CAPE Getting Started Exercises

Power for the Present. Power for the Future.

Thank you for your interest in CAPE!

Whether you’re looking for increased productivity at your utility or consulting firm or teach power
engineering at a university, the short exercises that follow will give you a great introduction to the high
points of our CAPE software for system protection. This tour begins with a few traditional functions, like
applying faults and displaying relay characteristics. Then you’ll see a few of the features that set CAPE
apart: simulating protection as a system, calculating settings automatically, using models of actual relays,
and the CAPE database that ties everything together. We hope you’ll enjoy the tour, learn some new
techniques, and see why CAPE is the best tool for your needs.
Your Tour of CAPE

Your Tour of CAPE

The best way to understand a new tool is to use it yourself. The tour is not a canned presentation,
and it allows you to work with the full CAPE program. The tour is based on a set of typical tasks,
but once you’ve started CAPE, you can do any task here in any order. So you are free to explore. One
good sequence is below.

Start CAPE Start the program, attach a database, and adjust the One-Line Diagram.

Apply Faults Apply faults with the One-Line Diagram, data tree, or menus. Non-standard
faults. Printed reports.
Study Overcurrent Display overcurrent relays and their response to faults. Drag curves to
Relays change settings or edit settings directly.

Study Distance Relays Display distance relays and their response to faults. Drag curves to change
settings or edit settings directly.

Set a Digital Relay Run automated setting calculations for a digital relay.

Simulate Protection Interactively simulate the protection system around a fault and the step-by-
step operation of the breakers.
Add a Digital Relay Place and set a new relay.

Study Breakers Run a breaker duty analysis.

ii
Start CAPE

Start CAPE

To start CAPE, click Start |All Programs |Cape | CAPE Executive.

Click OK in the “Time Remaining” pop-up if you are using the CAPE
Demonstration CD.

When CAPE appears, click Attach Database in the Action Bar.

The familiar Windows file selection form

appears. Search to \cape\dat, select
cape.gdb, and click Open. The file “cape.gdb”
is an example database of about 100 buses.

The Session Setup form will pop up

automatically. This form lets you choose what
network data to read from the attached
database. Since we want CAPE to read all the
network data from “cape.gdb”, we don’t need
to make any selections. However, it is
convenient to tell CAPE to open a network
drawing for this system. Click the checkbox
Read Graphics File if it is blank. If no file
name appears to the right, this action will pop
up the open-file dialog; choose
\cape\dat\cape.gf and Open. Also, notice
that a radio button lets you choose between
ANSI/IEEE and IEC modes of short-circuit
computation. For SC, the two are nearly the
same, although there are some differences in
the modeling of generators. For breaker duty
(BD) analysis, there are more important differences in the evaluation of circuit
breaker ratings. Click Ok; Build SC Network to accept your session entries.
CAPE will read the network data from the database. If a One-Line Diagram does
not appear, click the Zoom-to-Fit button in the standard toolbar.
Zoom-to-Fit button

1
Start CAPE

Your screen will look something like this, although the toolbars will be in different locations. You
can drag them wherever you prefer.

The CAPE Screen

The Main Menus (File ... Help) are in the bar at the top. All menus to the left of the little vertical
divider (|) are the same in every CAPE module. Those to the right of the divider have commands
that are special to the active module.

The Action Bar is just beneath the Main Menus. It contains the most frequently used commands
from the Main Menus for your convenience.

These are the remaining sections of the screen:

 Data Tree. This column on the left side is an explorer tree that gives you natural access
to all your data, beginning with substations, as shown.
 Text Area. Text output from the programs will appear here.
 Graphics Area. The network diagram, relay characteristics, and other graphical displays
appear here.

You can drag the separators between these areas with your mouse to resize them.

The Command Line appears here beneath the Data Tree and Graphics Area. This is where you may
type commands and responses to prompts that will appear here from time to time.

The Status Bar at the bottom shows the name of the attached database and drawing file.

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Start CAPE

Adjust the OL Diagram

You will often interact with CAPE through the One-Line Diagram during these exercises. You’ll
want to know:
How to enlarge the diagram. Click and hold mouse button 1 somewhere on the diagram where
nothing is drawn, drag until the box encloses what you want to
see, and then release the mouse button. If you prefer, click one
of the magnifying glass icons until the magnification level suits
you. Or, use <Ctrl>-scroll wheel rotation to zoom in/out. At any time, you can adjust the view with
the horizontal and vertical scroll bars. To start over, click Draw All in the Graphics menu.
How to select and change the text size. You will need the Text Formatting toolbar. If it isn’t visible,
go to the View menu and click on Toolbars |
Text Formatting. Click anywhere in the
graphics area or in the text area, depending on
which text you want to control. Then choose the font, size, and bold attributes.

How to find a bus. First adjust the

magnification to a level you like. Then right
click on the diagram, away from any object.
Choose Find a bus or substation
(CTRL+F) in the resulting menu.

Alternatively, click the Options button at the top of the

Data Tree and set the radio button that tells CAPE to
center the OL diagram on an object you select in the
Data Tree. Then, anytime you search to, say, a bus and
click it in the Data Tree, the OL diagram will center
itself on that bus.

Need Help?
 Send us an e-mail at eii@electrocon.com
 Send us a FAX at 734-761-8078, or
.
 Call us at 734-761-8612, or toll free (USA) at
888-240-4044

3
Apply Faults

Apply Faults

One of the more frequent calculations a protection engineer must do is compute the currents and
voltages caused by a fault. With CAPE you can quickly study any fault condition you can imagine:
standard faults on any phase with or without impedance, series faults, faults between different voltage
levels, simultaneous faults, or what have you. Standard faults are typically studied when setting relays.
Complex faults are needed when you have to reconstruct a real-life event and learn why your protective
devices operated the way they did. For example, you might want to know what currents your relays saw
when a high voltage conductor broke and fell onto a lower voltage conductor below, possibly contacting
the tower in the process.

It’s easy to study faults with CAPE, with or without a One-Line Diagram.

First

After you have started CAPE as explained on

page 1, you will have our example database
and network drawing attached. Click Cape
Modules and Short Circuit to move to the
SC module.

Drag the divider bars separating the text and

graphics areas and the Data Tree to adjust
the window sizes as you like. Press, hold,
drag, and release mouse button 1 on the
divider bar to do this.

Adjust the magnification of the One-Line

Diagram as explained on page 3 under
Adjust the OL Diagram.

Fault on a Bus

With the OL diagram at a comfortable magnification, scroll down to Winder substation in the Data
Tree. Expand this station until the tree shows the list of buses in Winder. Click the Options button
at the top of the Data Tree, choose the radio button that says Center one line diagram on
selected item, and close the form. Then click on bus 183 “Winder 230” in the tree. The OL
diagram will center itself on this bus.

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Apply Faults

Right click on bus 183 Winder 230 in the One-Line Diagram (not on one of its lines) and choose
Faults | Other faults. (You could have chosen one of the three standard faults directly, but that
would be too easy.) Select
Single_Line_Ground. The form will
expand as shown here. Note that you can
choose the faulted phase and the R and X
of a fault impedance. Click OK to apply
the fault.

To see fault currents on the

diagram, right click
on the diagram but away from
objects and choose Change
displayed text. The form
here is user-editable and these
are only a few of the many
displays you may have. Try a
few and notice how the display
changes as you try different
combinations. The Advanced
button leads to a form where
you could turn on the phasor
angles, for example. Finally,
choose Show Phase A and
Zero Sequence Branch
Currents and click OK.

To see a standard text report,

pull down the divider bar
between the text and graphics
areas. To get a report for any bus, click Reports | Bus and select a
bus from the pop-up menu. As shown on the right, you can also click
on any bus number in an existing report and choose Report this bus.

You can print the graphics or text area directly by clicking their

symbols in the Standard Bar. If, for example, you click File |
Print Text Area | Print Preview, you can see what you would get without wasting paper.
Paginated text reports with header lines can be produced with the File Reports option in the
Preferences menu, but that is not explained here.

