported and managed by religious
groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical
locations of international renown and heritage such as the Strahov
Monastery and the Clementinum in Prague. Increasingly, Czech
scientists publish their work and that of their history in
English.[180][181]
Eli Beamlines Science Center with
The current important scientific institution is the already
the most powerful laser in the world
mentioned Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the in Dolní Břežany
CEITEC Institute in Brno or the HiLASE and Eli Beamlines
centers with the most powerful laser in the world in Dolní
Břežany. Prague is the seat of the administrative center of the GSA Agency operating the European
navigation system Galileo and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme.

Demographics
The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2020 was estimated at 1.71 children per woman, which is below the
replacement rate of 2.1.[182] The Czech Republic's population has an average age of 43.3 years.[183]
The life expectancy in 2021 was estimated to be 79.5 years (76.55 years male, 82.61 years female).[184]
About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually.[185] Vietnamese immigrants began
settling in the country during the Communist period, when they were invited as guest workers by the
Czechoslovak government.[186] In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech
Republic.[187] Most decide to stay in the country permanently.[188]

According to results of the 2021 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are
Czechs (57.3%), followed by Moravians (3.4%), Slovaks (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.7%), Viets (0.3%), Poles
(0.3%), Russians (0.2%), Silesians (0.1%) and Germans (0.1%). Another 4.0% declared combination
of two nationalities (3.6% combination of Czech and other nationality). As the 'nationality' was an
optional item, a number of people left this field blank (31.6%).[4] According to some estimates, there
are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic.[189][190] The Polish minority resides mainly
in the Trans-Olza region.[191]

There were 658,564 foreigners residing in the country in 2021,[192] according to the Czech Statistical
Office, with the largest groups being Ukrainian (22%), Slovak (22%), Vietnamese (12%), Russian (7%)
and German (4%). Most of the foreign population lives in Prague (37.3%) and Central Bohemia
Region (13.2%).[193]

The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was nearly
annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust.[194] There were approximately 3,900 Jews in
the Czech Republic in 2021.[195] The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, is of Jewish faith.[196]

Nationality of residents, who answered the question in the Census 2021:[197][198]

 Nationality Share

Czech 83.76%

Moravian 4.99%
Czech and Moravian 2.50%

Slovak 1.33%

Ukrainian 1.08%
Czech and Slovak 0.82%

Vietnamese 0.44%

Polish 0.37%
Russian 0.35%

Other 4.36%

Largest cities
Largest municipalities in the Czech Republic
Czech Statistical Office[199]
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
1 Prague Prague 1,357,326 11 Zlín Zlín 74,191
South Moravian-
2 Brno 396,101 12 Havířov 70,245
Moravian Silesian
Moravian- Central
3 Ostrava 283,504 13 Kladno 68,436
Silesian Bohemian
Ústí nad
4 Plzeň Plzeň 181,240 14 Most 63,856
Labem
Moravian-
5 Liberec Liberec 107,389 15 Opava 55,512
Silesian
Prague Ostrava
Frýdek- Moravian-
6 Olomouc Olomouc 101,825 16 54,188
Místek Silesian
České South
7 96,417 17 Jihlava Vysočina 52,548
Budějovice Bohemian
Hradec Hradec Ústí nad
Brno 8 93,506 18 Teplice 50,843 Plzeň
Králové Králové Labem
Moravian-
9 Pardubice Pardubice 92,149 19 Karviná 50,172
Silesian
Ústí nad Ústí nad Karlovy Karlovy
10 91,963 20 49,043
Labem Labem Vary Vary

Religion
About 75%[201] to 79%[202] of
Religion in the Czech Republic (2011)[200]
residents of the Czech Republic do
Undeclared 44.7%
not declare having any religion or Irreligion 34.5%
faith in surveys, and the proportion Catholicism 10.5%
of convinced atheists (30%) is the Believers, not members of other religions 6.8%
third highest in the world behind Other Christian churches 1.1%
Protestantism 1%
those of China (47%) and Japan Believers, members of other religions 0.7%
(31%). [203] The Czech people have Other religions / Unknown 0.7%
been historically characterized as
"tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".[204] The religious identity of the country has changed
drastically since the first half of the 20th century, when more than 90% of Czechs were
Christians.[205]

Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced

Catholicism. After the Bohemian Reformation, most Czechs
became followers of Jan Hus, Petr Chelčický and other regional
Protestant Reformers. Taborites and Utraquists were Hussite
groups. Towards the end of the Hussite Wars, the Utraquists
changed sides and allied with the Catholic Church. Following the
joint Utraquist—Catholic victory, Utraquism was accepted as a
distinct form of Christianity to be practiced in Bohemia by the
Catholic Church while all remaining Hussite groups were
prohibited. After the Reformation, some Bohemians went with the
teachings of Martin Luther, especially Sudeten Germans. In the
wake of the Reformation, Utraquist Hussites took a renewed Saint Wenceslaus, patron saint of
increasingly anti-Catholic stance, while some of the defeated the Czech lands
Hussite factions were revived. After the Habsburgs regained
control of Bohemia, the whole population was forcibly converted
to Catholicism—even the Utraquist Hussites. Going forward, Czechs have become more wary and
pessimistic of religion as such. A history of resistance to the Catholic Church followed. It suffered a
schism with the neo-Hussite Czechoslovak Hussite Church in 1920, lost the bulk of its adherents
during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing secularization. Protestantism
never recovered after the Counter-Reformation was introduced by the Austrian Habsburgs in 1620.
Prior to the Holocaust, the Czech Republic had a sizable Jewish community of around 100,000. There
are many historically important and culturally relevant Synagogues in the Czech Republic such as
Europe's oldest active Synagogue, The Old New Synagogue and the second largest Synagogue in
Europe, the Great Synagogue (Plzeň). The Holocaust decimated Czech Jewry and the Jewish
population as of 2021 is 3,900.[206]

According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% was Catholic,
0.8% was Protestant (0.5% Czech Brethren and 0.4% Hussite),[207] and 9% followed other forms of
religion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered they are Pagan). 45% of the
population did not answer the question about religion.[200] From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the
adherence to Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly
declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.[208] The Muslim population is estimated to be 20,000
representing 0.2% of the population.[209]

The proportion of religious believers varies significantly across the country, from 55% in Zlín Region
to 16% in Ústí nad Labem Region.[210]

Education and health care

 Education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for nine years and
citizens have access to a free-tuition university education, while
the average number of years of education is 13.1.[211] Additionally,
the Czech Republic has a "relatively equal" educational system in
comparison with other countries in Europe.[211] Founded in 1348,
Charles University was the first university in Central Europe.
Other major universities in the country are Masaryk University,
Czech Technical University, Palacký University, Academy of
The oldest part of Charles
Performing Arts and University of Economics.
University, founded in 1348
The Programme for International Student Assessment,
coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech education
system as the 15th most successful in the world, higher than the OECD average.[212] The UN
Education Index ranks the Czech Republic 10th as of 2013 (positioned behind Denmark and ahead of
South Korea).[213]

Health care in the Czech Republic is similar in quality to that of other developed nations. The Czech
universal health care system is based on a compulsory insurance model, with fee-for-service care
funded by mandatory employment-related insurance plans.[214] According to the 2016 Euro health
consumer index, a comparison of healthcare in Europe, the Czech healthcare is 13th, ranked behind
Sweden and two positions ahead of the United Kingdom.[215]

Culture

Art
Venus of Dolní Věstonice is an important
example of prehistoric art unearthed in the
Czech Republic. Theodoric of Prague was a
painter in the Gothic era who decorated the
castle Karlštejn. In the Baroque era, there
were painters Wenceslaus Hollar, Jan
Kupecký, Karel Škréta, Anton Raphael
Mengs and Petr Brandl and sculptors
Matthias Braun and Ferdinand Brokoff.
Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1896) by Art Nouveau
In the first half of the 19th century, Josef artist Alphonse Mucha
Mánes joined the romantic movement. In
the second half the so-called "National
Theatre generation" rose to prominence: sculptor Josef Václav Myslbek and painters Mikoláš Aleš,
Václav Brožík, Vojtěch Hynais and Julius Mařák. At the end of the century came Art Nouveau, with
Alfons Mucha becoming its main representative. He is known for his Art Nouveau posters and a cycle
of 20 large canvases named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs and other Slavs. As of
2012, it can be seen in the Veletržní Palace of the National Gallery in Prague, which manages the
largest collection of art in the Czech Republic. Max Švabinský was another Art Nouveau painter.
The 20th century brought an avant-garde revolution, represented in the Czech lands mainly by
expressionists and cubists: Josef Čapek, Emil Filla, Bohumil Kubišta or Jan Zrzavý. Surrealism
emerged particularly through the work of Toyen, Josef Šíma and Karel Teige. In the world, however,
the most well-known Czech avant-garde artist might be František Kupka, a pioneer of abstract
painting. Illustrators and cartoonists to gain fame in the first half of the 20th century include Josef
Lada, Zdeněk Burian or Emil Orlík. Art photography became a new field represented by František
Drtikol, Josef Sudek, later Jan Saudek and Josef Koudelka.

