Quick Revision Module on

Research & Statistics

Dr. Ashish Gautam
B.A.M.S.
Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda Institute
Bhopal, M.P. India 462003
 Historical Background 01
Historical background of Research in Ayurveda :
In progression of Ayurveda Science, ancient period, had so many innovations,new ideas, new
medicines, methods and other things added by Scholars in Ayurveda by their studies and
research i.e.
आचार्य चरक-आयुर्वेदिक मेडिसिन
आचार्य सुश्रुत - शस्त्रक्रिया
आचार्य नागार्जुन- रसौषधि
अश्विनी कुमार -
● सोमराज का राज्यक्ष्मा ठीक किया।
● Transplantation of testis of gout to indra
● च्यवन ऋषि की व रसायन सेवन से आयु बढ़ायी
आचार्य चरक-
● चिकित्सा स्थान में विविध औषधियों का वर्णन
आचार्य सुश्रुत
● शवच्छे दन द्वारा शरीर के Micro व Macro structure को बताया Ex. नाड़ी, स्रोतस, धमनी, अस्थिभग्न. नासासंधान,
लिंगनाश, कर्णसंधान, शवपरिक्षण का विस्तृत वर्णन ।
● क्षार सूत्र का नाड़ी व्रण में उपयोग
आचार्य नागार्जुन -
● -धातु, उपधातु, रस, महारस, उपरस का वर्णन
● पारद, गंधकादि का शोधन कर विविध रोगों की चिकित्सा में प्रयोग
● पारद संस्कार

भैषज्य कल्पना- स्वरस, स्वाथ, अवलेह, वटी. चूर्ण लेप, भस्म आदि सूत्रीकरण का वर्णन ।

Recent History
● ITRA (institute of PG training & Research in Ayurveda)
● 1956- IPGT & RA जामनगर
● 1965-First ayurveda university of India Jamnagar
● 1971- Constitution of CCIM under IMCC (Indian MEdicine Central Council) Act 1970.
● 1978 -Establishment of CCRAS (central council for research in ayurveda Science.
● 1988 - RAV at new delhi
● 2001 - TKDL (Traditional knowledge digital Library).

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 Research in Modern Science
ALLOPATH:
1) Functions & structures various System
● Functions of Various hormones of various of Blood circulatory tract
● Digestion & Respiration process.
2) Pharmaceuticals
● Various type of antibiotics
● Antihypertensive drugs
● Antihistamine
● Anti- toxic
● Analgesics
3) Diagnostic
● Various diagnostic methods like -1 Blood lab investigation vine, Urine Investigation
X-ray, USG, CT-scan, MRI, ECG, FNAC, Angiography, Doppler. Duplex, EEG,Tomography.
4) Therapeutic / surgical
● Various surgeries of various system ex- Open HEart surgery, Knee Replacement
Brain surgery various treatment procedures ex.- IV Ventilator etc.
HOMEOPATH:
● Develops on principle of similia.
● Mono remedy & Poly remedy → cured Various Chronic disease

Evidence of Research in Ayurveda

1. शरीर रचना - अस्थि संख्या, षडंग शारीर, प्रमाणशारीर, मर्मस्थान, आघात, प्रकार, लक्षण
2. क्रिया शारीर- स्थूल व सूक्ष्म पाचन, अवस्थापाक, निष्ठापाक, मूत्र : धातु - उपधातु निर्माण
3. रोग निदान- षड क्रिया काल, मूत्र परीक्षा, नाड़ी परीक्षा
4. स्त्रीरोग एवं प्रसूति तंत्र - रज- आर्तव गर्भनिरोधक उपाय
5. शल्य तंत्र - यंत्र व शस्त्र Sterilization
6. संहिता - च.सू.- 1/120-130 - औषधि ज्ञान नाम व रूप द्वारा औषधियों का सम्यक् उपयोग
च. सू. - 12 → संभाषा परिषद
च. सू. - 25 रोगोत्पत्ति ए पुरुषोत्पत्ति पर संभाषा
च. सू. 26 रस संख्या (भेद ) पर संभाषा
सु. सू. - 7/18 यंत्राणां असंख्य विकल्प

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 Research 02
Research is derived from french word- Cherches & Recherches
Etymology- Re (once more) + Search (Investigation)
Synonyms → Quest, validification proving
● It is an organized search for knowledge.
● Aim- Finding out new facts, Verification of the old facts
Definition- Ac.to WHO
● Research is a quest for knowledge through elegant search or investigation or experimentation
aimed at discovery & inter relation of new knowledge.
Ac.to C.A. Moser
● Research is a systemic investigation to gain Knowledge about phenomena & problems.

अनुसंधान
कार्यकारण भावस्य द्रव्याणां गुणकर्मणोः ।
परीक्ष्य स्थापन सम्यक् अनुसन्धानमुच्यते ॥" (P.V. Sharma)
● अनु = Further संधान = Knowledge
● वह प्रक्रिया जिसके द्वारा द्रव्यों के गुण -कर्मों का ज्ञान कर व उनके बीच स्थित कार्यकारण भाव का ज्ञान कर
स्थापित किया जाता है , उसे अनुसंधान कहते हैं।
Synonyms
1. अन्वेषण: अनु = Further वेषण = desire (Desire of Further knowledge)
२. पर्येषण - परि = from all side एषण = desire (Desire of knowledge from all side)
3. गवेषण- गवामिव एषणम् (Searching for knowledge as a shepherd looks for its cow)
4 शोध- Search for knowledge.

