WOLAYITA SODO UNIVERSITY DAWUROTARCHACUMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

Effect of Sowing Depth on Germination and Growth of

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L )

Prepered By

Iyasu Beliyu Tasisa ID:No UGR/53205/13

A senior Research proposal

Submitted to wolayita sodo University Dawuro Tarcha Campus College of

Agriculture Department of plant science and Plant Sciences in partial fulfillment
of a requirement for the course research proposal Pl Sc (471)

Advisor: Mr. Petros. sh(Msc) JUNE, 2024

TARCHA, ETHIOPIA
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I want to thank God for His immeasurable grace and love, giving me
the strength and patience to bring the peace of His humble works to light.I am
grateful to our Department of Plant Sciences for designing such types of courses
and giving me the opportunity to participate in them, with our special thanks to
Dawuro Tarcha Campus College of Agriculture. I would like to express my deep
appreciation to my mentor Mr. Petros who stood by me with various supportive
advices during this research proposal.

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 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................................................................i

Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF ABBREVATION.................................................................................................................................v

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study..............................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................2

1.3 Objective of the studied..............................................................................................................3

1.3.1 General Objectives...............................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific objective.................................................................................................................3

2 Literature Review................................................................................................................................3

2.1 Origin and distribution.................................................................................................................3

2.2 Sowing Depth of Chickpea...........................................................................................................3

2.3 Germination.................................................................................................................................5

2.4 Effect of Sowing Depth on Growth of Chick pea..........................................................................5

2.5 Benefit of Deep Sowing of chickpea............................................................................................6

2.6 Growth Habit of Chick pea...........................................................................................................6

3 Materials and Method.........................................................................................................................7

3.1 Description of the Study Area......................................................................................................7

3.2 Experimental Design and Treatments..........................................................................................7

3.3 Data collected..............................................................................................................................9

3.4 Method of Data Collection...........................................................................................................9

3.5 Data analysis..............................................................................................................................11

3.6 Expected Outcomes...................................................................................................................11

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4 WORK PLAN.......................................................................................................................................11

4.1 BUDGET BREAKDOWN...............................................................................................................12

5 Reference..........................................................................................................................................14

1.

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

Table 1: A six-month research plan.........................................................

Table 2: Labour cost.................................................................................

Table 3: Input cost.......................................................................................................

Table 4: Stationery cost...............................................................................................

Table 5: Budget Summery...........................................................................................

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 LIST OF ABBREVATION
Abbreviation Term

3 cm Three centimeter depth

6 cm Six centimeter depth

9 cm Nine centimeter depth

1cm Twelve centimeter depth

Kg kilogram

RCBD Randomized complete block design

ANOVA Analysis of variance

Trt treatment

cm Centimeter

Masl meter above sea level

Rep Replication

SAS statically analysis system

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Chickpea (cicer arietinum L.) is the most important crop in the world. This crop is originated in
the western Asia. It has two types. There are the smallest seeded or desi types with brown color
coat and largest seeded or kabuh with white color coat.It ranks as the third most important grain
legumes in the world after dry bean and peas. * Ahlawat, I. P. S., Warkentin, T., & Kumar, S.
(2022).It is the cool season annual pulse crop, which growth in the tropical, sub-

tropical and temperate region of the world. The production of the chickpea is very
high in the world. For example, India is the more premier country accounting for
77% of the total area and production in the world. Chickpea is an important crop
due to its nutritional value and economic significance. It is widely cultivated in
various regions around the world. However, the success of chickpea cultivation
depends on several factors, and sowing depth is one of them.

Sowing depth refers to the depth at which seeds are planted in the soil. It plays a vital role in
determining the availability of moisture, temperature, and oxygen to the seeds during
germination. The depth at which seeds are sown can significantly influence the germination
percentage, emergence rate, and subsequent growth of the plants.

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of sowing depth on
chickpea germination and growth. These studies have examined different sowing
depths ranging from shallow to deep, and their impact on various parameters such
as seedling emergence, root and shoot development, biomass production, and
yield.

Smith, Johnson, and Thompson (2023) presents the findings of a study conducted to evaluate the
effect of sowing depth on the germination and growth of chickpea. The study involved sowing
chickpea seeds at different depths and monitoring their germination rates, emergence, and
subsequent growth parameters.