The Czech Republic is also known for its individually made, mouth-blown, and decorated Bohemian
glass.

Architecture
The earliest preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia
date back to the time of the Christianization in the 9th and 10th
centuries. Since the Middle Ages, the Czech lands have been using
the same architectural styles as most of Western and Central
Europe. The oldest still standing churches were built in the
Romanesque style. During the 13th century, it was replaced by the
Gothic style. In the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV invited
architects from France and Germany, Matthias of Arras and Peter Historic center of Prague
Parler, to his court in Prague. During the Middle Ages, some
fortified castles were built by the king and aristocracy, as well as
some monasteries.

The Renaissance style penetrated the Bohemian Crown in the late 15th century when the older Gothic
style started to be mixed with Renaissance elements. An example of pure Renaissance architecture in
Bohemia is the Queen Anne's Summer Palace, which was situated in the garden of Prague Castle.
Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving an influx of Italian
architects, can be found in spacious chateaus with arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged
gardens.[216] Emphasis was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment
purposes also appeared.[217]

In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia.[218]

In the 18th century, Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity – the Baroque Gothic style, a
synthesis of the Gothic and Baroque styles.[216]

During the 19th century stands the revival architectural styles. Some churches were restored to their
presumed medieval appearance and there were constructed buildings in the Neo-Romanesque, Neo-
Gothic and Neo-Renaissance styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the new art style
appeared in the Czech lands – Art Nouveau.

Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world's architectural heritage when Czech architects
attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into architecture.
 Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its sober,
progressive forms, took over as the main architectural style.[216]

After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in

Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. The Czechoslovak
avant-garde artistic movement is known as the Brussels style
came up in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in
the 1960s. Brutalism dominated in the 1970s and 1980s.

The Czech Republic is not shying away from the more modern
trends of international architecture, an example is the Dancing
House (Tančící dům) in Prague, Golden Angel in Prague or
Czech artists developed a distinct Congress Centre in Zlín.[216]
cubist style in architecture and
applied arts. It later evolved into
national Czechoslovak style, Literature
rondocubism. The literature from the area of
today's Czech Republic was mostly
written in Czech, but also in Latin
and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Franz Kafka, although a
competent user of Czech, wrote in his mother tongue, German.[219][220]
His works include The Trial and The Castle.

In the second half of the 13th century, the royal court in Prague became
one of the centers of German Minnesang and courtly literature. The
Czech German-language literature can be seen in the first half of the
20th century.
Franz Kafka
Bible translations played a role in the development of Czech literature.
The oldest Czech translation of the Psalms originated in the late 13th
century and the first complete Czech translation of the Bible was finished around 1360. The first
complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488. The first complete Czech Bible translation from
the original languages was published between 1579 and 1593. The Codex Gigas from the 12th century
is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world.[221]

Czech-language literature can be divided into several periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period;
the Renaissance humanism; the Baroque period; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the
first half of the 19th century, modern literature in the second half of the 19th century; the avant-garde
of the interwar period; the years under Communism; and the Czech Republic.

The antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier Švejk is the most translated Czech book in history.

The international literary award the Franz Kafka Prize is awarded in the Czech Republic.[222]

The Czech Republic has the densest network of libraries in Europe.[223]

 Czech literature and culture played a role on at least two occasions when
Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On
both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the
1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political
freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.[224]

Music
The musical tradition of the Czech lands arose from the first church hymns,
whose first evidence is suggested at the break of the 10th and 11th
centuries. Some pieces of Czech music include two chorales, which in their
Jaroslav Seifert, winner time performed the function of anthems: "Lord, Have Mercy on Us" and
of the Nobel Prize for the hymn "Saint Wenceslaus" or "Saint Wenceslaus Chorale".[225] The
Literature authorship of the anthem "Lord, Have Mercy on Us" is ascribed by some
historians to Saint Adalbert of Prague (sv.Vojtěch), bishop of Prague, living
between 956 and 997.[226]

The wealth of musical culture lies in the classical music tradition during
all historical periods, especially in the Baroque, Classicism, Romantic,
modern classical music and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia,
Moravia and Silesia. Since the early era of artificial music, Czech
musicians and composers have been influenced the folk music of the
region and dance.