Aims and Objectives of Ayurvedic research

1. धातुसाम्यक्रिया चोक्ता तन्त्रास्य प्रयोजनम् (च. सू. -1)

2. स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्य रक्षणं आतुरस्य विकार प्रशमनंच। (च.सू.--30)
3. अव्यक्त
अनुक्त
लेशोक्त प्रकाशक:
संदिग्धार्थ

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 Research in Ayurveda
Scope of research in Ayurveda
● In Ayu. Resease ch is done to synergize the ancient & the contemporary sciences so that its
The result will benefit mankind medically, economically & ethically.
1. Theoretical Research
● Understanding of दोष, धातु, मलमूत्र
● Unique concepts like प्रज्ञापराध, प्रकृति ऋतुचर्या
● Elaborate the short form (Sutra)
2. Experimental
● आप्त, अनुमान, प्रत्यक्ष, उपमान, युक्ति, प्रमाण
● द्रव्याणां रस, गुण, वीर्य, विपाक प्रभाव
● रोगी-रोग परीक्षा ex- त्रिविध, चतुर्विध, अष्टविध दशविध, षड़विद्य
I.e. Research of Hg: Hgcl2 → Not harmful Hg → Harmful
3. Clinical Research
● To establish new concept
● Role of Nidan in रोगोत्पत्ति (i.e. Kustha & PapKarma)
● To set treatment protocol
Ex.कटु की- Viral hepatitis, अमृता- Immuno modulator, हरिद्रा- Prevention of cancer

Need of Research in Ayurveda

● Research should be a process that converts data into Information, information into knowledge,
knowledge into Wisdom, Like transforming milk into ghee
● सभी आयुर्वेद संहिताओं का ज्ञान प्रायोगिक रूप में सिद्ध नहीं था। पिछले 50 वर्षों में आयुर्वेद में teaching की a textbook
की व्यवस्था नहीं थी। अत: आयुर्वेद a modern medicine का सम्बंध स्थापित करने हे तु:
● द्रव्यगुण की pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamic, develop नहीं थी अत: उसे deveap करने हे तु.
● Lack of Government support
● For Revalidation of facts enumerated in Ayurveda classics
i.e. Importance Of संस्कार, मर्म, स्वस्थव्रत पालन.
● For explanation of fundamental principles - पंचमहाभूतः, त्रिदोष, सप्तधातु
● To find better treatment protocols for existing diseases & for newer diseases.
● To standardize the treatment procedure scientifically
● To Establish dose, duration, indication & side-effect.

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 Importance of Research in Ayurveda
● Easy understanding of samhita (अव्यक्त, अनुक्त, लेगोक्त, संदिग्धार्थ)
● Easy understanding disease
● Establishment of treatment protocol.
● Increased life expectancy.
● To further improve, safety, standardization and quality control for Ayurveda products & practices.

Types of Research
(A) Pure & Applied
Pure Research-
● Aka - Fundamental & Basic research.
● Generally it is conducted to develop some theory.
● The main motivation is to advance existing Knowledge not to create or Invent new gathering
knowledge for knowledge. Ex. Fundamental concepts of Sharir.
Applied research
● Used to solve specific practical problem of an individual or group
● It may based on result of basic research / Fundamental research
● Time bound study
● Expansive than basic
● Problem oriented, goal oriented .or developmental research
● Used to find solution of everyday problems, cure illness
● To develop innovative treatment.

(B) Qualitative, Quantitative & Mixed

Qualitative
● Applicable to phenomena in which quality is expressed.
● Difficult to express mathematically.
Ex- effect of लंघन in ज्वर (Good, mild, moderate or in terms of Percentage)
Quantity
● Applicable to phenomena which can be expressed in quantity.
● Measures in kg, in quantity cm, ml etc. ex.- mortality rate

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(C) Observational & interventional
Observational
● No active effect to modify the variable under study.
● Ex. Descriptive- Only description
Analytic- Apply statistical test
Interventional
● Potential drug, medical device, activity, or procedure — in people.
● It is also commonly referred to as a clinical trial.
● Investigator intervent to modify variables.- Experimental

Research Process 03
1. Selection of the topic
Research problems are the ones which require research to find out the best solution for a given
problem.
Criteria for Selection
● F = Feasible / Familiar
● I =Interesting
● N =New
● E = Ethical
● R = Relevant
Other criteria-
● Political acceptability
● Time bound
● Prioritizing (useful & priority to public health)
Avoid
● Controversial subjects
● Too narrow / Too broad
● Too vague (not clear) problems.
Define Research problem and statement
● Topics of research must convey in specific terms what scientist is studying.
● The researcher should be defined & clear on his undertaking.
● The statement should not tell the whole purpose but must give a rough idea.
Ex.- दशमूल त्रिवृत सिद्ध तैल मात्रा बस्ति in योनिव्यापद
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 2. Review of the literature
Source -
● Books (i.e. Samhita)
● Research done in the past 1) Library - Local Journals nation & International with published info.
2) internet- Electronic search
3) Conference
● Expert's opinion
Methods
● Collection
● Reading / Writing / Bifurcate / Shorting
● Critical analysis
Importance
● Some solution / partial solution of the problem
● Idea / knowledge about research.
● Requirement modification
● To find out what has already been done & What is still to be done.
● Duplication of the Work - avoided.
● Gives both theoretical as well as methodological direction
● To broaden knowledge
For Ayurvedic research students should be reviewed and it is better to have a look at various periodicals
& formals.
3. Formulation of Hypothesis
It means mere assumption or some suppositions to be proved or disapproved.
● Hуро-tentative Thesis-statement
● It is a suggested solution to a problem.
● Hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on Limited evidence used as a starting point for
further investigation. Ex.- Fe by IM route is not more effective than orally.
Characteristics-
● Clear & precise
● Capable of being tested
● Limited in scope
● Should complete with time
● Must be an adequate answer to a specific problem.
● Logical & simple and Must be variable
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Type - Null (-ve) statement -No effect
Alternative- effect is there Ex. - नवायस लौह - Hb↑- 1. Null (Ho) 2. Alternative (HA /H1)
Descriptive or Relational
Role of Hypothesis
● It serves as a chain b/w theory & investigation.
● It helps in holistic study as it links facts & Information.
● It prevents blind research.

4. Aims and Objectives

Aim- a research proposal aim is a statement that broadly points out what you have to accomplish.
● Suggest primary focus
● Each aim may have several objectives associated with it.
● Aim are usually 2 in numbers.
● They are broad goals to be achieved (long term intended goal)
Objectives- Small steps taken to achieve aim. Ex. controlling coronavirus
Characteristics
● Brief & concise, Interrelated
● Realistic goals & method with aspect to resources available & Scope of research.
S- Specific, M-Measurable, A- Attainable R-Relevant, T-Time Bounded

5. Materials and Methods

Material- Simply list of resources or equipment used for study. They can be following
● Lab Equipment
● Patients, participants or animals
● Survey equipment
● Computer models eg software
● Mathematical models software
● Book, References, Samhita.

