CE073: Reinforced

Concrete Design

Chapter 4.Analysis
and Design of Beams
(DRB)

Engr. Jomar Llanto

 Definitions
• The steel that is occasionally used on the compression
side of beams is called compression steel.
• Beams with both tensile and compressive steel are also
referred to as doubly reinforced beams.
• Depth of compression steel is 𝑑′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑏 Τ2
• Bending contribution of steel increases with lever arm.
For tension steel a high value of depth d is desirable and
for compression steel a low value of depth d’ is desirable
Why use compression steel?
• Compression steel is not normally required in beams because high
compressive strength of concrete decreases the need for such
reinforcement.
• Occasionally, however, space or aesthetic requirements limit beams
to such sizes that compression steel is needed in addition to tensile
steel.
• A beam designed with tension steel only but not satisfying tension-
control condition (εt < 0.005) must either have compression
reinforcement or increased dimensions.
• Compression steel may also be provided for practical reasons only (to
fix stirrups and prevent their movement during casting and vibration)
Why use compression steel?
• Compressive steel increases moment capacity of RC sections as well as
their ductility (higher ultimate curvature).
• Though expensive, compression steel makes beams tough and ductile,
enabling them to withstand large moments, deformations, and stress
reversals such as might occur during earthquakes.
• Many codes for earthquake zones require that certain minimum amounts
of compression steel be included in flexural members.
• Compression steel reduces long-term deflections due to shrinkage and
plastic flow.
• Tests of doubly reinforced concrete beams have shown that even if the
compression concrete crushes, the beam may very well not collapse if the
compression steel is enclosed by stirrups.
Effect of compression steel on sustained load
deflection
Effect of compression steel on ductility
Limited effect on strength

