FLEXURAL MEMBERS - BEAMS

ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN (USD)

In this mode of design, the loads are amplified, applying load DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS ( ρ max < ρ act )
combinations to provide allowance on the design of the section. Doubly reinforced beams (DRB) are beams reinforced for both tension
and compression. If the maximum capacity of a singly reinforced beam
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS ( ρ max > ρ act ) cannot carry the load that will be placed on it, additional bars will be
Contribution of the steel compression bars are neglected, since the placed at the compression zone to help the concrete in resisting the load.
tension bars are enough to carry the load. Steel bars in the tension and compression zones are considered.

General Formula
Depth of Compression Block Actual Tension Steel Stress
Actual Compression Steel Stress
600(d −c)
a = βc fs = 600(c−d ')
c fs’ =
c
Steps in Analysis of SRB
where: d’ = distance from concrete fiber to centroid of compression bars
1. C=T 0.85 fc’ ab = As fy
Assume tension steel yields [fs = fy] Steps in Analysis of DRB
Solve for a and c.
2. Check assumption, check fs. 1. C1 + C2 = T1 + T2
If fs > fy Tension steel yields 0.85 fc’ ab + As’fy = As fy
Proceed to Step 3 Assume compression steel yields [fs’ = fy]
If fs < fy Tension steel does not yield Assume tension steel yields [fs = fy]
Go back to 1 and replace fy with fs Solve for a and c.
3. Mu = ∅ Mn = ∅ C (d – a/2)
2. Check assumption, check fs and fs’
Designations: Check fs’
d = effective depth (from outermost concrete to centroid of tension bars) If fs’ > fy Compression steel yields
As = tension steel area If fs’ < fy Compression steel does not yield
db = main bar diameter ds = stirrups diameter Replace fy with fs’
fy = steel yield strength fc’ = concrete strength Check fs
If fs > fy Tension steel yields
NSCP PROVISIONS If fs < fy Compression steel does not yield
Replace fy with fs
If any of the assumptions is wrong, go back to step 1.

3. Mu = ∅ (Mn1 + Mn2) = ∅ [ C1 (d – a/2) + C2 (d – d’) ]

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Most common examples of T-beams are rectangular beams integrated to
concrete slabs.

Conditions for it to be considered a T-beam:

1. Positive Moment
For it to become a T-beam, the section
that must be designed is an interior
span, since positive moments occur at
that point.
2. a (depth of compression block) > tf (flange thickness)
Solve for a using rectangular beam analysis
[C=T] 0.85 fc’ a bF = As fy

Values of Effective Flange Width (bF)

MODES OF DESIGN NSCP 2001 and 2010

bf, width of the flange (smallest 16tf + bw
value) L/4
Center to center distance

NSCP 2015
bf, width of the flange (smallest 16tf + bw
value) bw + Ln/4
Center to center distance

Prepared by: ENGR. FROILAN O. CONMIGO, CE, RMP

 A. 205 B. 227 C. 252 D. 280

Situation 2 - A doubly reinforced beam section has an effective

depth of 625 mm and a width of 350 mm. It is reinforced with
Sample Problems for Analysis of Beams
compressive bars at the top having an area of 1500 mm 2 and
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN 4970 mm2 tension bars at the bottom with steel covering of 62.5
SINGLY-REINFORCED BEAMS (SRB) mm both on top and bottom of the bars. Balanced steel ratio =
Situation 1 - Given a rectangular beam having a width of 300 mm and an 0.0285, fc’ = 27.58 MPa and fy = 413.3 MPa.
effective depth of 500 mm. The beam is reinforced for tension with a steel
area of 2800 sq. mm. Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Using NSCP 6. Compute the compression block.
2001, 2010/2015: A. 188.64 C. 174.12
B. 150.94 D. 190.55
1. Find the ultimate moment capacity of the beam section.
2. Find the uniform ultimate load that the beam can carry in a
simple span of 7 m. 7. Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
3. Describe the mode of design. A. 908 B. 935 C. 988 D. 1008