Czech music can be considered to have been "beneficial" in both the

European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or even
determined a newly arriving era in musical art,[227] above all of Classical
Antonín Dvořák
era, as well as by original attitudes in Baroque, Romantic and modern
classical music. Some Czech musical works are The Bartered Bride,
New World Symphony, Sinfonietta and Jenůfa.

A music festival in the country is Prague Spring International Music Festival of classical music, a
permanent showcase for performing artists, symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles of
the world.

Theatre
The roots of Czech theatre can be found in the Middle Ages, especially in the cultural life of the Gothic
period. In the 19th century, the theatre played a role in the national awakening movement and later,
in the 20th century, it became a part of modern European theatre art. The original Czech cultural
phenomenon came into being at the end of the 1950s. This project called Laterna magika, resulting in
productions that combined theater, dance, and film in a poetic manner, considered the first
multimedia art project in an international context.

One drama is Karel Čapek's play R.U.R., which introduced the word "robot".[228]
The country has a tradition of puppet theater. In
2016, Czech and Slovak Puppetry was included on
the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Lists.[229]

Film
The tradition of Czech cinematography started in
the second half of the 1890s. Peaks of the The National Theatre (left) and the Estates Theatre
(right)
production in the era of silent movies include the
historical drama The Builder of the Temple and
the social and erotic drama Erotikon directed by Gustav
Machatý.[230] The early Czech sound film era was productive,
above all in mainstream genres, with the comedies of Martin Frič
or Karel Lamač. There were dramatic movies sought
internationally.

Hermína Týrlová was a prominent Czech animator, screenwriter,

and film director. She was often called the mother of Czech
animation. Over the course of her career, she produced over 60
animated children's short films using puppets and the technique
of stop motion animation.

Before the German occupation, in 1933, filmmaker and animator Hermína Týrlová, animator and film
director
Irena Dodalová established the first Czech animation studio "IRE
Film" with her husband Karel Dodal.

After the period of Nazi occupation and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist realism in
movies at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s with fewer exceptions such as Krakatit or Men without
wings (awarded by Palme d'Or in 1946), an era of the Czech film began with animated films,
performed in anglophone countries under the name "The Fabulous World of Jules Verne" from 1958,
which combined acted drama with animation, and Jiří Trnka, the founder of the modern puppet
film.[231] This began a tradition of animated films (Mole etc.).

In the 1960s, the hallmark of Czechoslovak New Wave's films were

improvised dialogues, black and absurd humor and the occupation of
non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without
refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. A personality of the
1960s and the beginning of the 1970s with original manuscript and
psychological impact is František Vláčil. Another international author is
Jan Švankmajer, a filmmaker and artist whose work spans several
media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for animations and
features.[232]
Oscar-winning director Miloš
Forman The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film studios with film
locations in the country.[233] Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot
scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy
Vary was used as a location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale.[234]

The Czech Lion is the highest Czech award for film achievement. Karlovy Vary International Film
Festival is one of the film festivals that have been given competitive status by the FIAPF. Other film
festivals held in the country include Febiofest, Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, One
World Film Festival, Zlín Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival.

Media
Czech journalists and media enjoy a degree of freedom. There are
restrictions against writing in support of Nazism, racism or
violating Czech law. The Czech press was ranked as the 40th most
free press in the World Press Freedom Index by Reporters
Without Borders in 2021.[235] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
has its headquarters in Prague.

Czech Television is the country's national public television Headquarters of Czech Television
broadcaster. It operates a number of channels, including ČT1,
ČT2, and the 24-hour news channel ČT24, as well as the news
website ct24.cz (https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/). As of 2020, it is the most watched broadcaster,
followed by the private TV Nova and Prima TV. However, TV Nova features the most watched main
news program and prime time program.[236] Other public media services include the Czech Radio and
the Czech News Agency.