Sometimes the neutral axis is close to the compression steel, the strain
and stress are therefore very small. Thus, compression steel adds little
moment capacity to the beam. It can, however, increase beam ductility
and reduce long term deflections
Analysis of RC Beams with Compression Steel
• In beams with compression steel (doubly reinforced), the amount of
tension steel is high (almost maximum). There is normally no need to
check minimum steel.
• Flanges in T-beams provide extra compression capacity. T-beams do
not usually require compression steel
• Analysis and design of doubly reinforced beams is therefore limited to
rectangular sections.
Strain Compatibility in Doubly Reinforced
Beams
Tension steel in one layer or more.
Compression steel in one layer. Tensile steel
assumed yielding but in analysis problems, this
may be untrue Compression steel may yield or
not. Strain expressions are derived from strain
compatibility of plane sections (use of similar
triangles).
 Strain Compatibility in Doubly Reinforced
Beams
𝜀′𝑠
Strain expressions are derived 𝑑′
using similar triangles: 𝑐
𝐴′𝑠
𝑑−𝑐 𝑁𝐴
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝜀𝑠 = 0.003 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑
𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003
𝑐 𝐴𝑠 𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 𝜀𝑠
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.003
𝑐 𝜀𝑡
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝜀′𝑠 = 0.003
𝑐
𝑏
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠:
Forces in Doubly Reinforced Beam
Moment in Doubly Reinforced Beams
Nominal Moment in Doubly Reinforced
Beams
Steps in Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams
𝐴𝑠
1. Solve for 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
2. Solve for 𝜌𝑚 𝑎𝑥 , assuming Tension Control
a. If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the beam is Doubly, continue….
b. If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the beam is Singly.
3. Assume all steel has yielded. Compute compression depth “a” and
neutral axis “c”.
4. Perform strain checks. If compression steel yields, go to 6.
5. If compression steel does not yields, express unknown stresses in terms
of “c”.
6. Solve for Nominal Moment.
′
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓 ′ 𝑠 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
Analysis Problem 1 1. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡
4. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 1024𝜋
𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 = =
Determine the design moment 𝑏𝑑 350 × 684 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝜀′𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.002171
of the beam shown below. Use 𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 = 0.0134377 𝑐
𝜀′𝑠 > 0.0021𝑜𝑘 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔!
fy = 420 MPa, f’c = 20 MPa 2. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇. 𝐶
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
′
3 0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.006452
8 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 > 0.005 𝑜𝑘 𝑇. 𝐶!
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.012902
6. 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐷𝑅𝐵!)
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
3. 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 2
+𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝐶=𝑇
184.53
′ ′
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴 𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 𝑐 ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 20 184.53 350 684 −
2
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ) +200𝜋(420 − 0.85 × 20)(684 − 60)
𝑎=
𝜋 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
2 𝑀𝑛 = 807.70 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 4 32 = 1024𝜋
4 1024𝜋 420 − 200𝜋(420 − 0.85 × 20)
𝑎= ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 807.70 = 726.93 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜋 0.85(20)(350)
2
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 20 = 200𝜋
4 𝑎 = 184.53 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 184.53
𝑐= = = 217.09 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
Analysis Problem 2 3. 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
A rectangular beam 300 x 600 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 )
𝑑 ′ = 40 +10 +20/2 = 60𝑚𝑚 𝑎= = 89.38 𝑚𝑚
mm with 6-20mm bars in two 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
𝑑𝑡 = 600 −40 −10−20/2 = 540𝑚𝑚 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐 = 105.15 𝑚𝑚
layers as tension steel and 3-
20mm bars as compression 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 540−20/2 −30 −10 = 490𝑚𝑚 4. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠
reinforcement. Net spacing 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑑= = 515𝑚𝑚
between layers is 30mm. 2 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝜀′𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.001288
𝜋 𝑐
Stirrup diameter is 10mm. Use 𝐴𝑠 = 6 20 2 = 600𝜋
4 𝜀′𝑠 < 0.0021 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ∶ (
fy = 420 Mpa, f’c = 18 Mpa. 𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 20 2 = 300𝜋 𝑐 − 𝑑′
Determine nominal moment. 4 5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 "c" where 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐
1. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 𝐶=𝑇
𝐴𝑠 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 = = 0.0122
𝑏𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑑′
2. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇. 𝐶 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 +𝐴′𝑠 600 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑐 − 60
8 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.85(18)(0.85𝑐)(300) +300𝜋 600 − 0.85 18
𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.012175
= 600𝜋(420)
𝜌𝐴𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐷𝑅𝐵!) 𝑐 = 129.06 𝑚𝑚
Analysis Problem 2 (cont.) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝜀′𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.0016053
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑐
A rectangular beam 300 x 600
𝜀′𝑠 < 0.0021, 𝑜𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑!
mm with 6-20mm bars in two 𝑑 ′ = 40 +10 +20/2 = 60𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′
layers as tension steel and 3- 𝑑𝑡 = 600 −40 −10−20/2 = 540𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 = 321.06 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
20mm bars as compression 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 540−20/2 −30 −10 = 490𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
reinforcement. Net spacing 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐
𝑑= = 515𝑚𝑚 𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.003 = 0.00839
between layers is 30mm. 2 𝑐
𝜋
Stirrup diameter is 10mm. Use 𝐴𝑠 = 6 20 2 = 600𝜋 𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.005 𝑂𝐾!
4
fy = 420 Mpa, f’c = 18 Mpa. 𝜋 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 20 2 = 300𝜋 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.00955
Determine nominal moment. 4 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑡 > 0.005 𝑂𝐾! 𝑇. 𝐶
5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 "c" where 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐
𝐶=𝑇 6. 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 2
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 +𝐴′𝑠 600 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 +𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
′

𝑐 − 60 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 109.70𝑚𝑚
+300𝜋 600 − 0.85 18 = 600𝜋(420)
𝑐
109.70
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 18 109.70 300 515 −
𝑐 = 129.06 𝑚𝑚 2
+300𝜋(321.06 − 0.85 × 18)(515 − 60)
𝑀𝑛 = 362.81 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Seatwork

