This document provides a tutorial on basic concepts of chemical bonding, including Lewis structures, valence electrons, formal charges, and bond properties. It contains 14 multiple part questions covering topics like drawing Lewis structures, identifying elements, calculating formal charges and oxidation numbers, predicting bond lengths, and analyzing explosive molecules.
This document provides a tutorial on basic concepts of chemical bonding, including Lewis structures, valence electrons, formal charges, and bond properties. It contains 14 multiple part questions covering topics like drawing Lewis structures, identifying elements, calculating formal charges and oxidation numbers, predicting bond lengths, and analyzing explosive molecules.
This document provides a tutorial on basic concepts of chemical bonding, including Lewis structures, valence electrons, formal charges, and bond properties. It contains 14 multiple part questions covering topics like drawing Lewis structures, identifying elements, calculating formal charges and oxidation numbers, predicting bond lengths, and analyzing explosive molecules.
This document provides a tutorial on basic concepts of chemical bonding, including Lewis structures, valence electrons, formal charges, and bond properties. It contains 14 multiple part questions covering topics like drawing Lewis structures, identifying elements, calculating formal charges and oxidation numbers, predicting bond lengths, and analyzing explosive molecules.
1. For each of these Lewis symbols, indicate the group in the periodic table in which the element X belongs:
2. In the Lewis structure shown here, A, D, E, Q, X, and Z represent elements in the
first two rows of the periodic table. Identify all six elements so that the formal charges of all atoms are zero.
3. Incomplete Lewis structures for the nitrous acid molecule, HNO2, and the nitrite
ion, NO2-, are shown here.
(a) Complete each Lewis structure by adding electron pairs as needed.
(b) Is the formal charge on N the same or different in these two species?
(c) Would either HNO2 or NO2- be expected to exhibit resonance?
(d) Would you expect the N “ O bond in HNO2 to be longer, shorter, or the same
length as the N ¬ O bonds in NO2-?
4. Consider the Lewis structure for the polyatomic oxyanion shown here, where X is an element from the third period Na - Ar. By changing the overall charge, n, from 1- to 2- to 3- we get three different polyatomic ions. For each of these ions:
1 (a) identify the central atom, X;
(b) determine the formal charge of the central atom, X;
(c) draw a Lewis structure that makes the formal charge on the central atom equal to zero.
5. Consider the element silicon, Si.
(a) Write its electron configuration.
(b) How many valence electrons does a silicon atom have?
(c) Which subshells hold the valence electrons?
6. Write the electron configuration for each of the following ions, and determine
7. Using Lewis symbols and Lewis structures, diagram the formation of SiCl4 from Si and Cl atoms, showing valence-shell electrons.
(a) How many valence electrons does Si have initially?
(b) How many valence electrons does each Cl have initially?
(c) How many valence electrons surround the Si in the SiCl4 molecule?
(d) How many valence electrons surround each Cl in the SiCl4 molecule?
(e) How many bonding pairs of electrons are in the SiCl4 molecule?
2 8. (a) Construct a Lewis structure for O2 in which each atom achieves an octet of electrons. (b) How many bonding electrons are in the structure? (c) Would you expect the O¬O bond in O2 to be shorter or longer than the O¬O bond in compounds that contain an O ¬ O single bond? Explain.
9. (a) Construct a Lewis structure for hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in which each atom achieves an octet of electrons. (b) How many bonding electrons are between the two oxygen atoms? (c) Do you expect the O¬O bond in H2O2 to be longer or shorter than the O ¬ O bond in O2? Explain.
10. The iodine monobromide molecule, IBr, has a bond length of 2.49 Å and a dipole moment of 1.21 D.
(a) Which atom of the molecule is expected to have a negative charge?
(b) Calculate the effective charges on the I and Br atoms in IBr in units of the electronic charge, e.
11. For each of the following molecules or ions of sulfur and oxygen, write a single Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule, and calculate the oxidation numbers and
formal charges on all the atoms: (a) SO2, (b) SO3, (c) SO32 -, (d) Arrange these molecules/ions in order of increasing S¬O bond length.
12. Predict the ordering, from shortest to longest, of the bond lengths in CO, CO2,
and CO32 -.
13. Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following ions or molecules. Identify those in which the octet rule is not obeyed; state which atom in each compound does not follow the octet rule; and state, for those atoms, how many electrons surround
14. The “plastic” explosive C-4, often used in action movies, contains the molecule cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, which is often called RDX (for Royal Demolition eXplosive):
3 (a) Complete the Lewis structure for the molecule by adding unshared electron pairs where they are needed.
(b) Does the Lewis structure you drew in part (a) have any resonance structure? If so, how many?
(c) The molecule causes an explosion by decomposing into CO(g), N2(g), and H2O(g). Write a balanced equation for the decomposition reaction.
(d) Which is the weakest type of bond in the molecule?
(e) Use average bond enthalpies to estimate the enthalpy change when 5.0 g of RDX decomposes.