Methods - Which is used to clarify the research from the first first to last.
It includes: Sampling (size, technique, tools) Procedure, Grouping, Study design, Inclusion & exclusion
criteria, Data collection & management.

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 ● M- Manner of evaluation of study
● E = Ethical consideration
● T = Test to be used
● H
● 0- operations details of instrument used
● D- Detail of study design
● S- Sampling methods
Example of Inclusion Criteria
● Role of रोहितकारिष्ट im BPH Patients
● Age > 40 के रोगी को शामिल किया जायेगा
● जिनका IPs (Internal Prostatic Symptom) >10 उन रोगीयों को शामिल
Example of Exclusion Criteria
● Prostate carcinoma
● DM & HIV +ve Patients
6. Observations & Results
Observation- Data collection from the study. Data- Qualitative/Quantitative
Ex.- स्थौल्य के अध्ययन में अनुसंधानकर्ता अपनी औषधि के परीक्षण से पूर्व एवं पश्चात् (परीक्षण अवधि पूर्ण हो जाने पर) रोगी के
Wight, Body fat % एवं cholesterol इन सभी की जाँच कर तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करता है , इस प्रकार उपरोक्त मानकों का औषध
प्रयोग से पूर्व एवं बाद में किया गया तुलनात्मक अध्ययन Observation कहलाता है .
Result - Specific & measurable things obtained by interpreting observations.
● Discussion & conclusion
● Reference & bibliography
Observation से जो data प्राप्त होता है , उसका सांख्यिकी विश्लेषण करने के बाद यह पता करना कि औषधि परीक्षण
सकारात्मक/नकारात्मक है . i.e. Result.
7. Methods of communications
Transforming / sharing knowledge to person, group, community
Methods -

Publication Presentation

Sowenieve (यादगार) Seminar

Journals & News Paper Conference

Books & Internet Learning sessions

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Purpose
● To develop clinical guidance
● To promote health Care
● To develop health policies
● To encourage further research-

Research Tools 04
Research Tools
Ayurvedic science mainly aims at removing the root cause of the disease rather than trying to stop
suppress the symptoms
To find out the root cause of a disease and to plan the appropriate treatment. acharyas gives 4 tools
of Knowledge referred to as “Pramana"
Essential equipment requires for research
● प्रमा = यथार्थ ज्ञान (Real knowledge)
● प्रमाण = प्रमा के साधन (TOOL for checking truth)
'यथार्थानुभवः प्रमा तत्साधनं च प्रमाणम्" --
यथार्थानुभव (ज्ञान) को प्रमा कहते हैं व उसके साधन को प्रमाण कहा जाता है
" प्रमीयतेऽनेनेति प्रमाणम्"- जिसके द्वारा प्रमा का ज्ञान हो वह प्रमाण है।.
"द्विविधमेव खलु सर्वं सच्चासच तस्य चतुर्विध परीक्षा- आप्तोपदे श: प्रत्यक्षम्, अनुमानं युक्तिञ्चेति ।
प्रमाण : चरक (1) आप्तोपदे श २) प्रत्यक्ष 3) अनुमान 4) युक्ति (C. Su.11/17)
सुश्रुत - आप्तोपदे श, प्रत्यक्ष, अनुमान, उपमान

1. आप्तोपदे श प्रमाण

आप्त पुरुष तर्क से रहित अर्थात् निचित ज्ञान वाले, स्मरण-शक्ति संपन्न, तथा कार्य और अकार्य के विभाग को जानने वाले होते हैं , जो ।
किसी भी प्राणी के प्रति प्रीति -उपताप (राग-द्वे ष ) से रहित हैं इस प्रकार के व्यक्तियों को आप्त कहा जाता है। वे इन गुणों से युक्त होने के
कारण जो वचन कहते हैं , उसे प्रमाण माना जाता है।
● आप्त = यथार्थ वाक्य, तंत्राप्तदे शो नाम आप्तवचनम् । (च.वि.-4) आप्त के वचनों को आप्तोपदे श कहा जाता है।
गुण : रजस्तमोभ्यां निर्मुक्तास्तपोज्ञानबलेन थे। येषां त्रिकालममले ज्ञानमव्यास्तं सदा ॥ (च.वि. 4)
It can include Written documents like veda, samhitas, etc.Nowadays various research journals, different
scientific websites can be considered as Apta. Review of literature- Correlated, To avoid repetition of
topic

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Importance
● Base for अनुमान & प्रत्यक्ष उदा. पाण्डु 5 प्रकार, कुष्ठ- 7 प्रकार,राज्यक्षमा 4 (निदान लक्षण चिकित्सा)
● As a review of literature.
● Formation of hypothesis
● रोगी - रोग परीक्षा
२) प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाण
Pratyaksha Praman is the means of obtaining true knowledge through direct perception.
"आत्मेन्द्रियमनोऽर्थानां सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते । व्यक्ता तदात्वे या बुद्धिः प्रत्यक्ष वा निरुच्यते। (C Su. 11)
● रोगी रोग परीक्षा By- शब्द, स्पर्श, रूप (रस), गंध
● Primary data correlated (By Interview, observation by प्रश्न)
Importance
● रोगी - रोग परीक्षा
● त्रिविध रोगी परीक्षा
● To check improvement
● अष्टविध, दशविध स्थानिक परीक्षा

3) अनुमान प्रमाण
'अनुमिति कारणमिति अनुमानम् अनुमानं खल तर्कों युक्त्यपेक्षः"
प्रत्यक्ष ज्ञानपूर्वक तीन प्रकार से तीनो कालों का अनुमान किया जाता है (च. सु. 11)
● धुएं से अग्नि का (वर्तमान)
● गर्भ से मैथुन का (भूतकालिक )
● बीज से फल का (भविष्यकालिक )
Interpretation of data- अनुमान

पूर्ववत् (भविष्यकालिक ) शेषवत् (भूत ) सामान्यतोदृष्ट (वर्तमान)

"करणात् कार्य दर्शनात् " कार्यात् करण" अकार्य से कारण का

Ex.- बीजात् फलमनागतम् Ex.मैथुनं गर्भ दर्शनात Ex, बल-व्यायाम शक्ति

Types
● स्वार्थानुमान ( provide knowledge for oneself)
● परार्थानुमान (To provide Knowledge to others)
स्वार्थानुमान- स्वयं कार्यकारण भाव को देखकर अपने ज्ञान के लिए अनुमान
परार्थानुमान- दूसरे व्यक्ति को समझाने के लिए अनुमान Use पंचवाक्य : 1. प्रतिज्ञा हे तु 3) दृष्टान्त 4. उपनयन 3. निगमन
● "प्रतिज्ञा नाम साध्यवचनं " "हेतुर्नाम उपलब्धिकारणम् "