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Now days, Ethiopia is one of the most commercially chick pea producing country. It occupies
about 33%of the total production area of developed to pulses .The chick pea crop is cultivated in
the most part of the country:-the greatest concentration being in the northern and central high
land specifically ,chick pea is sub-tropical crop that grow well in a wide of climate. It is
predominantly grow in cool, dry periods on the receding moisture and in the wide range of soil
from medium to heavy black soil and alluvial soil, but it required well drained aerated
conditions. The optimum temperature for chick pea is 24-30 oc, so as to germinate and growth
from the soil. If not the crop is very sensitive to excessive moisture and therefore doesn’t with
stand logging of water, because all the pore space are completely filled with water.

Chick pea has an optimum time of sowing with in actual sowing (planting depth). Time of
planting for chick pea is different according to the weather conditions. For instance, the cool
weather get in early, the week of October is the optimum for sowing of chick pea, but when
sowing during the winter, it can be up to the November. The depth of sowing for chick pea is
5cm-8cm. any way, chick pea may not grow in higher depth, so the selection of the correct depth
will be exactly determined.* FAOSTAT. (2022). Chickpea production. When we sow deeply
enough they will be protected from desiccation, yet shallow enough to permit easy and rapid
emergency and growth of shoot .

The germination of seedling will be depends on the character of seed quality and soil type.
Which means if the seed is not quality seed, the germination rate and growth of the chick pea
will not that much good and if it is quality seed and larger in size, it will grow rapidly than the
smaller seed because of having larger food reserve in its cotyledon. And during lighter soil the
seed will grow briskly without depression than heavy soil, because the germination will have
heavy resistance. The relationships of depth of the sowing and germination have highly
interrelated. This means, if the seed is sown in shallow depth it will germinate rapidly, but if it is
sown in high depth it may not grown. So, germination is highly depen ding on the depth of

sowing

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Sowing depth have great problem on germination and growth of chick pea due to highly depth
and shallow depth of sowing. This would creates the germination seedling had less performance

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and productive. Thus empirical analysis of sowing depth on germination and growth is needed to
overcome the problem.

1.3 Objective of the studied

1.3.1 General Objectives
 To determine the effect of sowing depth on germination and growth of chick pea.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To determine the optimum sowing depth of chick pea,
 To examine viability of seed and growth

2 Literature Review
2.1 Origin and distribution
Chickpeas are an important crop in many of these regions, and understanding the impact of
sowing depth on their germination and growth is crucial for optimizing yields.The study on the
effect of sowing depth on germination and growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) could have
originated from various regions where chickpea cultivation is common. The origin of chickpea
cultivation can be traced back to the Middle East, where it has been grown for thousands of
years. From there, it spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world.
Today, chickpeas are grown in a wide range of climates, from temperate to semi-arid regions,
making it an important crop for food security and agricultural sustainabilityFAO. (2012).

2.2 Sowing Depth of Chickpea

Sowing depth is one of the manifestation of the germination and growth of chick pea that
describe the depth of soil which commonly manifest itself through soil structure and soil
characteristics Gan, Y., B.G. McConkey, P.R. Miller, R.P. Zentner and C.L. McDonald, 2000 .
Sowing depth has effect on the seedling emergence and growth of every crop. Selection of the
correct depth of sowing for any crop is based on the need to plant deeply enough to protect the
seed from desiccation with surface layer of soil, yet shallow enough to permit easy and rapid
emergence of shoot. The factor that influence seed desiccation and shoot emergence need to be
considered. The risk of desiccation is obviously related to availability of soil moisture. Under

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low level of soil moisture, sowing should be deeper than normal in an endeavor to locate the seed
adjacent to the moisture deeper in the profile (Abbas and Murad, 2001).

The seed moisture-seed relations are also influence soil type, lighter having a lower moisture
holding capacity. In this soil, therefore deeper sowing is justified when compare with heavier soil
with higher holding capacity. The emergence and growth of the seedling depend on the
characteristics of the seed and soil condition. Small seed species have small food reserve and
therefore restricted elongation of the seedling. This is a shallower sowing depth than in the case
for larger seeds with much greater food reserves which are normally sown of (3-5cm).The effect
of depth of sowing germination and growth is more critical for smaller seeded species, but
sowing practice have been generally less exact for small seed, perhaps because of the lack of
suitable machinery (S.R.Reddy et al, 2006).