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Apply Faults

Fault on a Line (Sliding Faults)

Right click on any line connected to 183

Winder 230, nearer to Winder than to the
remote bus, for example the top line on the
right side. If you mistakenly click on the bus
or on one of the nearby texts, you’ll know it
when you look at the title of the resulting
context menu. Choose Midline Fault. Move
the slider to 0.7, which means 70% of the
distance from the end you clicked, and click
OK. Then choose Single_Line_Ground from
the next popup and click OK.

Your diagram will now look like this. Note

the midline bus now indicating where the
fault has been applied. If you want to display
bus voltages or other phase
currents, right click in an empty
space of the diagram and select
Change displayed text as we did
above.

Fault on a Multi-segment Line

If you model a line having more than
two terminals, or a line having load
tap buses at various points, you may
still want to slide a fault along the
entire line; that is, you may want to
ignore the extra buses temporarily.
Our test case has such a line. Click
Options at the top of the Data Tree
and, if necessary, set option #1 to
“center one line diagram on selected
item.” Find substation Monroe in the Data Tree and expand this station to show the list of its
buses. Click on bus 173 “Monroe”. Your diagram will shift to show this bus. (It’s in the lower left
corner of the drawing.) Note that the line from Monroe to bus 181 Winder 115 has two load tap buses
on it. Right click on the line near to the 173 Monroe end and choose Midline Fault. Choose the
remote bus 181 Winder and OK in the pop-up. Set the slider to 0.85 and click OK. Then choose
Three_Phase and OK. Note where CAPE placed the fault. The load tap buses are designated as
fictitious in the database allowing CAPE to skip over them automatically.

6
Apply Faults

Combination of Line Outage and Fault Close-in to a Breaker

Right click on the line from 104
Lawrville115 that is drawn crossing over
the Monroe - Winder line. Choose Outage
line. Then, right click on the line between
Monroe and Winder, near 173 Monroe.
Choose Close-in Fault and select a
Single_Line_Ground type of fault. CAPE
places this fault just beyond the breaker,
effectively zero impedance away from the
bus. A close-in bus is drawn on the
diagram and all currents at Monroe are
labeled with a “C” to indicate they refer to a Close-in fault condition there. The line currents at the
Monroe end of the line differ from those at the remote end because they are the sum of the flows on
other branches into 173 Monroe (that are obviously not shown).

Complex Faults
CAPE can model any fault or combination of faults that can happen in real life. Here is one example
you may have experienced or at least heard of before. Imagine that one phase conductor of a high
voltage line breaks and falls down making contact with a different phase of a lower voltage line on
the same tower. There is an implicit 30 degree phase difference between the two voltage levels
caused by wye-delta transformers. The arc extends to the tower itself, forming a path to earth with
impedance. How would you analyze this to determine whether your relays operated as “expected”?

In CAPE, you would define the fault, make a few balanced network changes, and apply the fault. It’s
that easy.

A fault is any unbalance you A

can define in the phase B HV Line

domain. Network changes, C
such as open breakers and Actual
System
temporary buses, are A
R = 5.5 Ohms

balanced conditions; that is,

B LV Line
they involve all three phases.
C
The overall fault condition is
a combination of balanced
1 2
network changes and a fault. A
This diagram illustrates
B
what we mean.
C
CAPE
You insert a temporary bus Model + 3
on the HV line at the point A

where the conductor broke. B

Then you open all three C
phases of the line at that
point (a balanced change). Balanced network changes Fault
This creates a second
temporary bus at that point.
Next, you insert a temporary bus on the LV line at the point where the HV conductor makes contact.
That makes a total of three temporary buses. The last step is to apply a previously-defined fault
right on top of those three buses. The OL diagram displays most of the currents of interest; you could

7
Apply Faults

request a detailed textual report by clicking Report | Bus and asking for a report of “all faulted
buses.”

The fault definition you would use is sketched in the lower right of the diagram on the previous
page. Note that it consists of connections among three buses and earth. The connections between
phases A of nodes 1 and 2 and between phases B of the same nodes may seem strange at first. They
simply reconnect the healthy phases of the balanced opening we created in the HV line, leaving
phase C open. To define the fault in CAPE, you would click Define Fault in the Action Bar. In the
pop-up form, you would give the fault a name, use Add Node to add a total of three nodes, and then
use Add Connection successively to add the four connections shown. (Feel free to click Define Fault
and choose the fault Fallen Conductor so you can look at the form; this fault or a similar one is
already defined.)

What If I Don’t Have a One-Line Diagram?

If you don’t have a diagram, click Apply Network Change and Apply Fault in the Action Bar as
needed. The forms let you search for network components to take out of service and the bus to fault.
All reports will appear in the text area.

8
Study Overcurrent Relays

Study Overcurrent Relays

Typically, a relay engineer studies coordination among overcurrent devices (relays, distribution reclosers,
and fuses) by working with Time-Current Coordination (TCC) curves to find operating times for faults of
interest. This can be done very quickly in CAPE with the Coordination Graphics module. Since CAPE
uses manufacturer-specific relay models, you will be able to adjust the same settings you would on the
physical device. You can save those settings with two mouse clicks.

First

After you have started CAPE as explained on

page 1, you will have our example database and
network drawing attached. Click Cape Modules
and Short Circuit so that SC will be available.
Then click Cape Modules and Coordination
Graphics to move to CG.

The CG windows are a little different from the

rest of CAPE: the Text Area is placed to the right
of the Graphics Area by default. You may drag
the divider bars separating these areas and the
Data Tree to adjust the window sizes as you like.
Press, hold, and release mouse button 1 on the
divider bar to do this.

If you have first started the Short Circuit module, you can switch quickly back and forth between
curve displays and the One-Line Diagram by clicking the tabs labeled Short Circuit and
Coordination Graphics. Click Short Circuit and adjust the magnification of the One-Line
Diagram as explained on page 3 under Adjust the OL Diagram.

Display Curves
With the OL diagram at a comfortable magnification, right-click on the diagram away from any
objects and select Find a bus or substation. Click the radio button Bus names and Case
insensitive at the top of the pop-up. The Match... choice doesn’t matter much here. Begin typing
the abbreviation “Gansvle1”; by the time you have typed “ga”, only a few buses will remain. Click on
bus “Gansvle1 115” and then click OK. The OL diagram will center itself on this bus. Now it will be
easy to pick a primary relay looking from Gainesville to Cornelia directly from the diagram. Since
you can also choose relays from the Data Tree in CG, that method will be used to pick a backup relay
looking from Gainesville No.2 to Gainesville No.1.

Your screen will look like the picture on the following page.

9
Study Overcurrent Relays

SC Screen with OL Diagram Showing Lines

from Gainesville No.2 to Gainesville No.1 to Cornelia

We are interested in directional overcurrent relays and will display instantaneous and time-delay
elements of relays at Gainesville No.2 and Gainesville No.1. Right click on the line connecting 153
“GANSVLE1 115” to 160 “Cornelia
115”, nearer to the Gainesville end.
Choose Device Curves | Initialize
CG display. The form has chosen the
substation named “Gainesville No.1”
and the relay panel (LZOP) named
“Cornelia 115 Line” on the line to
Cornelia for you. Protective devices in
that Local Zone of Protection are
listed in the middle of the form.
Choose the IRQ-9 (which has the
name “258DG”). The list of elements
in the IRQ-9 appear at the bottom.
Click on the IOC element and then on
the TOC element, followed by OK.

CAPE has already switched to the CG window; now it will display those curves. We want to add a
backup relay. For variety and convenience, we’ll use the Data Tree to do this.

10
Study Overcurrent Relays

Search to substation “Gainesville No. 2,” LZOP “Gainesville #1

White 115 Line”, and Relay “11.00 358DG (IRQ-9...).” Drag the
IOC element from the Data Tree and drop it into the graphics
area. (Note how the cursor “hand” symbol changes as you
move it into the display indicating that it is permissible to do
that.) Then drag the TOC element to the display.

The curve display will look like the one shown here.

The Key showing the curve numbers, line styles, and

relay names may not be as shown but you can drag it
anywhere or right click on it and remove it. The curve
numbers themselves can be dragged wherever you
like.

Note that the TOC and IOC curves are truncated

where they intersect. To see a whole TOC curve, click
Preferences | TCC Diagram Options (tab).
Remove the check from the checkbox labeled
Truncate_TOC and click OK.