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 4) युक्ति प्रमाण
बुद्धिः पश्यति यः भावान बहुकारण, योगज युक्तिस्त्रिकाला या ज्ञेया त्रिवर्ग साध्यते ( च सु -11)
आचार्य चरकानुसार: द्रत्यों की मात्रा निर्धारित करने के लिए युक्ति महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं।
● The knowledge which sees the things produced by combination of multiple causative factors
● व्यक्ति के रोग, दोष, द्रव्य, प्रकृति, चिकित्सा, नाड़ी आदि का ज्ञान युक्ति द्वारा किया जाता है।
● औषध की मात्रा, प्रकृति, बल, वय का ज्ञान

Ethics in Research
Ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conduct of an activity.
conducts / principles should be done Not to be done
Ethics (in research) isProcedure /method how to act and analyze on complex issues.
(Ethics -Moral, आचार संहिता, conducts)
Example: चरक संहिता
Oldest code of ethics in ayurveda
Ex. साध्य व्याधियों की चिकित्सा करें । असाध्य व्याधियों की चिकित्सा न करें ।
(असाध्य व्याधियों की चिकित्सा करने से यश की हानि होती है।)
Ethics are knowledge of good conduct for the participant as well as the investigator has to follow
during the research process.
History
● Nuremberg code (1947)- First international statement on ethics of medical research.
● Helsinki Declaration-Developed by WMA (World medical Association & from 1964 &updated.
● Belmont Report (1979)- Research ethics guidelines.
● Ethics in India- ICRM Guidelines.
Importance
● Promotes the aim of research
● Maintaining Human dignity Self determination, Maintaining respect (Can leave anytime)
● Beneficence - Treatment Monetary (connection with money), compensation

Ethics Related to Human

WMA- Statement of ethical principles- To provide guidance to physicians & other participants in
medical research involving human subjects.

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 ● Declaration of WMA of Geneva binds the physician with words that are:
“The health Protect of my Patient will be my 1st Consideration.”

● It is the duty of physician, involving in medical research to protect-

Life, Health, Dignity, Integrity, Privacy, Confidentiality, Personal information of subject. (Code-CHILDPP)

● Research should be conducted by a scientifically qualified person & under supervision of a

clinically competent medical person.
● Must obtain written consent of the subject in 3 languages - English ,Hindi, & Local.
Information leaflet:
1. All type of info regarding research
2. Possible harm
3. Probable benefits
4. Rights of participants.
Physicians should do all the investigation & medical cure as per requirement.
Any emergency during research, should be treated
The subject must be volunteers & informed.

Ethical committee
● IEC = Institutional ethical committee
● To ensure the protection of rights & welfare of human subjects participating in clinical trials.
Responsibilities
● Thoroughly review the protocol.
● Review amount & method of payment to Subject
● Review suitability of investigator & site facilities.
● Review methods for obtaining & documenting consent
● Safeguard rights & wellbeing of total subjects.
Composition (5-7 members)
● 1- Non-specific / non-medical
● 1 from outside the institute
● 1 Experienced lawyer / judge (Qualified & experienced - scientist & Clinician.)
Functions
● Record Maintaining- at least for 3 years after completion of trial
● Meeting: Atleast 1 time in month to clear any pending proposal.

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Evidence based Medicine 05
Introduction- Firstly EBM term was given by Mc Master university in 1980
● Firstly used publicly in 1991.
Definition - EBM is the application of the scientific method into healthcare decision making.
● It involves all the fields of patient care like. : Investigation, Diagnosis, Therapeutics,
Administration & Policy making.
EBM is a process systematically reviewing, appraising & using clinical research findings to add the
delivery of optimum clinical cure to patients Ex. → Newer generations of antibiotics.
Need
● It is the moral or ethical duty of a physician to take care of his patient in the best possible way, it
is also the right of every patient.
● Those physicians who do not upgrade themselves with the recent evidence becoming outdated
adversely affects their patients.
● Nowadays we are more accountable to patients than ever before due to the consumer protection
act.
Principle
● Basic principle: one should treat where there is a evidence of benefit & not to treat where there
is no evidence of benefits
Sources
● Data mining
● Randomized control blind trial
● Randomized control unblind trial
● Observational Study
● Review of articles
● WHO publications
● Clinical practice guidelines
● Internet &Text book
● Case series/case report
Obstacles
● Certain busy, proud & unwilling physicians hardly have any time to study EBM & apply in their
practice.
● The Promotion of anything related to medical science is done mainly by commercial internet
rather than any scientific evidence.

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 ● Ignorant patient & pre-judicial mindset for convection of particular treatment & make wrong
side of any treatment & Maintenance of secrecy.

Scientific Writing
Standard format of preparing research.
● Also called IMRAD’ (Intro, Method, Result, Discussion, Research article structuring)
1) Abstract (Brief summary)
● Standard word limit = 75-120 words.
● Allows the reader to survey the contents quickly.
● Characteristics- Accurate concise & specific self contained Non- evaluative
2) Introduction - Intro of research problem
● Presents specific problem
● Describes research strategy
● Develop the background- discussion of Previous research on this topic but in most cases it is
of no need.
● State the purpose.
3) Method- Describe the research & include all details on how the study was conducted.
● Then Identity sub-sections. (placed in BOLDface out left side of page)
● Participants: - Number Demographics Identify source of subject Population
● Measures
Survey / test used for population assessments.
Source of each used measure & description
● Procedure- details on the way of assessment was conducted.
4) Results
● Objectively inform the reader of data collection && statistical treatment of them
● Includes all tables or figures for further describing the collected data.
5) Discussion
1. Discuss the result of experiment
2. Analyze data
3. Interpret the implications of data & respect to original hypothesis.
4. Compare the results of current study to work of Previous research.
5. Recommend what should be done next in regard to further research.
6. References
7. Appendices
8. Signed consent form / sheets / Statistical calculations are added.