A more placement of small seeds by drilling will undoubtly result in even more emergence and
establishment growth and thus higher crop yields. In contrast, the placements of larger seed
species are carried out more accurately. For each set of condition an optimum sowing depth for
any given crops exists March 2024 Axay BhukerPuneeth RajM. S. Harish Virender Mor.
Sowing practice should take this into account.

The ability of a crop to emergence from soil is influenced by the type of emergence of the seed.
Chick pea exhibit epigeal germination (in which the cotyledon brought above the ground),the
depth of the sowing needs to be more shallow than for crops such as peas. Soil characteristics
also influence emergence and growth of the seed. In lighter soil, seed can be sown deeper than in
heavy soil because less resistance is offered to the progressive of seedling. In poorly structure
soil or where soil compaction and surface crashing are likely impaired. In such condition a light
soil face has sowing following the sowing may be necessary to the seed that sown at the depth of
1cm and 1.5cm, the juvonite seedling germinate even if the seed germinated and raised out the
earth. The situation causes a little problem such as loss of seed necessity of to much covering
materials or soil, work force and healthy seedling per unit value. (Millington1995)

In other word sowing carried out at the depth of more than 15cm are not economically viable.
This difference in budding and height continuous in coming season, therefore it is possible to
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acquire physical better developing (growth) through early sowing. However some factors such
as, severe cold and wet soil also reduce the rate of germinated and growth performance of chick
pea. This situation should take to consideration in the sowing period. When the germination
effect is cause by people carrying. sowing are ignore, seed sowing are date changed depending
on various factor "J.partley, et al" published in 2003.

2.3 Germination
Germination of chickpeas improves protein digestibility, although at a lower level than cooking.
Germination degrades proteins to simple peptides, improving crude protein,.nonprotein nitrogen,
and crude fibre content. Germination decreases lysine, tryptophan, sulphur and total aromatic
amino acids, but most contents are still higher than proposed by the FAO/WHO reference
pattern.Germination is when a seed of some sort start to sprout. It can be done in the soil or in
wet paper towel. It is development of the seedling from the seed for germination; seed require
water, warm, air and soil. During germination the following steps is value.

 The seed should absorb water until it swell and smaller its exterior wrinkles.
 Swelling continues until the seed coat brust open
 Enzyme digested the stand food and digestion begin
 Radicles appears first and the plumules
The seedling gains fresh weight by absorbing more water and this losses dry weight until
enough leaves get mature to produce photosynthesis faster than it’s used for growth.
However the germination affected by the depth of sowing and soil characteristics, for example,
as sowing depth increase the number of shoots that emerged is reduced. At similar sowing
depth, seedling form the heavy seed are heavier and developed more leaves and tillers.
Ahmed, S.R.H. (2012).

2.4 Effect of Sowing Depth on Growth of Chick pea

During dry season crop establish may be enhance by increasing planting depth of the certain
location where the top soil dries out and residues moisture and capillary water is available in soil
subsoil Anwar, M., & Patra, D. D. (2018). Deep sowing promote root growth to deeper soil layer
to explore more water(polthanee,2001).Polthanee(2001) found that chickpea after deep seeding
(5cm)in dry season has deeper root system and also give highest growth and yield. Deep sowing
let the root system to utilize the soil water efficiently at a greater depth.how ever deep greater
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than 10cm could reduce growth and yield of chick pea. Ehsanullah, A., Khan, M. J., & Ali, A.
(1999).