Look at the Legend (text) Area to see the kind of

information it contains. You may need to drag the
separator bar to make the Legend wider temporarily.

11
Study Overcurrent Relays

Apply One Fault

The curves alone don’t tell us enough. We need to
apply a fault to see whether and how quickly the
elements operate. Move back to the One-Line
Diagram (Short Circuit tab). Right click on the
line from bus 153 to bus 160, choose Plot Faults
in CG | Midline, set the slider to 0.3, and choose
a Single_Line_Ground fault. CG responds by
plotting fault marks at the current and operating
time of each displayed element that has a finite
operating time. More importantly, note the table
of operating quantities, multiples of pickup, and
times in the text area (not shown here). Only the
backup IOC element does not operate (as
expected).

To apply a fault without using a One-Line

Diagram, click Plot a Fault in the Action Bar.

To see a clearer visual indication of the difference

between TOC operating times, right click on
curve #2 (the lower of the two) and choose
Alignment | Align all curves based on this
curve. All curves except the reference curve are
multiplied by the ratio of the reference current to
their current; that is, they are plotted so that all operating points are on a vertical line.

To calculate the time difference, right click on the operating point of the slower TOC curve, choose
Marks | Place marks on this curve, then right click on the operating point of the faster TOC
curve. Note how the Key shows you both mark locations and their difference. To remove them, click
the Curves menu and Erase Marks...

Apply Sliding Faults

Right click in an empty space of the graphic and
choose Remove all faults. Right click again and
choose Clear all network changes and stored
changes.

Move back to the One-Line Diagram (Short

Circuit tab). Right click on the line from bus
153 to bus 160 nearer the bus 153 end, choose
Plot Faults in CG | Fault Study, select
Single_Line_Ground ... OK, and, when asked
for a step-size, accept the default of 0.1 by just
clicking OK. When asked whether to open the
remote breaker, again just click OK (to accept
the default answer, which is “no”). CAPE applies
faults all along the primary line and reports
responses in the Legend. Examine that table.
Note that the Line End fault means the remote
breaker is open and the fault is on the “hanging”
end.

12
Study Overcurrent Relays

When ready, right click in an empty space of the graphic and choose Remove all faults.

Change Settings
It is almost trivial to change settings and see the effects. You may do this either by dragging a curve
with the mouse or by right clicking the curve to request a form for editing settings directly. Before
exercising these methods, apply a ground fault 80% out from bus 153 on the line from bus 153 to bus
160. (Click Short Circuit, right click on the line nearer to bus 153, choose Plot Faults in CG |
Midline, position the slider at 0.8 ...OK, and choose Single_Line_Ground ...OK.)

Note that neither IOC element operates but that the primary IOC element (curve #1 in these
pictures) sees a little less than one multiple of pickup current. Using mouse button 1, drag and
release the vertical part of curve #1 a little to the left until it operates. The operations table in the
Legend will tell you as soon as this happens. Now drag and release the associated primary TOC
curve up and down (curve #2 in these pictures). Notice how the reported operating time and time
dial of this curve change in the Legend as you drag it.

To use the edit forms, right click on the same

TOC curve and choose Settings |Make
temporary settings changes. You’ll see the
form shown here.

The button next to Time Dial Setting shows

the value you just dragged it to. Click on that
button. The pop-up for changing its value
limits you to minimum and maximum values,
just as this particular style of relay does. This
illustrates the value of CAPE’s detailed relay
models, which are specific to each
manufacturer. Enter a value of 3.0 and click
OK. The Time Dial Setting value changes and
the Test Time changes with it, as it must.
These are only tentative changes. To see the
settings stored in the database, click the
Modified button at the bottom. Now the form
shows the database (Original) values. Toggle the button again so it switches back to “Modified.” To
make the curve change without closing the edit form, you may click Apply. To change the curve and
close the form, click OK.

Right click on any curve and notice that you may change its associated CT or VT ratio temporarily.
(If you wonder why there is a VT ratio at all, remember that these relays are voltage polarized.)

Again, none of our manipulations has changed the database. To prove that, click Refresh
Protection Data in the Action Bar. This replaces all your changed settings with values from the
database. You can only save changed settings explicitly. You would do that by clicking Save
Modified Settings in the Action Bar and choosing the relays to update from that form.

13
Study Distance Relays

Study Distance Relays

Distance relays in CAPE are studied in much the same way as you worked with overcurrent relays in the
previous exercise. You may select and display element characteristics, apply faults, and change settings.
Typically you will work in the R-X plane, of course, but you may also study coordination in the time-
distance plane or examine sensitivity to load in the P-Q (power) plane. CAPE phasor models of distance
relays are unsurpassed by any competing software product. The dynamic characteristic is always used
by CAPE to assess the operation of a distance element even though CAPE displays the static
characteristic by default. When you modify settings, you adjust the same named settings you would on
the physical device.

First
After you have started CAPE as explained on page
1, you will have our example database and network
drawing attached. Click Cape Modules and Short
Circuit so that SC will be available. Then click
Cape Modules and Coordination Graphics to
move to CG.

The CG windows are a little different from the rest

of CAPE: the Text Area is placed to the right of the
Graphics Area by default. You may drag the divider
bars separating these areas and the Data Tree to
adjust the window sizes as you like. Press, hold, and
release mouse button 1 on a divider bar to do this.

If you have first started the Short

Circuit module, you can switch
quickly back and forth between
curve displays and the One-Line
Diagram by clicking the tabs
labeled Short Circuit and
Coordination Graphics. Click
Short Circuit and adjust the
magnification of the One-Line
Diagram to a comfortable level as
explained on page 3 under
Adjust the OL Diagram.

This part of the CAPE tour will

focus on distance relays at Tugalo
and Commerce substations. While
you have the One-Line Diagram
in view, center it on Commerce by searching the Data Tree along the path Commerce | Buses and
then click mouse button 1 on 179 “Commerce 115”. If Options | Center one line diagram on
selected item was set when you did this, the diagram will be adjusted automatically to place bus
179 at the center of the screen and it will blink several times. Click Coordination Graphics (tab).

14
Study Distance Relays

Display Curves
In the previous exercise, you started selecting overcurrent curves by right-clicking on their location
in the OL diagram. This time we’ll use the Data Tree entirely. Again, in the previous exercise you
worked with electromechanical relays. This time we will have you select digital relays. As far as
CAPE is concerned, digital relays are no harder to work with, except that they have a few more
settings.

Search the Data Tree along the path Tugalo | LZOPs | “Commerce 115 Line” | Relays |
Digital_REL521. When you expand the last item, you will behold an awesome list of elements.
(Please remember, we don’t build the things, we are just trying to make it easier for you to work
with them!) This is an ABB REL521 and it has five zones of phase and ground distance elements, as
well as many other functions.

Look down the list, find DIST “ZM1_PH” 1, right click on it,
and choose Initialize Display. The quadrilateral
characteristic of this zone 1 element will be displayed. In a
similar manner, right click on DIST “ZM2_PH” 2 and choose
Add to existing display. Notice how this adds to the
existing display rather than starting a new one. (If you
choose some other element by mistake, right click on its curve
and choose Remove this curve from the popup menu.)

You can add more distance elements and network to the

display. Search the Data Tree along the path Commerce |
LZOPs | “Toccoa 115 Line” | Relays | Digital_7SA513.
This is a Siemens relay. Don’t be fooled into thinking it has
fewer distance elements than the previous one; its ground
and phase distance functions are combined in each distance
element. Right click on DIST “Z1” 1 and choose Add to
existing display. Right click on DIST “Z2” 2 and choose
Add to existing display again. Your graphics area will look
like this. You can enlarge the display with the usual “click -
drag - release” technique, or simply right click away from any
curve and choose Zoom to fit. You can position the color key
and the curve labels as you like by dragging them with your
mouse.

The primary relay of this pair is the 7SA513 at bus 179; the
backup is the REL521 at bus 167. Since the primary zone 2
element reaches beyond its remote bus, 169, it might be
helpful to show more network at that bus. Right click on the
bus labeled “169 Toccoa 115” inside the graphic area (also
select “Bus 169” in the pop-up, if necessary to distinguish
close objects) and choose Add forward looking branches.
Choose bus 168 Yonah 115 in the pop-up, click OK, and note
that the line from bus 169 to 168 is now shown in your R-X
display. You may add more lines by right clicking any
displayed bus.