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Research Data Portal 06
Research data portals
● Data mining
● DHARA
● PubMed
● Ayush REsearch Portal

Data Mining
● Collection of Data & Accessible anytime anywhere
● Knowledge discovery
● Computer assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data & then
extracting the meaning of data.
● Help to reduce, time & effort and Decrease manual error

Use of Data Mining

1. Market segmentation- Identify the common characteristics of customers to who buy the same
products from your company
2. Customer churn- Predict which customers are likely to leave your company & go to a competitor.
3. Fraud detection
4. Direct marketing - Identify which prospects should be mailed to obtain high response.
5. Interactive marketing
6. Market Basket analysis - understand what products / services are commonly purchased together.

Trend Analysis
1. Method of work- Collection of data i.e. Age, Sex, credit history, income, zip code, Occupation etc
2. Use of data mining tools- to Identify characteristics of customers, Ex-corona virus.
Data mining Technologies (Techniques)
● Artificial neural networks.
● Decision trees
● Rule induction
● Genetic algorithms
● Nearest neighbor

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 DHARA: (Digital HelpLine for Ayurveda Research Articles)
·An online index of articles on Ayurved published in research journals worldwide. www.dharaonline. org
● Implemented by a Private institute.
● There is no fees for journal to Index Published paper
● No fees to access Dhara Database
● Track research work in Ayurveda in a comprehensive manner.
● First comprehensive online indexing service for research published in the field of Ayurved.
Introduction:
● Free indexing service for paper published in research journals in the field of Ayurved.
● Does not Index PhD or PG thesis or dissertations.
Features
1. Keyword search option.
2. Advanced search
3. Search field tags
4. Limiting search with controlled Vocabulary
5. Shorting search result option
6. Exploring search results as text.
7. Journal area.
8. Authors area
PubMed
1) Definition of PubMed (PMC = Pubmed central)
Free online search engine for accessing the primarily the MEDLINE database of references & abstracts
on life sciences & biomedical topics.
2) Authority: Available since 1996
● NCBI National center for Biotechnology information.
● NLM: National Library of medicine.
3) Content
● Contains more than 30 million references & abstracts of Pre-reviewed biomedical literature.
● Doesn't include full-text journal articles.
4) Fields- Related to medicines, nursing & other health disciplines, Biomedical
5) Journal database- can be searched by-
● Subjects, Journal title, Title observation
● NLM identity, ISO abbreviation, International standard serial Number

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 Ayush Research portal
It is made for info related to the AYUSH & the current research updates purely meant for Academic
purpose. www.Ayashportal.nic.in
Users can search.
● AYUSH terminology
● Research article & Journals etc.
● Info about A.Y, U, S, H
Information provided under heading of standard treatment guidelines
1. Preclinical & clinical studies
2. Literacy & fundamental research.
3. Drug standardization.
4. Local health traditions
5. Drug monographs
6. Formulary of india & other formularies
7. Ref. from classical text books
8. Plant monographs
● Application 1. Search for research Data by user. 2. Upload research data by selected Institute.

Bioinformatics center
Study of information process in biotic System.
● Pauline Hogeweg (1978): Firstly coined this term
● David Lipmann → Father & mother of Bio- informatics
Primary Goal- To understand biological process
Common activities- Mapping & analyzing of DNA & Protein sequence

BTIS (Biotechnology information system of india ) 7 COE:

● Department of Biotech. (BBT), New Delhi
● University of pune
● Jawaharlal "Nehru university (JNU) new delhi
● Supercomputing facility (IIT), New Delhi
● Madurai Kamraj university (MKU)
● Indian Institute of science, Banglore
● Bose institute, Kolkata
11 DIC -Distribute info centers, 50 DISC- Distributed info Sub Centres

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 Research Management Information system
Developed by CCRAS
● To enhance quality of Research by PG & PhD scholars by appropriate formulations of research
hypotheses & executed through well planned study design & statistical proposition.

Beneficiaries
● PG scholars
● Ph.D scholars
● PG engaged in guiding research
Service
● e charak samhita.
● e-Nighantu
● e- sushrut samhita.
● Madhav Nidan Ayurveda hand book.
Importance of IT
1. Reduce time and efforts
2. Decrease manual errors
3. Provide date in correct format
4. Data accessible anytime and anywhere
5. E prescribing, enables physicians for electronic prescriptions which also give scope to view
patient records, confirm medications and dosages listed on formularies and know What
medications have already been prescribed by other doctors.
6. E prescribing helps to eliminate problems, penmanship, pharmacy staff time & avoids paper
waste.
7. It can assist medical education.
8. It provides development of Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
9. Medical information that is converted into a single database.
10. It reduces paper cost

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 Quick Revision Module on

Medical Statistics
Dr. Ashish Gautam
B.A.M.S.
Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda Institute
Bhopal, M.P. India 462003

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Medical Statistics 07
Medical Statistics Definition-
Statistics is the study of collection, tabulating analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
● Father- Sir Ronald A Fisher.
● Type- Biostatistics & Medical statistics
● "It is related to collection , tabulation, analysis, "interpretation & presentation of biological data.
● Application of Statistical knowledge & methods in the field of medication & medical practice.

Scope can be subdivided under 3 headings -

1. Nature statistics
● Statics is both Art & as a Science
● Studies statistics in a systematic manner. It is a body of methods for obtaining knowledge.
2. Function of statistics
● Presentation of facts in a definite form.
● Provision of a technique for making comparisons
● Provision of guidance in the formulation of policies.
● Enlarge individual experience
● Forecasting of future behavior of epidemics.
3. Limitation of statistics
● Doesn't study qualitative Phenomenon
● Doesn't deal with individual
● can be misused.

Importance of statistics
आयुर्वेद में विभागानुसार महत्त्व नि. लि. है -
क्रिया शरीर (Kriya Sharir)
● Variation in Prakrati can be studied by application of statistics.
Ex. Vat Prakrati Persons’ Skin- Ruksh (रुक्ष) compared to Kapha
● It is different change or different natural variation
रचना शरीर (Rachna Sharir)
● Statistics can be applied to define various normal dimensions of various organs, number of
structures like bone, arteries & merma etc.