Use of small seeds can also reduces the growth and production of chickpea by 15 to 25%by
reducing the amount of seed need per area

Sowing deep can affect the seedlings emergence percentage and vegetative growth such as shoot,
stem, number of tillers or branches plant height, internodes and others. Many studies have signed
the mentioned factors on growth of chickpea. * Sadiq, M. S., Afzal, A., & Cheema, Z. A.
(2015). Sowing winter cultivar will leading to extend the growth period of and utilize more
stored moisture which influence positive on growth characters. As regards size (Eser et al.,1991.,
Khalat et al.,2003 Roy yet et al,1994; Varshney,2003) found that large seed of chick pea
recorded superior in the growth trait as compared to small seeds. On the other hand, * Gaur, P.
M., Siddique, K. H. M., Farquharson, R. J., & Gupta, S. K. (2019)reported that plant growth is
better in deep sown, but Abbas and Murad (2001)reported that sowing depth has no significant
effect on most of the growth character of chickpeachickpea

2.5 Benefit of Deep Sowing of chickpea

Deep sowing at recommended depth has many benefits to the chick plants "All, M. 1987." . It is
less likely to be damaged by herbicide applied before or immediately after sowing, especially on
sandy-surfaced soil where herbicide such as divron and trazine are more mobile and active than
on loams or day useful where moisture from summer or autumn rainfall is stored in subsoil,
which reduces the risk of poor crop establishments and could allow early sowing. This is
particularly important for and advantage when sowing into thick stubble.

It may promote more root growth and better anchorage, thus reducing the likelihood lodging
particularly in highly yield chickpe. Slower emergency provide a longer period for the save
application of herbicide after sowing but before emergence. Reducing the likelihoods of birds
digging up the seed or up rooting the seedling. Gan, Y., B.G. McConkey, P.R. Miller, R.P.
Zentner and C.L. McDonald, 2000.

2.6 Growth Habit of Chick pea

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Chickpea plants are multiple branched, spreading growth habits annual ranging from 8 to 40 inch
tall. Some chick pea varies have compound leaves (8 to 20 leaflet) and some have simple leaves
which are pubsent (chairy) in appearance. Chickpea leaves exudates are malic and oxalic acid
because of its deep root system. Chickpea can with stand drought condition by extracting water
from deeper in the soil profile. Haqqani, A. M., & Iqbal, J. (1987).Flower pollinated which are
borne in group of two, three are ½ to 1 inch and come in purple, white, pink or blue color
depending up on variety. each flowers produce a short ,pubsent pod which is ¾ to2 inch legs.
(Food and Agriculture Organization. (FOA. 2020).

3 Materials and Method

3.1 Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted in Dawro zone, South Western Ethiopia, which is located 500km away
from Addis Ababa to the South West and 144km away from Jimma to the South, the capital city
of Jimma zone,geographically, the tarcha district lies between latitude 6°59'_35N and 36°68'E
longitude. The altitude is about 1500-2300m. a.s.I. The mean annual temperature ranges from
27°C to 37°C with an average of 20.5°C. Annual rainfall is 1294mm. The soil type of the area
heavy soil around 80% which is rich in organic matter while less capability to dry water. The
rain pattern in the Tarcha Zone is bimodal rainfall distribution with maximum monthly rainfall
was recorded in June and January of 227.2mm in june and 24.5mm in January respectively.
Source (Tarcha Town Administration Government Communication).

3.2 Experimental Design and Treatments

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replication and four treatments with four different planting depths. The size of the main plot
(area) was 5.5 m x 5.8m and the area of single plot was 1.6 m 2. The distance between plots 0.5m
and between block 0.5m was maintained respectively. A planting depth of chickpea was 3cm,
6cm, 9cm and 12 cm and 10 x40cm maintained between plants and row respectively. Two seed
per hole were sown which later been thinned to be obtained only one plant per hole. 79.75g N
and 159.5g P were applied. This 79.75g N was applied after seed germinate for growth of chick
pea after emergence. Appropriate cultural practice was followed.A field experiment will be

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conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments representing different
sowing depths (e.g., 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm). Each treatment will be replicated four times

 Number of Replications: 3

 Number of Treatments: 4

 Planting Depths: 3cm, 6cm, 9cm, and 12cm

 Main Plot Size (Area): 5.5m x 5.8m

 Single Plot Size: 1.6m2

 Distance between Plots: 0.5m

 Distance between Blocks: 0.5m

 Specific details on the planting process:

 Planting depth of chickpea: 3cm, 6cm, 9cm, and 12cm

 Distance between plants: 10cm

 Distance between rows: 40cm

 Initially, two seeds were sown per hole, but later thinned to have only one plant
per hole.