15
Study Distance Relays

There are many other cosmetic features you can explore on your own. For example, you may right
click on the Key and choose “Remove key” and you may right click on any curve and choose Curve
Label Style | Info Box. The Info Box can replace the Legend area because it contains much of the
same information. The box and its arrow can both be dragged around.

The faults we will apply next will appear to

be far behind the backup relay. To avoid the
effect that automatic rescaling would cause,
right-click in the graphic area, away from
any curve, and choose Auto Scale | Off.

Apply One Fault

Any faults you apply on the SC One-Line Diagram
can be plotted immediately on the curve display. But,
you don’t need to use the One-Line Diagram. Right
click on bus 169 Toccoa 115 in the R-X display, then
Bus 169 in the pop-up (if necessary to distinguish
it), and select Faults.

Choose the fault type Line to Line. CAPE plots the

apparent fault location on the R-X display. It also
reports the apparent impedance seen by each
displayed element, its operating time, and its source
impedance ratio in a table in the Legend Area.

16
Study Distance Relays

Examine that table (shown above, right). As the graphic suggests, only the primary zone 2 element
operates. The reported operating time is the sum of the element operation time and its associated
time, which was set to 30 cycles. The more interesting observation is that zones 1 and 2 of the
backup relay at bus 167 see the fault behind themselves (indicated by the negative angle of the
apparent impedance). The reason is that our example relays are on a loop. High fault contributions
from other parts of the network enter the loop at Commerce. Most of that fault current flows
directly to the fault at Toccoa but some flows the other way around the loop, toward our backup
relay at Tugalo. If you would like to see the topology, click “Short Circuit”. CAPE offers predefined
text displays that show apparent impedances on the One-Line Diagram. They are excellent for
clarifying situations like this.

When CAPE evaluates the response of a distance element,

it uses its full, detailed comparator model, not the plot of
the apparent fault location. You should always rely on the
operating time shown in the Legend, not the graphic, to
assess operation. CAPE evaluates other factors that may
not be apparent to you, such as starting element
supervision, fault selection logic, and the dynamic
expansion of the characteristic. These things depend on
the manufacturer and model; they are completely missed
by programs that employ generic “methods”.

You have now studied a single bus fault in some detail. To

apply a line fault, right click on a displayed line instead.
It really is that easy.

Apply Sliding Faults

Let’s start with a clean slate. Right click away from any
curve and choose Remove all faults. It is a simple
matter to study sliding faults all along a line. Right click
on the line from bus 179 (Commerce) to 169 (Toccoa),
nearer to bus 179, in the R-X display. Choose Faults |
Fault study in the resulting context menu. Click Line-
to-Line and OK. You are prompted next for the step size;
accept the default of 0.1 by just clicking OK. Finally, click
OK to accept the default of “closed” for the remote breaker
condition.

If you were watching carefully, you may have noticed that

the first few faults plotted twice, once for the primary
elements (at Commerce) and once for the backup elements (at Tugalo). The reason for the different
apparent locations is the heavy infeed at Commerce, which makes the relay at Tugalo “think” the
faults are farther out than they actually are.

17
Study Distance Relays

Look at the table that has

been written in the Legend
Area. The apparent
impedances seen by the
backup elements (#1 and #2)
grow rapidly as the fault
slides along the line. When
the fault is at the 90% and
100% positions, it actually
appears behind the relay, as
discussed above.

Right click away from a curve and choose Remove all faults. Repeat, choosing Auto Scale | On.

Change Settings
As with overcurrent relays, you can change distance
relay settings either by dragging the curve with the
mouse (left click - drag - release) or directly with the
edit form (right click the curve). Neither operation
changes settings in the database itself. Only CAPE’s
temporary copy of the relay is changed.

The interaction among the several settings that

control each quadrilateral characteristic make
dragging them tricky compared to dragging, say, a
mho circle. Try it on either of the two displayed
curves for the backup relay. (You can drag the
primary curves too, but you will have to first choose
between Unit 1 and Unit 2 in a pop-up.) Remember
that dragging is done with the leftmost mouse
button. When you are finished, click Refresh
Protection Data in the Action Bar to restore the
original settings.

For these relays, you will probably prefer to edit the

settings directly. Right click on the zone 1
characteristic of the backup relay (curve #1). Choose
Settings | Make temporary setting changes. The standard distance element edit form will
appear. The settings don’t appear here because this is a digital relay; click the Common button at
the bottom of the form to see the Common Taps. The form at the right appears. Feel free to scroll the
list of settings. However, digital relays have so many taps that you may find it easier to use the Find
feature of this form. Enter Operation_Z1 in the Find field and click Find. Scroll as necessary so
you can see the settings below “Operation_Z1”, as is depicted here.

Click any part of the line with the setting named X1PP_Z1. It controls
the reactance reach of the phase-phase unit of the zone 1 distance
element and has the value 3.01. Change the value to 4.0 in the pop-up
and click OK. The value in the form has changed. The original value of
the setting is in the right-hand column. To see the effect of the new
setting on the curve, click Apply (which leaves the edit form up) or OK
(which closes the edit form too).

18
Study Distance Relays

You will immediately wonder why the angle of the blinder portion of the quad element changed.
After all, you only changed the reactance reach, didn’t you? The answer is, this particular relay
computes the blinder angle as the arctan(X1PP_Z1/R1PP_Z1). You didn’t change R1PP_Z1 in
proportion. The model did what it was supposed to do. That illustrates the advantage of the CAPE
model. It works like the relay does.
X
Show Dynamic Characteristic
The displays you have been looking at so far are called static or
steady state characteristics. These are correct if the relay uses the
ZSET
self-polarizing voltage as its reference. However, most distance
Dynamic
relays employ a memory, cross-polarizing, or combination voltage for Characteristic
a reference. In such cases the actual characteristic will expand. The
amount of expansion depends on the reference voltage used and the
source impedance behind the relay. Therefore, the relay may operate ZS
R
for faults that plot outside the static characteristic. The dynamic Steady State
characteristic changes with fault location and type. If CAPE were to Characteristic
plot dynamic characteristics instead of static ones, the large number
of curves it would have to display for multiple fault studies would
make the graphic unreadable. Don’t let this worry you. There is
good news! CAPE always uses the dynamic characteristic to
evaluate
operation. That’s an inherent benefit of CAPE’s use of detailed relay
models. The operations table in the Legend correctly tells you
whether the relay operates.

It’s easy to plot the dynamic characteristic whenever you want. As

an example, we will now display the mho characteristic of a SEL-
321, apply a fault, and then tell CAPE to plot the real characteristic
for that fault.

Use the Data Tree to search the path Commerce | LZOPs |

“Tugalo 115 Line” | Relays | Digital_SEL_321. Expand this
relay, right click on the element DIST “M1P” 1, and choose Initialize display.

Before drawing the dynamic characteristic, you must apply a fault that operates the element. To do
that, right click in the R-X display on the line from bus 179 to 167. Choose Faults | Midline. When
the slider pop-up appears, drag the slider to 0.5 (50% of the line) and click OK. Choose a
Three_Phase fault and click OK. The
fault will be plotted and the Legend
table will say that this zone 1 element
operates.

Right click on the zone 1 curve and

choose Plot the dynamic
characteristic. The dynamic
characteristic will be plotted as you
see in the pictures (above, right).

Right click on the line again, near bus 179, choose Faults | Midline, slide the slider to 0.3 and click
OK. Choose a Three_Phase fault again but this time enter a resistance of 10 ohms followed by OK.
Look at the report in the Legend. It explicitly tells you that the fault plots outside the (steady state)
characteristic but the relay operates. This illustrates an important characteristic of CAPE: You can
trust it.

19
Set a Digital Relay

Set a Digital Relay

No one today would entrust the entire job of setting relays to a computer program. Even so, it is very
reasonable to let the computer take over most of the time-consuming, routine work. CAPE can run all the
fault studies, compute initial settings, and do preliminary checks following the same rules you would
follow. When a rule cannot be satisfied, CAPE can warn you about the conflict. Then you, the relay
engineer, can decide what to do. This helps you be a lot more productive.