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रोगनिदान (Rog NIdan)
● To Identify disease by identifying specific symptoms of disease i.e. Pratyatm lakshana प्रत्यात्म लक्षण
Ex.Evening rise of temperature in malaria, kopik’s spot in measles.
अगद तंत्र (Agad tantra)
● It helps to estimate the action of Visha dravya in vitro and vivo & to decide its optimal dose.
रस शास्त्र (Rasashastra)
● To study difference in Boiling point, meeting point, specific gravity of the compound & used in
their identification
स्वस्थवृत्त (swasthavritta)
● Study of Occurrence of the epidemic disease in a particular area is by change or difference in
some season
द्रव्य गुण (Dravyaguna)
● To find out action of drug- a drug is given to of a person to see whether changes produced
different drug or by a chance
काय चिकित्सा (Kaya Chikitsa)
● Used to compare efficacy of the line of treatment in a particular disease.
स्त्री एवं प्रसूति तंत्र (Stri & Prasuti tantra)
● Useful of the drugs & various method mentioned in ayurveda for improving fertility chances
बालरोग (Balrog)
● Efficacy of various immunization vaccines can be studied, Statistically for prevention of disease in
children.
● To find negative potential of a new drug with respective of standard drug
आधुनिक मतानुसार (Modern Medicine)
● To Identify Sign & Symptoms of a disease or syndrome.

Population
It is an entire group of people or study elements such as persons, things or Measurement for which We
have an interest at a particular time.
● Population is determined by our sphere of interest.
It May be be
● Finite - consist of few number of values
● Infinite- consist of an endless succession of values unlimited in number Cannot be easily counted.
A statistically population may also be birth weights, HB levels, reading of a thermometer, no. of RBCs in
the human body.

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 Sample
Sample is defined as a part or a subject of a population or it is a set of data collected and or selected
From a Statistical population by a defined procedure.

Data
Data consists of observations that are obtained from the units under research.
Types
● Qualitative data / Enumerative data
● Quantitative data/ Measurement date

Qualitative Data
It represents a particular quality / attribute
Ex.- Religion, sex, blood group, cured / not cured!
● These are expressed as numbers without units of measurements, i. e. such data has no notion of
the magnitude / size of characteristics
● It cannot be fractional.
● In this data, there is only.one variable i.e. the number Persons & not the characteristics.

Quantitative Data
● These measurements can also be fractional
Ex. Height in cm/Wt. In Kg
● It has magnitude.
● It has 2 variables - The characteristics - such as height.
The Frequency- No. of persons

Classification of Data
Classification is the grouping of related facts into class.
Utility of data presentation
1. To condense the mass of data.
2. To facilitate comparison
3. To highlight important information
4. To enable statistical treatment of the material collected.

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Types of classification
● Geographical classification
● Chronological classification
● Qualitative classification
● Quantitative classification

Variables
A variable refers to quantity or attribute Whose value varies from one investigation to another.
Ex. price, age, height, wages, Expenditure, Imports, production
Type
● Discrete variable--Variables which are capable of taking only, exact Value & not any any
fractional value Ex.- No. of children in a family
● Continuous variable- can take all the possible values &. e. integral as Well as fractional in a given
specified range. Ex. Height, Wight, etc
● Independent variable- it is the cause, value is independent of other variables
● Dependent variable- it is the effect. Its value depends on changes in independent variables.
Ex.- Impact of a new medication of BP in hypertensive patients.
(Pill-independent outcome-Dependent, BP of Patient after medication)

Normal Distribution
Normal distributions are important in statistics & are often used in the natural & social sciences to
represent real valued random Variables whose distributions are not known; these are very important
classes of statistical distributions.
● All normal distributions are symmetric & have-bell shaped density curves with a single peak, so it
is often called "bell-Curve"
Properties
● Mean, Mode & Median all are equal
● Curved is symmetric at center
● Total area under the curve is 1

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Collection of Data 08
Collection of Data- Collection of data from their source.
Sources
● Internal sources- within organization
● External sources- 1. Primary Data- originally collected by an agency for the first time.
Ex..- population census
2. Secondary Data- Data obtained from the agency by other sources.
Methods of collecting primary Data:
● Quantitative Methods:
● Qualitative Methods:

Quantitative Methods
1. Interview Method-
● Forms which are completed through an interview with the respondent.
● More expensive than questionnaires.
2. Questionnaire Method
● Forms which are completed & returned respondents.
● Useful where their literacy rate is high & respondents are Co operative.
3. Investigation
● Laboratical & Radiological
● Medical experiments (Performed in the lab of physiology Biochemistry, pharmacology, clinical
pathology, Hospital wards
4. Direct Observation
● Most accurate method for many variables but is often expansive.
5. Survey
● Carried out for epidemiological studies in the field & also used in operational research
(Useful info on - Morbidity, Mortality, Health Status, Nutritional status)
6. Reporting
● Reporting of activities is the main alternative to making direct measurements.
● It required literary & co-operation
7. Documents
● Medical records Ex.- Census, Hospital records, Registration
8. Examination
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 Qualitative Methods
● Case study
● Key Informant Interview
● Focus Group discussion

Presentation of Data 09
Presentation of Data
Data presentation can be classified as:

Tabulation Drawings

Simple table Diagrams Graphs

Complex table Bar Histogram

Frequency distribution table Pie Frequency polygon

Master table Picture Frequency Curve

Map Line chart

Cumulative Frequency

Scatter/dot

Tabulation
It is a process of arranging data in a table & It gives one shot view of data.
Type
1. Simple Table
2. Complex table
3. Frequency distribution table (FDT)
4. Masier table

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 Simple table
It includes one / two characteristics. Ex- Blood grouping of 10 People (A -5 B-2 O-1 AB-2)

Complex table
It includes more than 2 characteristics Ex. Blood Grouping of 10 people
● A-5 (2 Male, 3 Female)
● В- 2 (1 Male 1 Female)
● O-1 (1 Male)
● AB -2 (1 Male 1 Female)

Frequency distribution table (FDT)

Most Important table, Large & ungrouped data is presented in small manageable number
Type -
● Discrete (Grouped/Ungrouped)
● Continuous (Always Group)
1. Discrete FDT (Grouped / Ungrouped)
Ex. Age of person in a room
Ungrouped Grouped
Age Tally Frequency Age Tally Frequency
21 IIII 4 21-22 IIII I 6
22 II 2 23-24 IIII 4
23 III 3 25-26 IIII II 7
24 I 1
25 IIIII 5
26 II 2

2. Continuous FDT (Always Grouped)

Ex.- Weight of 10 patients (72,62.5,48,80,48,2,61.2, 58.5,58,45, 50)
Weight Tally Frequency
40-50 III 3
50-60 III 3
60-70 II 2
70-80 II 2

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 Master Table
Master Table Having maximum no. of entry, like Name, age, Sex, Height , Weight, HB%.
Name Age Height Weight
A.V Patil 28 162 52
S.S Patil 32 164 48
S.S. Mote 48 168 68
S.D. Kore 25 163 55
J.K. Jadhav 22 159 56

Rules for table Presentation

1. Table must be Numbered
2. Brief & self explanatory title
3. Clear heading of columns & rows.
4. Footnotes should be given
5. Table should not be too large
6. Non -overlapping.

