CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL BONDING AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS COLLECTION
(1) (a) What are the lowest energy main shell and subshell that electrons occupy? (b) What are the directions of the electron spins in the same obital of an atom? (c) How many obitals are there in the s, p and d subshells? What are the shapes of these orbitals? (2) Some elements such as 13AL, 15P, 16S, 19 K, 35Br, and 36Kr are given. (i) Describe the electronic configuration for each element. (ii) Describe the valence electrons of the elements listed. (iii) Give a Lewis symbol for each element. (3) (a) What is meant by the term electronegativity of an element? (b) What does the type of chemical bonding depend on? (c) (i) Classify the main type chemical bonding. Among then, which forces is the strongest? (ii) Mention the intermolecular forces.
(1) (a) What is the result of the transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom? (b) What are the necessary conditions to form an ionic compound between two atoms? (c) Which of the following pairs can form an ionic compound? Give reasons for your answers. (i) H and O (ii) Li and O (iii) C and O (iv) Ca and O (2) Compare two given ionic compounds: NaCl and CaCl2, in terms of (i) electrostatic attraction, (ii) strength of ionic bond, and (iii) melting point. (3) (a) Can ionic bonding occur between 19K and 17Cl? Give reasons for your answers. Illustrate the formation of the compound from these two elements using Lweis symbols of elements. (electronegativities: 17Cl = 3.0, 19K = 0.9) (b) In a sodium chloride crystal lattice, how many chloride ions are surrounding a sodium ion in a unit cell? What are the coordination ratio and formula of sodium chloride?
(1) (a) Which of the following pairs can form covalent bonding? Give a reason for your choice. Li and Cl B and F S and O K and O C and H (b) Draw the Lewis structure and indicate the lone pair and bonding pair electrons in N2 molecule. (c) Write Lewis structures for the simplest compound formed from the following pairs of elements: (i) H and S (ii) C and Cl (2) (a) You are given two substancs: Alf3 and AlCl3. (electronegativites: F = 4.0, Al = 1.5, Cl = 3.0) Which one is covalent molecules? Which one is an ionic compound? (b) Refer VSEPR theory, for the covalent molecule that you have chosen from Question 2 (a), answer in terms of - (i) Lewis structure (ii) central atom of the molecule (iii) number of valence electron pairs around the central atom (iv) geometry of electron pairs (v) molecular shape (3) (a) You are given two covalent molecules: NH3 and BF3. (i) Draw their Lewis structure. (ii) Wwhich one has a lone pair electrons in the central aton? (iii) Which one is an electro-deficient molecule? (iv) Can these two molecules react? If so, write a chemicl equation for it. (v) Identify the chemical bond formed between these two molecules. (b) Which of the following are gient covalent molecules? diamond, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotube, silica
(1) You are given the following covalent bonds: C-Br, N-H, N-N, O-H, C-O, C-C. (electronegativities: H = 2.1, C = 2.5, N = 3.0, O = 3.5, Br = 2.8) (i) Which bonds are polar? (ii) Which bonds are non-polar? (iii) Arrange them in increasing order of bond polarity for polar covalent bonds. (2) You are given the covalent molecules; O2 , HBr, and SO2. (electronegativities: H = 2.1, O = 3.5, S = 2.5, Br = 2.8) (i) Which molecule(s) can have dipole moment? Which molecule(s) cannot have? (ii) Which molecule(s) is(are) polar? Which molecule(s) is(are) non-polar? (3) (a) Classify the type of intermolecular forces. (b) Arrange the strengths of different types of intermolecular forces in increasing order. (c) Which one of the intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and London dispersion forces) exists in each of the following? (i) aqueous KI solution (ii) CH3OH (ii) N2 (iv) HI
(1) Describe two everyday objects that contain the following chemical bonds: (i) covalent bonds (ii) ionic bonds (iii) metallic bonds (2) (a) Identify the type of bond existing in each of the following substances: Zn, CCl4, NaBr, Al, and MgCl2. Which of these substances will conduct electricity most effectively? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Compare the strength of metallic bonding for the following pairs of metals: (i) sodium and magnesium (ii) magnesium and calcium (3) Tabulate the different types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding in terms of (i) types of element involved, (ii) bond formation in terms of electrons, (iii) nature of the bond between atoms, (iv) bond strength (strong/weak), (v) melting point (high/low) (vi) electrical conductivity (yes/no)