The best-selling daily national newspapers in 2020/21 are Blesk (average 703,000 daily readers),
Mladá fronta DNES (average 461,000 daily readers), Právo (average 182,000 daily readers), Lidové
noviny (average 163,000 daily readers) and Hospodářské noviny (average 162,000 daily readers).[237]

Most Czechs (87%[238]) read their news online,[239] with Seznam.cz, iDNES.cz, Novinky.cz, iPrima.cz
and Seznam Zprávy.cz being the most visited as of 2021.[240]

Cuisine
Czech cuisine is marked by an emphasis on meat dishes with pork,
beef, and chicken. Goose, duck, rabbit, and venison are served.
Fish is less common, with the occasional exception of fresh trout
and carp, which is served at Christmas.[241][242] One popular
Czech menu item is smažený vepřový řízek (fried breaded pork
filet), served with boiled potatoes.[243]

There is a variety of local sausages, wurst, pâtés, and smoked and

cured meats. Czech desserts include a variety of whipped cream, A mug of Pilsner Urquell, the first
chocolate, and fruit pastries and tarts, crêpes, creme desserts and pilsner type of pale lager beer,
cheese, poppy-seed-filled and other types of traditional cakes such brewed since 1842
as buchty, koláče and štrúdl.[244]
Czech beer has a history extending more than a millennium; the earliest known brewery existed in
993. Today, the Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world. The pilsner
style beer (pils) originated in Plzeň, where the world's first blond lager Pilsner Urquell is still
produced. It has served as the inspiration for more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world
today. The city of České Budějovice has similarly lent its name to its beer, known as Budweiser
Budvar.

The South Moravian region has been producing wine since the Middle Ages; about 94% of vineyards
in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from beer, slivovitz and wine, the Czech Republic also
produces two liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is a non-alcoholic domestic cola soft drink
which competes with Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

Sport
The most watched and most attended sport in the Czech Republic
are football and ice hockey.[246] The most watched sporting events
are the Ice hockey at the Olympic Games and the Ice Hockey
World Championships.[247][248] The most popular sports in the
Czech Republic according to the size of the membership base of
sports clubs are: football, tennis, ice hockey, volleyball, floorball,
golf, ball hockey, athletics, basketball and skiing.[249]
Hockey player Jaromír Jágr has the
The country has won 15 gold medals in the Summer Olympics and
second-most points in NHL history,
nine in the Winter Games. (See Olympic history.) The Czech ice after Wayne Gretzky.[245]
hockey team won the gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and
has won (along with the Czechoslovakian team) thirteen gold
medals at the World Championships, including three straight from 1999 to 2001.[250]

The Škoda Motorsport is engaged in competition racing since 1901 and has gained a number of titles
with various vehicles around the world. MTX automobile company was formerly engaged in the
manufacture of racing and formula cars since 1969.[251]

Hiking is a popular sport. The word for 'tourist' in Czech, turista, also means 'trekker' or 'hiker'. For
hikers, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is the Czech Hiking Markers System of
trail blazing, that has been adopted by countries worldwide. There is a network of around 40,000 km
of marked short- and long-distance trails crossing the whole country and all the Czech
mountains.[252][253]

See also
List of Czech Republic-related topics Czech Republic
portal
Europe portal
 Outline of the Czech Republic

Explanatory notes
a. Code 42 was shared with Slovakia until 1997.
b. Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.
c. /tʃɛk/ CHEK;[11] Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] .
d. /ˈtʃɛkiə/ CHEK-ee-ə; Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] .

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Further reading
Angi, János (1997). "A nyugati szláv államok" [Western Slavic states]. In Pósán, László; Papp,
Imre; Bárány, Attila; Orosz, István; Angi, János (eds.). Európa a korai középkorban [Europe in the
Early Middle Ages] (in Hungarian). Multiplex Media – Debrecen University Press. pp. 358–365.
ISBN 978-963-04-9196-9.
Bryant, Chad (2021). Prague: Belonging and the Modern City (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalo
g.php?isbn=9780674048652). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674048652.
Hochman, Jiří (1998). Historical Ddictionary of the Czech State (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=dx4LnRC8hSQC). Lanham, Md. and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810833387.

External links
Governmental website (https://www.vlada.cz/en/)
Presidential website (https://www.hrad.cz/en)
Senate (https://www.senat.cz/index-eng.php)
Portal of the Public Administration (https://portal.gov.cz/)
#VisitCzechia (https://www.visitczechia.com/en-US) – official tourist portal of the Czech Republic
Wikimedia Atlas of the Czech Republic
Geographic data related to Czech Republic (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51684) at
OpenStreetMap

Czech Republic
portal

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republic&oldid=1254381696"