Diagrams
Used for Qualitative data & Discrete data
Bar diagrams:
● Group of rectangles properly spaced from one another.
● Simple, Multiple, Proportional Bar diagram Ex. of complex table

Simple & Proportional Bar (M/F) Multiple Bar- Used when

2 or more related sets are to be explained.

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Pie diagram - Frequencies of group shown in circle
Pictogram/ Picture diagram- observations shown in picture
form.
Ex. Blood group People
A oooo ( o=1 Person)
B oo
O o
AB oo
Map diagram -Geographical distribution of frequency
Ex.- Corona (covid -19) on 29/03/2020

NO Case = —-
+++ 50-100 Case = +++

000 More Than 200 Case= 000

+++ —-

Graphs

Histogram
● Special form of bar diagram.
● Represents categories of continuous data,
● Having no space b/w bars Ex. Age of patients

Frequency Polygon
● Polygon = Figure with many angles.
Ex. Weight according to age.

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Frequency Curve
● When the number of observations are very large & group intervals are reduced
● The frequency polygon loses its angulation giving place to a smooth curve.

Line Chart
● Shows Trend Ex. population

Cumulative Frequency
Sum of previous frequencies up to the current point.
Ex. Height Student Cum. freq.
150-152 10 10
152-154 5 15
154-156 7 22

Scattered / Dots (correlation diagram)

Shows correlation between x and y axis Ex. BMI→ Total cholesterol

Measures of Central tendency

Measure of central tendency is summary of ensure that attempt to describe the whole set of
data with a single value that represents the middle or center of the distribution."
● The measures of central tendency are mean, median & mode.

Mean
Also called average, Aka Arithmetic average
Mean = sum of value of the observation
Number the observation
● Most popular & Well known measure Ex. Family Member in one society Mean = 3,6,7,9,6
● Mean = 3+5+7+9+ 6 = 30 = 6
5 5
● X = X1 + X2+ X3 ….+Xn = Ex
N n

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Merits
1. Easy to calculate
2. Easy to understand
3. Easy to define
4. Depend upon all observations
5. Further math treatment is also possible by Mean.
Demerits
1. Affected by extreme observation.
2. Only involves quantitative data.

Median
When all observations of variables arranged in increasing or decreasing order than the middle
observation are median
● Ex. ESR counting 3,6,7 4,2 — 2,3,4,6,7 (4 is Median)
For odd no. = (n+1) Even no. = ( n/2 ) + (n/2+1)
2 2
Merits
1. Easy to define
2. Easy to calculate
3. Easy to understand
4. Does not affected by extreme observation
Demerits
1. Not based on all observation
2. Not suitable for further procedure.

Mode
The observation that occurs most frequently in data is known as mode of that data.
Ex. Nu. of Children in society per house - 2,3,2,2,4,3,2,3 Mode= 2

Average
Define as the number that measures the central tendency of a given set of number
● A calculated Central Value of a set of numbers is called average .
● An average is a single value that represents the whole data.
Ex. Average of 2,4,6 & 10 = (2+4 +6 +10) / 4 = 4.5
Type- Mean, Median, Mode.

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 Percentile
They are values in Series of observations arranged in an increasing order of magnitude which divides
distribution into 100 equal parts.
Application & use of percentile
● It is a good measure of location
● It divides the frequency distribution into 2 types/parts.

Variability & Its Measures 10

Variability & its Measures- Classification of Variability

Biological Real Experimental

1. Individual 1. Observational error (Subjective & Objective)

2. Periodical 2. Instrumental error

3. Class, Group of Category 3. Sampling error

4. Sampling

Biological Variability

Definition- The appearance of differences in the magnitude of response among individuals in the same
population given the same dose of a compound.
● Ex- Individuals in similar environments differ when compared as regards, sex, class & other
attributes but the difference noted is may be small & may occurred by chance.

1. Individual Variability
This variability is due to the fact that no two organisms, persons, Patients are exactly equal. It varies
from person to person.
● Ex.- One student's height is 160cm & of the same age another student height is 170cm.

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2. Periodic Variability
The same individuals show variation in temperature, BP, Pulse rate, Urea etc. at different times of day, in
illness, during rest etc.

3. Class, group or category variability

Height, Weight, BP etc vary from class to class depending on age, sex, caste, social status etc.

4. Sampling Variability
To find the mean / or standard deviation of certain characteristics, a population sample is taken.
there will be variability from one sample to another sample. This is a biological sample error.

Real Variability
When the difference b/w two readings, observation or values of class/samples is more than the defined
limits in the universe, it is said to be real.

Experimental variability
Errors / difference or variation may be due to material, methods, procedures, employed In the in study
or Defects in the techniques Involved in experiment.
Types:
1. Observational Error
a) Subjective- Interviewer may alter some information thereby adding a number of errors while noting
human peculiarities unless trained properly.
b) Objective- errors may be added by an untrained observer while recording the measurement such as
BP, pulse rate.

2. Instrumental Error
Defects in tools / apparatus / machine cause undesirable variability or error in observations leading to
wrong conclusion & waste of money, time & Labour.

3. Sampling Error
A sample drawn should not be biased or too small to draw conclusions.
It should be representative & of sufficiently large sized to stand statistical tests
● Ex. Hospital based studies are mostly biased because the sample of patients under study is drawn
from poor, influential or nearby strata of society.