Some CAPE users have been applying Relay Setting algorithms since 1994. They have proven that the
approach is practical and leads to significant time and cost savings.

Setting algorithms are small programs that you run inside CAPE. They can be very specific to one
company or they can be driven by parameters you control, and therefore be quite general. We have
recently developed an excellent library of setting macros for digital distance relays. We have presented
them in papers at six technical conferences in four countries. They work. You are welcome to use these
and to develop your own with the CAPE User Programming Language (CUPL).

First
After you have started CAPE as explained on page 1
under Start CAPE, you will have our example
database and network drawing attached. Click Cape
Modules and Relay Setting to move to the RS
module.

Drag the divider bars separating the text and

graphics areas and the Data Tree to adjust the
window sizes as you like. Press, hold, and release
mouse button 1 on a divider bar to do this.

Adjust the magnification of the One-Line Diagram as

explained on page 3 under Adjust the OL Diagram.

Choose a Relay
We are going to set a SEL-321 relay at Winder substation on the line to Center substation. You can
choose a relay from the Data Tree, the Action Bar, or the Action Menu; it doesn’t matter. Let’s use
the Action Bar. Click Set Relay there. The relay selection form appears, as on the next page.

20
Set a Digital Relay

Relays are in relay panels we call

LZOPs (Local Zones of Protection). A
substation may have any number of
LZOPs. Scroll the Substation list
and choose Winder. Choose the
Line LZOP named Center 230
Line. This panel has four protection
schemes; choose the first one,
Demo. Click on the SEL-321 in this
scheme and then click OK.

Choose a Setting Algorithm

You’ll next see a pop-up showing you all

the setting algorithms in the CAPE
library. Click on the second one, General
Purpose: Phase and ground mho
elements of digital relay. When you do,
a slightly longer explanation appears in
the lower half of the form. Click OK. The
algorithm will prompt you for various
parameters it will use during the setting
process. This is one way the setting
algorithms are customized in CAPE.

For this exercise, choose the values 1. Protection Scheme Forward IOC or stepped
distance
suggested in this table.
2. Maximum Forward Load 1000
Current (Primary A)
3. Largest Forward Load Angle 30
The algorithm calculates the primary (degrees)
reaches for any digital distance relay.
4. Maximum Reverse Load 1000
However, the SEL-321 is one model for Current (Primary A)
which it can translate primary reaches into
5. Largest Reverse Load Angle 30
the actual settings of the relay. So, before it (degrees)
finishes, it will reset that relay temporarily 6. Prefault bus voltage (perunit) 1
within CAPE. It never changes settings in
the database, only the image of the relay 7. IOC pickup above unbalance Ignore this. This form is also
(IA, IB, IC, 3I0, 3I2 primary A) used for OC schemes.
that you work with inside CAPE. (If you
really want to save the settings back to the 8. Use apparent impedances for Max(Line ohms, Apparent
forward DIST zones impedance)
database, you must click Save Modified
9. (Highest forward apparent 10
Settings in the Action Bar.) impedance used)/(Line ohms)
10. Max. angle (deg) between 45
forward apparent impedance &
line

21
Set a Digital Relay

Examine the Report

Drag the divider bar between the text and One-Line Diagram all the way down so you can have a
good look at the report of the setting study. You may not understand everything right away, but
scroll the report from top to bottom just to get a feel for what is there. You’ll see that CAPE has
examined the network around the relay and has done fault studies with various outages to
determine apparent impedances it will use to compute initial primary reach settings for a possible
stepped-distance scheme. Later, it checks whether any of the initial zone settings see too far into
remote transformers. You may notice that the forward zone 3 reaches through a transformer and has
to be pulled back to see only 80% of it. In doing so, it can no longer see a remote zone 2 bus. Since
that conflicts with the rules being followed, a warning is given to the engineer (you!).

Load encroachment checks are

made. The maximum loads (Excerpt from Relay Setting report)
allowed by the tentative settings Previous Desired Set as
are much higher than the Line impedance and length
maximum expected load you Z1MAG 1.42 1.42 1.42
specified earlier. Z1ANG
Z0MAG
81.63
4.23
81.63
4.23
81.63
4.23
Z0ANG 74.63 74.63 74.63
Forward and reverse pilot LL 0.10 0.10 0.10
(teleprotection) zones are CT and VT ratios
computed next and various checks CTR 160.00 160.00 160.00
are made. The forward pilot phase PTR 2000.00 2000.00 2000.00
and ground settings have to be Phase MHO zones 1 to 4
limited because they would Z1P 1.14 1.14 1.14
otherwise see too far into a Z2P 1.57 2.15 2.15
transformer. A user choice in the Z3P
Z4P
1.57
1.57
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
pilot_parameters.mac file in
\cape\rs_set_alg_files\db Ground MHO zones 1 to 4
prevented this setting macro from Z1MG
Z2MG
1.14
1.57
1.14
2.15
1.14
2.15
verifying whether the previously Z3MG 1.57 2.58 2.58
pulled-back zone 3 settings can Z4MG 1.57 2.58 2.58
see as far as the two remote zone Zero-sequence compensation
2 buses. k01M 0.66 0.66 0.66
k01A -10.53 -10.53 -10.53
At the bottom, you will see the k0M
k0A
0.66
-10.53
0.66
-10.53
0.66
-10.53
report of recommended settings
shown above. If you want more
detail than this report, turn on
Detailed_Reports in the Preferences menu.

Negative Sequence Directional Element

There are many other types of elements to set in most digital relays. One interesting type is the
negative sequence directional element employed in the SEL-321. It is used to give directional
supervision to instantaneous and inverse-time overcurrent elements as well as distance elements.
This replaces the more traditional zero sequence current polarization technique. Since unbalanced
load creates a background negative sequence current, a setting exists for specifying a normal ratio of
negative to positive sequence currents. An algorithm in the CAPE library can set this element.

Right click in the text area and choose Clear to erase the previous report. Click Set Relay in the
Action Bar again. The relay search form remembers your last search. Just click the SEL-321 to
activate the OK button, and click OK.

22
Set a Digital Relay

This time, choose the algorithm General Purpose: SEL negative-sequence directional element
and click OK. When prompted for the maximum load current, again enter 1000 and click OK. For
the smallest allowed ratio of negative to positive sequence currents, accept the default of 0.10 by
clicking OK when prompted.

Scroll through the report. (Some lines are

omitted from this excerpt.) As before, a
fault study has been done to provide
numbers on which initial settings will be
based. In this case, worst case forward and
reverse apparent impedances are found
based on negative sequence voltages and
currents. These lead to recommended
values for settings Z2F and Z2R. The fault
study also leads to settings for the forward
and reverse elements that measure 3I 2 .

Finally, notice that the least I 2 from the

reverse faults studied is less than the
unbalance I 2 that we said would be normal
when we let a2 = 0.10. The algorithm
recommends a lower value that will enable
the worst-case reverse fault current to be
recognizable as such. Only you the
engineer can decide which a2 setting to
implement.

Notice how much of the time-consuming calculations CAPE software can do for you, how it leads you
quickly to issues that need your decision, and how the report can be your written record of how the
settings were developed in the first place.

23
Simulate Protection

Simulate Protection

The CAPE System Simulator lets you place a fault on your network and watch the response of your
protection system as breakers open to clear it. We think it is the most helpful and practical tool that has
been developed for evaluating protection system performance. The engine inside is CAPE’s unique
stepped-event technique. Overcurrent and distance devices for phase and ground fault protection are
normally simulated together, as a system. A simple contact logic expression ties together the relays of
each relay panel, which we call a Local Zone of Protection. A breaker trip signal is given when the logic
expression becomes true. CAPE’s detailed relay models are key to the realism of the simulation. With
System Simulator you step through the simulation of any fault and view device responses graphically and
in textual reports.

First
After you have started CAPE as explained on page
1 under Start CAPE, you will have our example
database and network drawing attached. Click
Cape Modules and System Simulator to move
to the SS module.

