1. What is SAP ACCOUNT PAYBLE?

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2. Explain ‘customer/vendor Master Records?
There are three categories of data maintained in a typical master record for a customer:

 General Data
 Company Code Data
 Sales Area Data (for customers)/Purchasing Organization Data (for vendors)
General Data includes general information such as account number, name, telephone, bank
information, trading partner, vendor (if the customer is also a vendor), group key, bank key, bank
account, alternate payee, etc., which are common to all the Company Codes using this master.
Company Code Data comprises terms of payment, payment methods, tolerance group, clearing
with vendor, dunning data (dunning procedure, dunning recipient, dunning block, dunning clerk,
etc.), reconciliation account, sort key, sales area (purchasing organization in the case of vendor
master), head office, etc. Except for sales (purchasing) related information, all other details are
usually maintained for the finance people who can also access the sales data when the master is
maintained ‘centrally.’

Sales Area Data in the Company Code area of a Customer master record contains the following:

 Order-related data (sales district, sales office, sales group, customer group, etc.)
 Price-related data (pricing group, pricing procedure, etc.)
 Shipping data (shipping strategy, delivery priority, etc.)
 Billing data (payment terms (different from the payment terms maintained at the Company Code
level), account assignment group, etc.)
Purchasing Organization Data in the Company Code area of a Vendor master record contains the
following:

 Conditions (order currency, payment terms, Incoterms, minimum order value, etc.)
 Sales data (a/c with Vendor)
 Control data (as in the screen shot below)
During creation of a master record, the system checks for ‘duplicates’ for the same customer
which is achieved by the system through the ‘Search-Id’ (Match Code) configured on the
customer’s address information.
As in the case of the GL account master record, the creation of the customer/ vendor master
record is also controlled by the ‘Account Group,’ which is called ‘Customer Account
Group/Vendor Account Group’ (CPD/CPDL/KREDI/LIEF) and controls the numbering of
customer/vendor master records, field status, whether an account is a regular one or a ‘One
Time’ account, etc.
Open table as spreadsheet Activity in Accounting Centrally Customer Vendor Customer Vendor

Create FD01 FK01 XD01 XK01

Change FD02 FK02 XD02 XK02
Display FD03 FK03 XD03 XK03
Block/Unblock FD05 FK05 XD05 XK05
Mark for Deletion FD06 FK06 XD06 XK06
3. Who is an ‘alternate Payee’?
A customer who pays on behalf of another customer is known as an ‘Alternate Payee’ (or
Alternate Payer). Though the alternate payee pays on behalf of another, the system maintains all
the transaction details in the account of the original customer. Designating ‘alternate payee’ does
not absolve the customer of his/her obligation for payment.
The ‘alternate payee’ can be maintained in Client-specific data or in the Company Code area.
When maintained in the Company Code area you can use that payer only in that Company Code;
if defined at the Client level you can use it across all Company Codes. There are three ways to
‘select’ the alternate payee when an invoice is processed:
1. The alternate payee (say, 1000) entered in the customer master record is the one selected by
the system as the default.
2. When there is more than one alternate payer (say, 1000, 1900, 2100, etc.) defined for a single
customer in the master record (you will do this by clicking on the ‘allowed payer’ button and
create more than one payer), you may select a payer (say, 2100) (other than the default, 1000)
while processing the invoice. Now the system will ignore the alternate payer (1000) coming from
the master record.
3. If you have put a check mark in the ‘individual entries’ check box in the ‘alternate payer in
document’ section in the customer master record, then this will allow you to propose a new
alternate payer, say, 3000 (other than those already defined in the system). Now, after defining
this alternate payer you can use it to process the invoice. In this case, the alternate payer (3000)
takes precedence over the payers (1000 and 2100) in step 1 and 2 above.
4. What Is The ‘trading Partner’ Concept?
The ‘Trading Partner’ concept is used to settle and reconcile ‘inter-company transactions,’ both
sales and purchases. This is generally achieved by entering the Company-ID (not the Company
Code) to which a customer belongs in the ‘trading partner’ field under the tab ‘Account Control’
in the customer master record. You can do a similar entry in the vendor master record.

5. Explain ‘tolerance’ In Transaction Processing?

‘Tolerances’ are defined in the system to facilitate dealing with the differences arising out of
accounting transactions and to instruct the system on how to proceed further. Normally, you
define tolerances (either in ‘absolute terms’ or in ‘percentages’) beyond which the system will
not allow you to post a document should there be a difference.

In SAP, tolerances are defined per Company Code and there are several types:

1. Employee tolerance
2. Customer/vendor tolerance
3. GL account clearing tolerance
You will define an ‘employee tolerance group’ in the system and assign the employees to these
groups.