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 Probability
Definition It is the relative frequency or probable chance of occurrence with which an event is expected
to occur on an average.
● Probability can be defined as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number
of outcomes of an event. Ex. Huge possibility of vomiting due to food poisoning & success rate of
surgery.
Properties
Symbol- P Range= 0-1 (For sure event P = 1) (Impossible event P = 0)
P (Event A) + P (Not Event A) =1
P (Event A) = Total no of outcomes favorable to the event
Total nu. Of outcomes of the random experiment

Types
1. Subjective Probability
It is the probability assigned to an event based on subjective judgment, experience, info. & belief.
● Ex. if two people were asked to predict how they would react in a specific situation there are
different answers,Thus this probability has a high degree of personal choice.

2. Marginal Probability
Also called as simple probability
● It is the probability of a single event without consideration of any event.
● For example, the probability of a coin flip giving head is considered a marginal probability
because here we are not considering any other events.
● Joint Probability- The probability of the intersection of two events
● Relative Probability- This is the probability based on factual information.

Law of probability
1. Addition rule of Probability
If one event excludes the possibility of occurrence of the other specified event or events, the events are
called mutually exclusive.
● Eg. Getting head excludes the possibility of getting tail in coin flip.
2. Multiplication rule of Probability
It is applied when two or more events are occurring together but they are independent of each other .
If the no. of the events are n and p1 is the individual probability

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 ● Total pro. P= p1*p2*.......*pn
3. Complement rule of Probability
P(not A) = 1- P(A)
4. Total Probability rule
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes is 1

Test of Significance
The tests of significance are a formal procedure for comparing observed data with a claim (also called
a hypothesis), the truth of which is being assessed. The claim is a statement about a parameter, like the
population proportion p or the population mean µ.

Importance of tests of significance:

1. It is essential to determine if the results obtained are significant or not.
For example, in medical research, a new drug’s effectiveness is determined by comparing it with
a placebo.
2. The test of significance helps determine if the difference in effectiveness is significant or just
due to chance
3. Helps researchers make informed decisions based on their findings.
4. The best defines the confidence limits of population values.
5. It is natural for sample estimates to vary from sample to sample.

Application of tests of significance in Medical research

● Measures of individual variability such as Simple Distribution, Normal distribution etc are
● Calculated from a test of significance.
● Tests are used to interpret the results and find significance levels of difference.
● The difference observed is expressed In terms of significance or probability / relative frequency.

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Commonly Used Statistical Softwares 11
Commonly Used Statistical Softwares
These are programmes that are used for statistical analysts of
● Collection
● Organization
● Analysis
● Interpretation
● Presentation of data
In other words- Statistical software are specialized computer programmes for statistical analysis.
Example. SPSS, SPUD, R, XL-Stat, Minitab, PSPP, SAS System, Microsoft excel.

Advantages
1. Time saving
2. Increased flexibility as per requirement
3. Can deal with large number/amount of data
4. Free from manual work
5. Improves validity of qualitative research.
Disadvantages
1. Distract
2. Can Increased commercialization
3. Time consuming for new Learner

PSPP Software
1. Free software application for analysis of sampled data.
2. Intended as a free alternative for IBM SPSS statistics.
3. It is written in C & uses GNU library for its mathematical Routines.
4. The name has “по official / acronymic expansion"

Features of PSPP Software

● Provides a comprehensive set of capabilities including frequencies
● linear regression
● Logistic regression
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 ● Reliability & re-ordering data
● Cross tab comparison of means.
● Factor analysis
● Cluster analysts

Disadvantages of PSPP Software

● Sometime problem to find the right error for the installation
● Not a open sources software

Advantages of PSPP Software

● Free replacement of SPSS.
● Copy of SPSS will not expire
● No additional packages to purchase
● Fast analysis

SPSS Statistical Software

SPSS Statistics is a statistical software suite developed by IBM for data management, business
intelligence, and criminal investigation.
● The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
● SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science.
● It is also used by researchers, health researchers, government, education researchers & others.
● It is one of the most popular statistical packages which can -perform highly complex data
manipulation & analysis with simple instruction.

Advantages
● Easy to use
● Simple to find Manual/tutorial on the internet that shows how to use it.
● It has a large diffusion also if iit is not open source.

Disadvantages
● Trial version is only for 14 days & Limited licenses.
● For some analysis it has less options than other packages.

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 Previous Years’ Papers
2023
1. अनुसन्धान के भेद लिखकर गुणात्मक, मात्रात्मक एवं मिश्रित शोध का वर्णन करें ।
2. नैतिकता की अवधारणा का अनुसन्धान में महत्व लिखते हु ए आंकड़ों का एकत्रीकरण एवं विश्लेषण लिखें।
3. आयुर्वेदा में अनुसधान का महत्व व उपयोगिता लिखते हु ए चिकित्सा में अनुसधान की विवेचना करें ।
4. टिप्पणी लिखे- IEC, Drug & Cosmetic Act, DHARA, Ayush Research Portal
5. पैरामीट्रिक एवं नॉन मीट्रिक परिक्षण की विधियां लिखकर ओसत एवं प्रमाणित विचलन लिखे।
6. आंकड़ों का संग्रहण एवं प्रस्तुतीकरण लिखकर सरणी एवं चित्र रुप में विभिन्न विधियां लिखें।
7. टिप्पणी लिखे- Data, Rules of T test, Median, Percentile.

2020
1. अनुसन्धान शब्द की उत्पत्ति, परिभाषा, पर्याय, एवं आयुर्वेद में अनुसधान की उपयोगिता लिखे।
2. निम्न पर टिपण्णी करें - Ayush Research Portal, DHARA
3. अनुसधान के प्रकारों का विस्तृत वर्णन करें ।
4. अनुसधान में प्रमाणों की उपयोगिता लिखे।
5. चिकित्सीय सांखियकी की उपयोगिता लिखें।
6. निम्न पर टिप्पणी- Measure of Central Tendency
7. Describe the collection of Data.

2019
1. Describe the Scope, need, importance, and utility of Research in Ayurveda
2. Describe the role of Praman as a Research tool.
3. Write evidence of Research in Ayurveda Classic.
4. Write Characteristics of research & formulation of hypothesis.
5. Definition, Scope, Importance of Medical Statistics.
6. Give introduction to commonly used Statistical softwares
7. Describe standard deviation and Variables.

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40 Revision Module on Research & Statistics | Dr. Ashish Gautam