Drag the divider bars separating the text and

graphics areas and the Data Tree to adjust the
window sizes as you like. Press, drag, and release
mouse button 1 on a divider bar to do this. Press
<F5> to refresh the diagram.

Adjust the magnification of the One-Line Diagram

as explained on page 3 under Adjust the OL
Diagram.

How Does the Simulator Work?

Simulating the protection system is almost trivial in CAPE. Apply the fault of interest on the One-
Line Diagram and watch the diagram respond. Request one of the text reports if you want details.

The System Simulator works as follows:

You apply a fault somewhere on your OL diagram. SS examines the region around that fault and
gathers any protective devices it finds into a set which we call the Simulation Area. Think of this as
a window around the fault. Program options control the size of that window; that is, how far away
from the fault SS will simulate protective devices. SS computes the voltage and current inputs to
each device element to determine if and when the element will operate. This enables SS to
determine which breakers will receive trip signals (including the impact of supervision) and the time
those signals will be given. The fastest breaker is opened and the simulation pauses.

During the pause, the OL diagram displays the predicted breaker opening times and the elements
that would cause the trip. You may click on the diagram to obtain pop-ups with useful printed
reports. When ready, you tell SS to continue its simulation. SS recomputes the fault quantities, but
now with one or more breakers open. Predicted operating times are recalculated for the remaining

24
Simulate Protection

relays (including the effect of previous partial operation), the next breaker to operate is opened, and
the simulation pauses again.

You may repeat this cycle until the fault is cleared.

Before beginning a simulation, you may prepare your network by removing lines, generators, etc.
from service and by disabling breakers. You may direct SS to reclose a newly-opened breaker after a
specified dead time, or pause and change the fault type.

Simulate Initial Response to a Ground Fault

You will begin by running a simulation whose Simulation Area encompasses only one level of backup
protection. That will demonstrate the stepped-event technique. Then you will expand the Simulation
Area and “find” a misoperation caused by a more remote relay that we have intentionally set
improperly.

Adjust your display so that the One-Line Diagram shows all of

the line from 183 Winder to 177 Center; this means you
should show the lower left quarter of the diagram until it looks
like the picture above. You can adjust the text font and size
with the Text Formatting tool. (You may need to turn on this
tool in the View menu.)

Right click on the Winder - Center line, nearer to Center than

to Winder. This gives a menu of possible actions for that line.
Choose Fault Simulation | Midline. (If you applied faults
before this exercise, a pop-up may ask you what CAPE should
do with any previous network changes. Click OK to accept the
default response of clearing them.) Then choose a
Single_Line_Ground fault. Drag the midline distance slider
to the left, to around 0.01 (1% from 177 Center) and click OK.
That’s all. The simulation begins automatically.

25
Simulate Protection

There will be a short delay as SS finds relays around the

fault. A status pop-up will keep you apprised of what is
happening. This pop-up will disappear when SS finishes
simulating each element. This is the end of the first event.
SS pauses to let you look at reports.

The One-Line Diagram will show the fault location, the first
breaker predicted to open, and the predicted times the breakers
will finish opening at all locations whose relays were simulated.
Beneath each opening time you will see one or more element logic
codes. These user-assigned labels tell us which element(s) operated
to cause the local trip. For example, here the logic code
DIR_GND_IOC suggests that a directional ground instantaneous
overcurrent element caused the breaker to trip at 0.058 seconds.

Now look at the opposite end of this line, at bus 183 Winder. No breaker
has opened yet but something with a logic code of DIR_GND_TOC is
predicted to cause the breaker there to open at 0.525 seconds. That is likely
a directional ground time overcurrent element, as the reports below will
verify. It is important for you to realize that all the predicted times are for
the condition of the first event: the single-line-to-ground fault at 1% out
from Center and just before any breaker opens. Perhaps the initial
prediction will not be what actually happens.

Examine Reports
SS offers five types of report to give you different levels of detail about
what is happening. We’ll look at three of them. You can request any report
either from the Reports menu or by right clicking on the OL diagram, away
from an object, and choosing “Reports.”

Let’s start with a summary, a bird’s eye view. Right click in a clear part of the OL diagram and
choose Reports | LZOP Summary. The pop-up shown on the next page will report the initial
predicted responses of all the LZOP’s (relay panels) in the Simulation Area. They are ordered from
fastest to slowest. The code of the element causing the trip signal (“Trip Path”), the time the signals
will be given (under “LZOP”), the time it takes the breaker to open (extinguishing the arc), and the
total time are listed. It might be comforting to note that the first two predicted operations involve
the two primary LZOP’s. Don’t feel too comfortable yet. Cancel this pop-up report.

26
Simulate Protection

Next, let’s see what’s happening at the line end that trips first, 177 Center. This time, instead of
getting the report by right-clicking on the OL diagram, ask for the report from the Reports menu.
(This will cause the report to appear in the text area, not a pop-up, which will allow us to use a
shortcut for generating the detailed element report
on the next page.) Pull down the divider bar
between the text and graphics areas. Referring to
the menu bar, click Reports | Element
Summary Report | Last Tripped LZOP. The
Element Summary Report for the Center end of
the Winder – Center line will be displayed in the
text area; the second half of it is shown
immediately below:

Find the element with the contact logic code DIR_GND_IOC (with red bracket above). This is the
one that causes the trip. Look carefully at the report for that relay element. Notice that it does not
begin to operate until 0.017 second after the fault occurs and that it operates (i.e. its logic code
becomes “true”) at 0.033 s. You may already have guessed the reason for the delay in starting – it is
supervised by a directional element, which must operate first. That element is reported on the line
immediately above it (also within the red bracket). As you would expect, that DIR element begins to
respond immediately and operates at 0.017 s, the time the IOC element is permitted to begin to
operate.

27
Simulate Protection

If you ever question the operation (or non-operation) of a relay element, you can obtain a very
detailed report for it. Put your mouse cursor anywhere on the line where that element is reported,
for example the DIR element, and click your left
mouse button. A one-choice menu will appear; click
Report this element. CAPE will append a
detailed operations report for that element, the
second half of which is shown here:

Look at the lower half of the report. This directional element is dual polarized. The manufacturer
published individual limits on the operating and polarizing quantities, their product, and the
combined product pickup when dual polarized. CAPE models all of this.

Continue Simulation
The fault isn’t cleared yet. Click Continue Simulation in the Action bar. The applied fault remains
the same but now one breaker is open. Computing the second event is much faster than before
because CAPE has all the relay information it needs.

The OL diagram displays a new set of predicted breaker opening times. It also
shows that the breaker at the Winder end of the Winder - Center line has opened
to clear the fault. However, it didn’t open at the time first predicted; the predicted
time we saw above was 0.525 s but the “actual” time turned out to be 0.125 s. The

28
Simulate Protection

instantaneous overcurrent element operated instead. Initially the IOC element didn’t see the fault.
When the remote breaker opened, the fault currents redistributed themselves, increasing the
current at the IOC element enough to make it operate.

If you want to explore a bit, right click on any line end with a predicted opening time and click
Element summary report. Or, right click on the diagram away from any object, click Reports,
and choose one.

Expand Simulation Area and Repeat

The database you are using has an intentionally miscoordinated relay, but the simulation you just
ran did not catch it. Clearly, the size of the Simulation Area could be crucial to whether or not we
observe a lurking miscoordination.

Our first simulation used the default Simulation Depth of 1. That means one level of backup
protection. SS gathers in all the relays at the ends of the faulted line (level 0) and then goes out one
real bus away from every end (level 1) and gathers in those devices too. Load tap and junction buses
that don’t have breakers and protection are skipped.

Misoperations may also be caused by zero-sequence currents induced in lines mutually coupled to
lines close to the fault. They are easy to miss. So, there is a similar option called Mutual Depth that
determines how many mutual couplings SS will cross over as it builds its Simulation Area. Mutual
Depth defaults to 0. If it were 1, SS would jump to any line directly coupled to a line already in the
Simulation Area and gather in the protective devices found at the ends of that line. If Mutual Depth
were set to 2, SS would jump to lines two couplings away from the original lines.

Click Preferences in the Action bar. Set the option Mutual Depth to 1 and click OK. The 230 kV
line from 177 Center to 154 Gansvle2c230 was in our original Simulation Area. The 115 kV line from
178 Center to 179 Commerce is mutually coupled to it and was not in the Simulation Area. It will be
this time.