While defining the tolerance group you will specify:

1. Upper limits for various posting procedures

2. Amount per document
3. Amount per open account item
4. Cash discount, in percentage
5. Permitted payment differences
How much over or under payment an employee is allowed to process. This is defined both in
absolute values and in percentages. Besides defining the above two, at the Company Code
level, you will also define similar tolerances for customer/vendor tolerance group. Once
defined, each of the customers (vendors) is assigned to one of these groups. Here also, you
define the ‘permitted payment differences’:
While processing, the system compares the tolerance of an employee against the customer
tolerance (or vendor tolerance or the GL) and applies the most restrictive of the two.
6. What Is ‘dual Control’ In Master Records?
‘Dual Control’ helps to prevent unauthorized changes to the important and ‘sensitive’ fields in
the master records in the system. (All such sensitive fields are defined in the Table T055F when
customizing the application. And these fields are defined per Company Code and per Client.)
Consider, for example, a sensitive field such as ‘payment block’ in a vendor master record.
When a user changes this field’s content, the system requires another user (usually of higher
authority) to approve this change and an audit trail is maintained of all such changes. Unless ‘ the
change is approved, in this example, this particular master is blocked by the system for
considering the same in the next ‘payment run.’

Open table as spreadsheet Activity Customer Vendor

Display changes (accounting area) FD04 FK04
Display changes (centrally) XD04 XK04
Confirm changes, individually FD08 FK08
Confirm changes, in a list FD09 FK09
7. What Is A ‘bank Director’ In Sap?
SAP stores the master data (details such as bank key, bank name, bank country, bank address,
and so on) relating to the banks in the ‘Bank Directory’ (Table: BNKA). Remember, the ‘bank
masters’ are not created in the application but in the implementation side using the IMG. (Of
course, you can also create the bank master in the application side in FI-TR and not in FI-GL or
AP or AR.) However, if you are in the process of creating a master record for a vendor or a
customer and you enter some bank details, which the system does not find in the ‘Bank
Directory,’ then the system automatically brings in the relevant screens for you to maintain and
update the bank details in the bank directory.
You may create the bank directory in two ways:
1. Manually (IMG path: Financial Accounting>Bank Accounting>Bank Accounts>Define
‘House Banks’)
2. Automatically (by importing the bank details using a special program)
9. Explain A ‘sales Cycle’ In Sap?
‘Sales Cycle’ comprises all activities including quotation/inquiry, sales order, delivery, billing,
and collection.
The following are the various processes within SAP that complete a sales cycle:
Typically, the following are the documents created during a sales cycle:
1. Inquiry

2. Quotation

3. Sales Order

4. Delivery Note

5. Goods Issue

6. Order Invoice

7. Credit/Debit Note
10. Explain ‘automatic Account Assignment’ In Sd?
During goods issue in the sales cycle, the system is usually configured to update the
relevant GL accounts automatically and to create the relevant accounting documents. This
customization in IMG is also called material account assignment and is achieved through a
number of steps as detailed below:

1. Determine ‘valuation level’ (Company Code or plant).

2. Activate ‘valuation grouping code’ and link it with the ‘chart of accounts’ for each
‘valuation area.’
3. Link ‘valuation class’ with ‘material type’ (FERT, HAWA, HALB, etc.) with the
‘account category reference’ (combination of valuation classes).
4. Maintain ‘account modification codes’ for ‘movement types.’
5. Link ‘account modification codes’ with ‘process keys’ (transaction/event keys).
6. Maintain a GL account for a given combination of ‘chart of accounts’+ ‘valuation
grouping code ‘+’ account modification code ‘+’ valuation classes.’
The process of Automatic Account Determination is as follows:

1. Depending on the ‘plant’ entered during goods issue (GI), the ‘Company Code’ is
determined by the system which in turn determines the relevant ‘Chart of Accounts.’
2. The plant thus entered in goods issue determines the ‘valuation class’ and then
the ‘valuation grouping code.’
3. The ‘valuation class’ is determined from the ‘material master.’
4. Since the ‘account modification code’ is assigned to a ‘process key’ which is
already linked to a ‘movement type,’ the ‘transaction key’ (DIF, GBB, AUM, BSX, etc.)
determines the ‘GL account’ as posting transactions are predefined for each
‘movement type’ in ‘inventory management.’

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11. How many ‘dunning Levels’ Can Be Defined?

You may define up to nine dunning levels. If there is only one dunning level, then it is called
a ‘payment reminder.’

12. What Is A ‘credit Check?

‘Credit Check’ is defined for any valid combination of the following:

1. Credit control area

2. Risk category

3. Document credit group

13. Differentiate ‘static Credit Check’ From Dynamic Check?
Under ‘Static Credit Check,’ the system calculates the credit exposure of a particular
customer as the total of:

1. Open order (delivery not yet done)

2. Open delivery (value of deliveries yet to be invoiced)

3. Open billing documents (not transferred to accounting)

4. Open items (AR item not yet settled by the customer)

Customer’s credit exposure is not to exceed the established credit limit.
The ‘Dynamic Credit Check’ is split into two parts:
1. Static limit: Total of open items, open billing, and open delivery values.
2. Dynamic limit (Open Order Value): The value of all undelivered and partially
delivered orders totalled and stored on a time-scale in the future (10 days, 1 week,
etc.) known as a ‘horizon date.’ During the ‘dynamic credit check,’ the system will
ignore all orders beyond the ‘horizon date.’ The sum total of ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’
limits should not exceed the credit limit established for the customer.
14. List The Reports In Credit Management?
SAP provides you with the following Reports in Credit Management:
RFDKLI10 Customers with missing Credit Data
RFDKLI20 Re-organization of Credit Limit for Customers
RFDKLI30 Short Overview of Credit Limit
RFDKLI40 Overview of Credit Limit
RFDKLI41 Credit Master Sheet
RFDKLI42 Early Warning List (of Critical Customers)
RFDKLI43 Master Data List
RFDKLI50 Mass change of Credit Limit Data
RVKRED06 Checking Blocked Credit Documents
RVKRED08 Checking Credit Documents which reach the Credit Horizon
RVKRED09 Checking the Credit Documents from Credit View
RVKRED77 Re-organization of SD Credit Data
15. How Does ‘partial Payment’ Differ From ‘residual Payment’?
When processing the ‘incoming payment’ to apply to one or more of the ‘open items’ of a
customer, there may be a situation where the incoming payment is more than the ‘tolerances’
allowed. In this case, you can still go ahead and process the payment by resorting either to a
Partial Payment or a Residual payment.
A Partial payment results in posting a credit to the customer’s ‘open item,’ but leaves the original
item intact. As a result, no open item is cleared. During partial payment, the system updates the
‘invoice reference’ and ‘allocation’ fields. In contrast to a partial payment, the Residual payment
clears the particular ‘open item’ against which the payment is applied. However, since there are
not enough amounts to clear the entire open item, the system creates a new open item, which is
the difference between the original invoice item and the payment applied. Note that the new
invoice/open item created by the system will have the new document date and new baseline date
though you can change these dates.
16. What Differentiates One ‘dunning Level’ From Another?
The ‘Dunning Level’ determines the ‘dunning text’ and (if one is required) a ‘special dunning
form.’ The ‘dunning program’ determines what ‘dunning level’ should be used in the ‘dunning
run.’ The dunning level so determined is stored in the master record of the account when the
‘dunning letter’ is printed. The dunning level may also determine whether there will be some
‘dunning charges.’

17. Describe ‘lockbox’ Processing?

‘Lockbox’ processing (configured in the FR-TR module) of incoming payments is used
predominantly in the United States. Here, the bank receives the checks from customers as
incoming payments, creates payment advice for each of these customer check payments, and
informs the payee of the payment, in BAI file format. This lock box file is sent to the payee who
imports the details into the system using this electronic file. The system updates the payments
into the GL by way of ‘batch input’ processing.

18. How Can ‘reason Codes’ Help With Incoming Payment Processing?
‘Reason Codes’ configured in the system help to handle the ‘payment differences’ of individual
open items in an invoice (either using payment or advice or in the normal course). To each of the
reason codes, you will define the ‘posting rules’ and the GL accounts in the IMG. Once done,
when there is a payment difference against a particular open item, the system looks for the
reason code:

1. When the ‘charge-off indicator’ has been set for that reason code, then the system posts the
payment difference to a GL account. When this indicator is not set, then a new open item is
created for the payment difference.
2. When ‘disputed item indicator’ has been set, then the system ignores these line items when
counting for the customer’s credit limit.
19. What Is ‘dunning’ In Sap?
The SAP System allows you to ‘dun’ (remind) business partners automatically. The system duns
the open items from business partner accounts. The dunning program selects the overdue open
items, determines the dunning level of the account in question, and creates dunning notices. It
then saves the dunning data determined for the items and accounts affected. You can use the
dunning program to dun both customers and vendors. It may be necessary to dun a vendor in the
case of a debit balance as a result of a credit memo. Dunning is administered through a Dunning
Program, which uses a dunning key (to limit the dunning level per item), a dunning procedure,
and a dunning area (if dunning is not done at the Company Code level).

20. What Is A ‘dunning Procedure’?

SAP comes equipped with a number or ‘Dunning Procedures,’ which you can copy, or you can
create your own:

A dunning procedure controls:

Dunning interval/frequency
Grace days/minimum days in arrear
Number of dunning levels (at least one level)
Transactions to be dunned
Interest to be calculated on the overdue items
Known or negotiated leave, if any, which needs to be considered when selecting the overdue
items
Company Code data such as
(a) Is dunning per ‘dunning area’?
(b) Is dunning per ‘dunning level’?
(c) Reference Company Code,
 (d) Dunning Company Code, etc.
Dunning forms/media to be selected for the dunning run
21. What Is The ‘dunning Area’?
The ‘Dunning Area’ is optional and is required only if dunning is not done at the Company Code
level. The Dunning area can correspond to a sales division, sales organization, etc.

22. Can You ‘dun’ Customers Across ‘clients’ In A Single ‘dunning Run’?
No. All the data processing is carried out per Client.