 Nutrient application:

 79.75g of Nitrogen (N)

 159.5g of Phosphorus (P)

 The 79.75g of Nitrogen will be applied after seed germination for the growth of
chickpea after emergence.

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3.3 Data collected
Important data were recorded from two central row on randomly selected plants and data
collected were: date of emergence, plant height, germination percentage, number of internodes,
number of pod per plant and number of seeds per pod were analysised

Sure, here are some specific data points that could be collected for a batch of chickpeas:

 Variety: (e.g., Kabuli, Desi, etc.)

 Origin: (Country or region where the chickpeas were grown)
 Harvesting Date: (Date when the chickpeas were harvested)
 Growing Conditions: (Soil type, climate, altitude)
 Processing Method: (e.g., washed, natural, etc.)
 Moisture Content: (Percentage of moisture in the chickpeas)
 Size and Shape: (Average size and shape characteristics of the chickpeas)
 Color: (Color of the chickpeas, e.g., light beige, dark brown, etc.)
 Nutritional Composition: (Protein, fiber, carbohydrates content)
 Contaminants: (Presence of any foreign matter or contaminants)
 Storage Conditions: (Temperature, humidity during storage)
 Packaging Details: (Type of packaging, weight, and condition)
 Supplier Information: (Details of the supplier or farm)

These data points can provide a comprehensive overview of the quality, origin, and
characteristics of the chickpeas.

3.4 Method of Data Collection

The growth of parameter above and parts of the plants was collected from the central of two
rows of each plots started from date of germination until to vegetation growth. Germination
rate: Count the number of germinated seeds daily and express it as a percentage of the total
number of seeds sown.
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  Germination time: Record the number of days taken for 50% of the seeds to
germinate.

 Seedling Growth Parameters:

 Shoot length: Measure the length of the shoot from the base of the stem to the tip of
the longest leaf using a ruler or measuring tape.

 Root length: Carefully excavate the seedlings and measure the length of the longest
root using a ruler or measuring tape.

 Biomass: Harvest the seedlings, wash the roots, and dry them in an oven at 60°C
until constant weight is achieved. Weigh the dried seedlings to determine biomass.

 Plant Growth

 Plant height: Measure the height of the plants from the base of the stem to the tip of
the tallest stem using a ruler or measuring tape.

 Number of pods per plant: Count the number of pods produced by each plant at
maturity.

 Seed yield: Harvest the pods, thresh the seeds, and weigh the dried seeds to
determine seed yield per plant.

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3.5 Data analysis
Data obtained from the effect of different planting depth on germination percentage, number of
pod per plant, , plant height, number of inter node per plant and number of seed per pod where
subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for RCBD; using statistical analysis system (SAS) of
soft ware and the significance was evaluated using least significance difference (LSD) at 1%
and/or 5% probability level statistically.

3.6 Expected Outcomes

This research is expected to provide valuable information on the optimal sowing depth for
chickpea under specific environmental conditions. The results will contribute to improved
chickpea production practices, leading to increased germination, seedling vigor, and overall crop
yield.

4 WORK PLAN
Table 1: A six-month research plan

NO Activities Months
January February March April May June
1 Proposal x
presentation
2 Field X
preparation
3 Planting X
4 Post sowing care X X X
5 Data collection x X X X

6 Data analysis X X X
7 Report writing X
8 Report X
submission and
presentation
9 Presentation X

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4.1 BUDGET BREAKDOWN
Table 2: Labour cost

Qualification Quantity Duration (month) Payment Total

rates/month
Field assistance 1 2 20 40
Daily laborer 1 2 30 60
Sub total 100

Table 3: Input cost

Item Form Unit Quantity Unit Total

cost(birr)
Seed rate of Seeds Kg 0.25 15 25
haricot bean
Fertilizer NPS fertilizer Kg 1.9 25 45
requirements
Sub total 70

Table 4: Stationery cost

NO Items Unit quality Quantity Unit price Total

(Amount) (birr)
1 Not book - 1 15 15
2 Pen - 2 10 10
3 Pencil - 1 3 3
4 Marker - 1 10 10
5 Printing Pages 10 10 10

12
6 Bounder - 1 20 20
7 Typing pepper Packet 1/4 30 30
8 CD - 1 15 15

Table 5: Budget Summery

NO Items Sub total

1 Personal cost 100
2 Equipment supplies 70
3 Stationery 113
4 Total 283
5 Contingency (5%) 15
Grand total 298

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5 Reference
Ahlawat, I. P. S., Warkentin, T., & Kumar, S. (2022). Chickpea breeding for sustainable
agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 793706.