Determine the design moment of rectangular

beam 250 x 600 mm with 6-28mm bars in
two layers as tension steel and 2-20mm bars
as compression reinforcement. Net spacing
between steel layers is 28 mm. Stirrups have
10-mm diameter.
Design of RC Beams with Compression steel
• If a section, designed with tension steel only, is not tension-
controlled, compression steel is then required.
• The solution is to set tension steel strain equal to minimum value of
0.005 and then design accordingly.
• The neutral axis depth and strains become therefore all known.
• With many tension layers, satisfying tension-control at the bottom
layer will in general satisfy yield condition at the tension steel layers.
• If, however, it is suspected that this might not be true, then the
neutral axis depth will be chosen to satisfy both conditions.
Suggested steps in design of DRB
1. Select beam width b and effective depth d.
• Choose b and d to meet requirements (i.e. bar spacing, concrete cover, etc.)
2. Set 𝑀𝑈 equal to design strength ∅𝑀𝑛 . Then calculate the required flexural resistance
factor 𝑅𝑛 .
𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑 2
3. For the specified materials strengths, find the steel ratio 𝜌 that will provide 𝑅𝑛
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
4. Compare to 𝜌max 𝑇𝐶
if 𝜌 > 𝜌max 𝑇𝐶 (DRB) continue…
if 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌max 𝑇𝐶 (SRB)
Suggested steps in design of DRB
5. Set neutral axis c to maximum to provide tension control section.
3
𝑐= 𝑑𝑡
8
6. Determine compression steel strain and stress.
7. Determine the required compression steel area by setting 𝑀𝑈 =
∅𝑀𝑛
8. Determine required tension steel area using force equilibrium.
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 ⟹ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 (𝑓 ′ 𝑠 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 )
9. Determine number of tension steel bars.
10. Adjust the new 𝐴′𝑠 and its number of bars.
Design Problem 1 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠!

𝜌max 𝑇𝐶 =
3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡
8 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
= 0.018859

Design the shown 375 x 800 mm 1. 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 4. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜌 𝑡𝑜 𝜌max 𝑇𝐶

rectangular beam subjected to the 𝑑 ′ = 40 + 10 + 10 = 60 𝜌 > 𝜌max 𝑇𝐶 (𝐷𝑅𝐵!)

following dead and live moments : Use 𝑑𝑡 = 800 − 40 − 10 − 16 = 734 5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
32-mm tension bars and 28-mm
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 734 − 16 − 30 − 16 = 672
compression bars. Clear spacing of bar is 3
𝑐 = 𝑑𝑡 =
3
734 = 275.25 mm
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 8 8
30mm 𝑑= = 703 ⇒ 𝑎 = 233.96 𝑚𝑚
2
6. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑐 − 𝑑′
2. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑛 𝜀′𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.002346
𝑐
𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑈 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿 = 1266 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝜀′𝑠 > 0.0021 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠!)

𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝑈 7. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴′𝑠
𝑅𝑛 = = 7.5901 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑀𝑛

3. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌 1266 × 106 𝑎

= 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − +
0.9 2
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (d − d′ )
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐴′𝑠 = 718.34 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌 = 0.022564
Design Problem 1 (cont.) 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
10. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐴′𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑑 ′ = 40 + 10 + 10 = 60 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
Design the shown 375 x 800 mm 𝑑𝑡 = 800 − 40 − 10 − 16 = 734
rectangular beam subjected to the 𝐴′𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1550.175 𝑚𝑚2
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 734 − 16 − 30 − 16 = 672
following dead and live moments : Use
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴′𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 1550.175
32-mm tension bars and 28-mm 𝑑= = 703 𝑛′ = = 𝜋 = 2.517 ≈ 3 𝑝𝑐𝑠
2 𝐴𝑏 282
compression bars. Clear spacing of bar is 4
3 3
30mm 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑡 = 734 = 275.25 mm
8 8
⇒ 𝑎 = 233.96 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1266 × 106 𝑎
= 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (d − d′ )
0.9 2
𝐴′𝑠 = 718.34 𝑚𝑚2

8. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑠

𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

𝐴𝑠 = 5649.28 𝑚𝑚2

9. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛
𝐴𝑠 5649.28
𝑛= = 𝜋 = 7.02 ≈ 8 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐴𝑏 322
4
Seatwork
Design a 375 x 600 mm rectangular beam for an
ultimate moment of 780 kn-m. Use 28-mm
tension bars and 20-mm compression bars if
there is any. For steel and concrete, use fy = 420
Mpa and fc’ = 30 Mpa. Clear spacing between
steel bars is 30mm.