Situation 2 - A beam with an effective depth of 450 mm and a base of 300 8. Compute the safe concentrated live load that the beam could
mm carries an ultimate moment of 250 kN-m. Use fc’ = 21 MPa and fy = carry at its midspan if it has a service dead load of 30 kN/m on a
285 MPa. Using NSCP 2015: span of 6m.
A. 244.7 B. 321.2 C. 281.3 D. 300.2
1. Find the steel area required for tension only.
2. Find the number of 28-mm diameter bars to be used.
Situation 3 - A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm
DOUBLY-REINFORCED BEAMS (DRB) and an effective depth to tension bars of 600 mm. fc’ = 30 MPa
Situation 3 - A 4-m simply supported beam has a width of b = 300 mm and fy = 414 MPa. Use NSCP 2001.
and a total depth of h = 450 mm. It is reinforced with 4-28 mm ø at the
tension side and 2-28 mm ø at the compression side with 70 mm cover to 9. Determine the maximum steel ratio.
the centroid of reinforcements. Use fc’ = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. A. 0.031 B. 0.023 C. 0.029 D. 0.021
Using NSCP 2015 provisions:
1. Determine the depth of compression block.
10. Determine the maximum moment that the beam can support.
2. Determine the nominal bending moment. A. 933.54 C. 892.26
3. Determine the total factored uniform load including the beam’s B. 758.63 D. 701.00
weight.
11. Determine the tension steel area if the beam is to resist an
Situation 4 - A rectangular beam has a b = 300mm and d = 490mm. Use ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
fc’ = 27.6 MPa and fy = 276 MPa. Compression steel if required shall have A. 3530 B. 3720 C. 3442 D. 3250
its centroid 60mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the
required tension steel area if the factored moment Mu = 620 kN-m. Use
Situation 4 - A 350 mm by 500 mm rectangular beam is
NSCP 2001.
reinforced for tension only with 5-28mm diameter bars. The
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam has a simply
Situation 5 - Given a T-beam section with thickness of flange 75 mm, supported span of 4m. The beam carries a uniform dead load of
width of web = 300 mm, effective depth = 600 mm, is reinforced at the 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3
tension side of 6 – 32 mm ø bars in two rows with a clearance of 30 mm. kN/m and concentrated dead load P at the midspan of the simply
The beam carries a dead load of 15 kN/m including its weight in a simple supported span. Assume fy = 414 MPa and fc’ = 34.5 MPa. Use
span of 5 m. For NSCP 2015, use a clear span of 4.7 m. NSCP 2015.
Determine the following if (a) fc’ = 35 MPa and fy = 300 MPa and (b) fc’ =
20.7 MPa and fy = 425 MPa. 12. Determine the nominal moment capacity of the section.
A. 450.51 C. 489.33
1. Depth of compression block. B. 405.46 D. 440.39
2. The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
3. The safe uniform live load capacity of the beam. 13. Determine the maximum value of P.
A. 262.50 C. 306.42
B. 208.80 D. 423.00
TAKE HOME EXAMINATION
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following Situation 5- A rectangular beam is to carry a factored moment of
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box 272 kN-m. The beam has a width of 250 mm and its effective
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet depth is 400 mm. Use fy = 344.7 MPa and fc’ = 20.7 MPa. Use d’ =
provided. 60 mm.
Use NSCP 2001.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN [BEAMS – USD]
Situation 1 - A 300mm wide rectangular beam has a tension
14. Determine the value of the maximum steel ratio.
steel area of 1473 mm2 at a depth of 450 mm, and a compression
A. 0.0278 C. 0.278
steel area of 400 mm2 placed at a depth of 40mm. Use fc’ = 21
B. 0.0207 D. 0.207
MPa and fy = 376 MPa. Use NSCP 2010.
15. Determine the maximum moment considering the max steel
1. Which of the following gives the nearest depth of the
ratio.
compression zone?
A. 227.27 C. 204.55
A. 58 mm C. 93 mm
B. 218.37 D. 256.54
B. 79 mm D. 190 mm
16. Determine the value of AS1.
2. How much force in kN is experienced by the tension steel?
A. 2070 B. 2170 C. 2270 D. 2370
A. 84 B. 130 C. 424 D. 554
17. Determine the moment to be carried by the compression
3. How much force in kN is experienced by the compression
steel.
steel?
A. 44.73 B. 53.63 C. 67.45 D. 15.46
A. 84 B. 130 C. 424 D. 554
18. Compute the value of AS2.
4. How much force in kN is experienced by the concrete?
A. 639.51 C. 575.56
A. 84 B. 130 C. 424 D. 554
B. 424.07 D. 146.57
5. What is the design moment strength in kN-m of the beam?
Prepared by: ENGR. FROILAN O. CONMIGO, CE, RMP
“The road to success is always under construction.”
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Prepared by: ENGR. FROILAN O. CONMIGO, CE, RMP