Click Repeat Simulation in the Action bar.

The status pop-up tells us that the Simulation Area
now has 446 elements, twice as many as before.
When the simulation pauses, notice that predicted
times now appear on the coupled line, 179 Commerce
to 178 Center. Right click on the diagram away from
objects and choose Reports | LZOP Summary.

29
Simulate Protection

This time, the backup LZOP at Commerce is reported second in the list, right after the location that
has just opened. In fact, the report says that the breaker at Commerce has already begun to operate.
It’s too late for anything to stop it. An element with the logic code GND_IOC, a nondirectional
instantaneous overcurrent element, is the culprit. Cancel the report.

Click Continue Simulation in the Action bar. The diagram tells

us that the breaker at 179 Commerce is the next one to open, as we
expected.

There is an Event Summary report that we haven’t looked at yet,

but which might be instructive. Right click away from objects and
choose Reports | Event Summary.

This report tells you that you have a miscoordination and shows
you that the fastest backup LZOP operation is faster than the
fastest primary LZOP operation.

Backup operation is too fast!

You can begin to appreciate the value of this tool. You can study any fault condition, including faults
with impedance, multiple-bus faults, and simultaneous faults that may happen in reality. The CAPE
Relay Checking module conducts this same kind of study, only it works automatically, without
pauses, and applies perhaps hundreds of faults as it looks for miscoordinations.

30
Add a Digital Relay

Add a Digital Relay

The CAPE database is a repository of network and protection data for analysis as well as other data you
maintain for record-keeping. While you may build and maintain your data directly with the Database
Editor, you will probably prefer using the more natural graphical interface of the CAPE One Line Diagram
module.

For our exercise in data editing, we will add a digital relay to our example network. Since most users
already have network data when they acquire CAPE, adding protection data will be more informative to
you now. Before placing a relay, one first adds its current and voltage sources (a CT and VT) and a
named panel to hold it. We call the panel a Local Zone of Protection, or “LZOP” for short. Access to all
protective devices is through the breaker symbol.

First
If you have started CAPE as explained on page 1,
you will have our example database (cape.gdb)
and network drawing (cape.gf) attached. Click
Cape Modules and One Line.

Your OL window will be arranged similar to the

screen image below. The main difference between
it and other CAPE modules is the presence of two
special toolbars: the Network Toolbar and the
Protection Toolbar. Both are docking bars that
you can drag to other places on your screen, most
popularly the left side.

Network Toolbar Protection Toolbar

31
Add a Digital Relay

We will use the Protection Toolbar in this exercise because it is the fastest and most natural way to
add protective devices. However, you can also add protection from the Data Tree and from the
Database Editor. Use whatever method is convenient for you at the time. The data entry forms are
the same.

When adding protection, you will want the OL

diagram to show you where there are existing
devices. Right click in the diagram, away from
any object, and select Change displayed text
in the context menu. Then click Show
Protection Information | OK in the pop-up.

Adjust the magnification of the drawing and

the font size and boldness attributes to
something you like:

Center the diagram on bus “AIRLINE 115”. An easy way to do this with a large or unfamiliar
network is to right click in the diagram again, away from any object. Select Find a bus or
substation in the context menu and use the resulting search form to find a bus with, for example,
“air” in its name.

To add anything to your protection system, the procedure is always the same: You click once on that
object in the Protection Toolbar and then move the cursor into the drawing area. Breaker symbols
will turn on automatically, if necessary. Floating help will tell you what to do next. Most often that
will be to click a breaker associated with the device you are placing. Sometimes you may click a bus
instead, as when placing a bus VT. Your mouse click will pop up either a data form or, if you are
placing a relay, it may first pop up a form asking you to select the LZOP (relay panel) in which to
put it. When the data form appears, enter data in the red-labeled fields. That’s all there is to it.

To examine or edit the data later, just double-click on the breaker. A pop-up will contain a small
search tree from which you can select any device at this location.

Add a VT
We will need one bus VT. If the VT symbol is not visible in the Protection Toolbar, click the down-
arrow shown to open the entire menu of instrument transformers. Choose the VT symbol but then
release the button; don’t hold it down.

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Add a Digital Relay

The cursor has become a VT symbol.

Move it over bus “265 AIRLINE 115”.
When the cursor label changes to
“bus”, click the bus. The VT Data form
will appear, as shown below. Your
form will be empty, of course.

You will notice that some fields have red labels. These are required data. Also notice that VT data in
CAPE is divided into primary and secondary windings. There is one bus VT primary winding, but
there can be multiple secondaries. We will enter two: a three-phase, wye-connected secondary and a
broken-delta-connected secondary (not needed by the relay in this exercise).

For the primary data, enter Airline Bus

for the VT Primary Name and select the
VT Catalog Style 115kV PT from the drop-
down list (it’s the first choice). Next select
a Primary Tap of 69000.00 and a Primary
Connection of Wye.

It is optional to use VT Catalog Styles,

which are stored in the library side of the
CAPE database; you could just as easily
have entered the tap value of 69000
manually from the keyboard.
Next, add two secondaries to this VT. Click
the Add Secondary button and then fill
in four data fields as follows, using the
drop-down boxes where applicable:
Secondary Name 3PH
Style Y Wdg-
115kV PT
Tap Used 69.00
Connection: Wye
You may leave “Primary Phase Lead” as zero. Click the Add Secondary button again for the other
secondary winding, using the following data:

Secondary Name 3V0

Style X Wdg-115kV PT
Tap Used 115.0
Connection Broken Delta
Click the  box to save your entries. The individual values for
primary and secondary taps are not important by themselves;
all that matters to CAPE is the ratio. The two VT secondaries
are equivalent to 1000:1 and 1000:1.667 (600:1).
The VT form has closed automatically and the OL display now
indicates that two bus VT connections are available.

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Add a Digital Relay

Add a CT
Our relay is going to protect the line from Airline to Bio substation. We need to add a
line terminal CT on the Airline end. So, this time, click the CT symbol in the
Protection Toolbar to highlight it; don’t hold the mouse button down. Move the cursor
over the breaker symbol at 265 AIRLINE 115 on the line to bus 174 BIO 115. When CT symbol
the cursor says “Breaker”, click it. The CT Data form below will appear.
(Yours is empty; ours shows the intended data.)

Note how the form already shows the near bus

and line location.

Enter the arbitrary Equipment Name of 123209

and a CT Designation of Bus Side. (Some
companies find it useful to enter their circuit
breaker id numbers in the Equipment Name
field.) Then, using the Style drop-down list, select
the first CT style, 1200/5amr. Using the CT
Connection drop-down list, select Y. From
the CT Ratio drop-down list, select a value
of 600.00 (which is 120/1). It was not
necessary to have chosen a style from the
CT catalog, which is stored in the library
side of the CAPE database;
you could just as easily have entered the
value of 600 directly into the CT Ratio
field. Leave the CT Polarity as +. Leave
the CT Function at its default of On
Terminal. When you have entered this
data, your form should look like the one to
the right.

To save the line CT, click the  box. This

closes the form and updates the OL
display.

Add an LZOP
In CAPE, a protective device must be placed inside a named Local Zone of
Protection. (Think of an LZOP as a panel of relays responsible for tripping
particular breakers.) Your relay will protect the line from Airline to Bio, so
you need a LINE LZOP in AIRLINE substation. LINE LZOP symbol

34
Add a Digital Relay

Click the LINE LZOP symbol in the Protection Toolbar to

highlight it; don’t hold the mouse button down. Move the
cursor over the line or breaker symbol at 265 AIRLINE
115 on the line to bus 174 BIO 115. (The new LZOP will
control this breaker.) When the cursor says “Line,” click
it. LZOP

The Local Zone of Protection Data

form for LINE LZOPs will appear.
Yours will have the Type and ID
(location) fields filled in but not the
LZOP Name. Enter the name
Bio 115 Line. This is all the data
you need for now. While the LZOP
Logic Expression on the Trip Logic
tab does have a red label, it is
important only for System Simulator
and Relay Checking. It refers to a
logical expression defined in another
table that describes how the relays at
this LZOP work together to trip the
breaker.

