Processing sensory information as it is coming in, without relying Bottom-up processing on pre-existing knowledge or expectations. Top-down processing Using pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information. Schema A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information. A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way based on Perceptual set previous experiences or expectations. A psychological approach that emphasizes the organization of Gestalt psychology stimuli into meaningful wholes. Closure The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand Figure and ground out from their surroundings (ground). The Gestalt principle that objects that are close together are Proximity perceived as a group. The Gestalt principle that objects that are similar in appearance Similarity are perceived as a group. The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect Attention of the environment while ignoring others. selective attention the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus cocktail party effect ability to attend to only one voice among many failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed else- inattentional blindness where change blindness failing to notice changes in the environment binocular depth cues clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater retinal disparity the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes Convergence converge inward when looking at an object aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed Monocular depth cues with only one eye a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther relative clarity away than sharp, clear objects a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller retinal image is relative size farther away a monocular cue for perceiving depth; the smaller retinal image is texture gradient farther away A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines linear perspective converge, the greater their perceived distance. if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as interposition closer apparent movement the perception that a stationary object is moving