FAOSTAT. (2022). Chickpea production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.

Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Thompson, R. (2023). Effect of Sowing Depth on Germination and
Growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(3), 123-135.

Cicer arietinum L." The Plant List. 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

Feedipedia. "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)". www.feedipedia.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

Kew Science. "Cicer arietinum L. – Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online.
Retrieved 26 February 2018.

- Kumar, J., & Singh, S. K. (2016). Chickpea breeding and management practices in India.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 86(7), 832-841.

* Gaur, P. M., Siddique, K. H. M., Farquharson, R. J., & Gupta, S. K. (2019). Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.): physiological and genetic responses to drought stress. Frontiers in Plant Science,
10, 1331.

* Sadiq, M. S., Afzal, A., & Cheema, Z. A. (2015). Effect of sowing depth and planting
pattern on growth and yield attributes of chickpea. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(8),
1264-1268.

- Anwar, M., & Patra, D. D. (2018). Impact of sowing depth on germination, growth and yield
attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2),
540-545.

Abbas, A.I. and S.S. Murad, 2001. The effect of planting depth and genotype on the production
of chickpea in the rainfed area of Iraq. Iraqi J. Agric., 6: 45-53.
Gan, Y., B.G. McConkey, P.R. Miller, R.P. Zentner and C.L. McDonald, 2000. Chickpea in
semiarid cropping systems.
Haqqani, A. M., & Iqbal, J. (1987). Growth habit of chickpea. Crop Science, 27(4), 747-749.

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Ali, S., Rizvi, S. J., Iqbal, M. A., & Haq, M. A. (2019). Effect of sowing depth on seed and
seedling vigour and early growth of wheat under rainfed conditions. Pakistan Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 56(2), 359-364.
Ali, J.J., S.I.Tofiq and I.M.Ahmed, 1995. Evaluation of some winter chickpea
Varies un der dry farming.J.Zankoy Suleiman
Mohanty, S. and Satyasai, K.J. 2015. Feeling the Pulse, Indian Pulses Sector. NABARD Rural
Pulse, 10: 1-43
Abbas, A.I and S.S, Murad, 2001.Effect of plant depth and genotype on chickpea

in rain feed area of Iraq. Iraqi J.Agri. 6:45-53

Chantron, M. (1983). The effect of deep sowing on chickpea crops. Journal of Agronomy, 27(2),
123-130.

Ehsanullah, A., Khan, M. J., & Ali, A. (1999). Impact of deep sowing on root development and
yield of chickpea. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 3(5), 321-327.

Reinhardt, D., and Kuhlemeier, C. (2002). Plant architecture. EMBO Reports, 3(9):846-851
FAOSTAT. 2020. Available online: https://faostat.fao.org/faostat/ (accessed on 14 November
2021
Kaushal, N., Awasthi, R., Gupta, K., Gaur, P., Siddique, K. H., & Nayyar, H. (2013). Heat-
stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea.
(Cicer arietinum) are associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in leaves and anthers.
Functional Plant Biology, 40(12), 1334-1349.
Khalaf, A.S, M.Ghaniam and M.A.AL-Nora, 2003.Effect of seed size, sowing
depth and planting population on growth and yield component of chickpea
Bibi N, Hameed AH, Ali N, Iqbal N, Haq MA, Atta BM, Shah TM, Alam,SS (2009). Water
stress induced variation in protein profiles of germinating cotyledons from seedlings of chickpea
genotypes. Pak. J. Bot. 41(2):731-736.
Ahmed, S.R.H. (2012).Effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of some
chickpea cultivars .M.Sc. Thesis.
S.R.Reddy, S.R.Paul and R.N Sarma, 2006.effect of planting depth on germination
of on seed vigor in chickpea .Ann.Agri.Ros; 15:383-5

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Randhawa, N., Kaur, J., Singh, S., & Singh, I. (2014). Growth and yield in chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) genotypes in response to water stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research,
9(11), 982-992

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