Click the checkmark button to save the LZOP. The form

closes and the OL display is updated.

Checkmark button

Add and Connect a Relay

Now that you have defined an LZOP to hold relays and a VT and CT to measure system voltages and
currents, you are ready to “install” a relay. We have chosen a digital device with forty settings,
although digital relays often have hundreds of them (or worse!).

Click the relay symbol in the Protection Toolbar to highlight it; don’t hold the
mouse button down. Move the cursor over the same breaker symbol at 265 Relay Symbol

35
Add a Digital Relay

AIRLINE 115 as before. When the cursor says “Breaker”, click it.

The Protective Device Data form for relays will appear as

pictured below. It will have the LZOP already selected
because there is only one defined that trips the breaker you
clicked.

As always, we focus on the red-labeled fields. CAPE chose a REL

default LZOP Rank of 1. This field is used as the reporting
order in the Order Production module. You can enter any
other real number if you wish. Enter a Device Name of 618ZDG. You may leave the Active Group
field blank, as its black label implies. This refers to the Alternative Settings Group feature that
allows you to store more than one group of settings for any relay, e.g. Pending, Implemented, and
Historical.

To select a relay from the CAPE library, click the Select Style button. The Relay Search Form will
appear. Working from the left, click the “Search by” option MANUFACTURER in the header of the
first column, and then select SCHWEITZER. From the next three lists, click on the desired relay
Type, Model, and Style (even if they are already highlighted): SEL-PG10, SEL-PG10, and SEL-
PG10-00. At this point, the search form will disappear, and the selected style will appear on the
Relay Data form (as shown below). Select Demo for the Scheme.

Now the relay should be connected to instrument transformers. Click the Elements tab, which
shows the relay elements in the SEL-PG10 model (instantaneous units, time-overcurrent unit,
directional units, distance unit, and timers). If you connect the relay to a CT and VT, these elements
will become operational in CAPE. First, click on the button labeled Connect CT, select All
Element Operating CTs and OK in the pop-up, and then select the only entry in the Transmission
Line CTs list. We will not use the polarizing current option of this relay. Next, click the Connect
VT button, select All Element Operating VTs and OK in the pop-up, and select the VT secondary
named 3PH. Finally, click the Connect VT button again, choose All Element Polarizing VTs and
OK, and select the entry named 3V0 (used by the 32D directional element). The element list will
show the Operating CT connections and operating quantities.

Note: You are free to click the checkmark button at any time during data entry. The form will pop
back up since you are adding the relay via the OL diagram. This is to allow the user to set the relay
without having to search for it.

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Add a Digital Relay

Set the Relay

Most modern digital relays have large numbers of settings, some of which affect more than one relay
element. To simplify your access to settings, CAPE digital relay models have all the settings in one
place. Click on the Common Taps tab to see this part of the relay form. There are three types of
common taps: numerical, text, and informational. If you have set Schweitzer relays before, you will
recognize some of the setting names. As the Settings I/O button suggests, CAPE can import settings
from the software of many relay manufacturers. In this exercise, twenty tap settings will be entered
manually, however. Click on the setting name and respond in the tap setting pop-up. Some settings
may have values that are continuous or incremental within a defined range, and others may have
only discrete values that can be selected from a list. This one has an odd feature: pickup settings are
in terms of primary amperes.

To shorten this exercise, we will enter only the settings that affect this relay’s response to faults.
Use this table as a guide and enter the following settings for the PG10:

Tap Name Setting Tap Name Setting Tap Name Setting

R1 0.345 MTA 84 67NTC Y
X1 3.327 Z% 150 67NIP 2280
R0 2.252 PTMR 0 GTMR 0
X0 8.750 50L 120 32QE N
LL 4.29 67NP 120 32VE Y
CTR 120 67NTD 4 32IE Y
PTR 1000 67NC 2

Click the checkmark box to save the entire relay. The bottom half of the form should look like this:

You have placed the relay, connected it to a VT and CT, and set it. It is now operational in CAPE.

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Study Breakers

Study Breakers

The CAPE Breaker Duty module rates breakers according to both the ANSI/IEEE standards and the IEC
909 standard. Its methods and application are described very well in the CAPE Breaker Duty User’s
Guide that you can access from the CAPE Help menu.

Within the ANSI/IEEE classification, support is provided for breakers rated on a “symmetrical current”
basis, according to IEEE C37.010-1999 and IEEE C37.04-1999, and for breakers rated on a “total
current” basis, according to ANSI C37.5-1979 and ANSI C37.6-1971.

The IEC method of short-circuit current computation is somewhat different from the ANSI method, as far
as breaker rating analysis is concerned. The IEC method is described in the standard IEC 60909. The
breaker rating structure for IEC breakers is described in the standard IEC 56.

This exercise will show you the two library forms where simple catalog information about various models
of breakers is stored. It will also show you the system form where a particular instance of a breaker is
represented. Then you will be shown how to analyze breakers and generate reports.

First
Start CAPE as explained on page 1 under Start
CAPE. When the Session Setup form pops up, be
sure to click the radio button for IEC if you wish
to evaluate breaker ratings according to the IEC
standards. However, the results in this exercise
assume the choice of IEEE. After you click Ok;
Build SC Network you will have our example
database and network drawing attached. Click
Cape Modules and Breaker Duty to move to
the BD module.

Drag the divider bars separating the text and

graphics areas and the Data Tree to adjust the
window sizes as you like. Press, hold, drag, and
release mouse button 1 on a divider bar to do
this. Press <F5> to refresh the diagram.

Adjust the magnification of the One-Line Diagram as explained on page 3 under Adjust the OL
Diagram.

Breaker Library Data

A breaker to be analyzed must exist as a model in the database library and must also be represented
more specifically in the system portion of the database. The database you have attached, cape.gdb,
includes two breaker catalog models and one system instance of a circuit breaker. These will be used
to run the simple study here.

Start the Database Editor by clicking Cape Modules and Database Editor. From the Library
menu click Breaker Catalog. You will see this list of library models.

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Study Breakers

Select the ATB 230 – 25

breaker model and click View
Data at the bottom of the form.
When the breaker catalog data
form appears, choose the IEC
form view. Notice how different
data fields are labeled red
depending on whether you chose
ANSI/IEEE or IEC. The
standards require different
data; the black fields are for
recordkeeping purposes.

The meaning of each field is

explained in the Breaker Duty
User’s Guide, which you may
access from the CAPE Help
menu.

There is a second, smaller,

library form where any number
of reclosing sequences can be defined and stored. It is needed only for ANSI/IEEE calculations. You
may access it from the Library menu of the DBE, if you would like to see it.

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Study Breakers

Breaker System Data

To see where the GE ATB 230 – 25 model is used in

the system, click the button Show System Breakers
in the upper right corner of the breaker catalog form.
It is used only once in our very simple example
database; click the CENTER substation entry to move
to the important system data form.

40
Study Breakers

The form above shows the data entered for a line breaker in a breaker-and-a-half scheme. In this
case, the breaker is responsible for the two branches described under “Section 1” and “Section 2” –
“177 175 1” and “177 183 1”. The Breaker Type field is perhaps the most important field on the form
because it defines the physical environment of the breaker in your network. Your choice determines
the set of faults CAPE must apply in your logical system model to evaluate the breaker’s withstand
requirement.

Running a Breaker Duty Analysis

To evaluate this particular breaker, you should now move back to the Breaker Duty module. Close
all visible windows of the Database Editor.

Before running an analysis, you will want to look at the options offered by the Breaker Duty module.
Click Preferences in the Action Bar and examine the options in the Local and Report tabs.
Remember to click the “? Help” button at the bottom for explanations of options that aren’t obvious
to you.

Next, select the ATB 230 – 25 breaker at Center. Click Select Individual Breakers in the Action
Bar and choose that breaker from this form and click OK:

41
Study Breakers

You could, of course, choose any number of other breakers, individually or in groups. Now select
Perform Study from the Action Bar to run an analysis on the selected breaker. You will see a full
report, part of which looks like this:

As you examine the report, you will notice that this breaker has margins of 65.4% and 68.3% for
three-phase and single-line-to-ground faults respectively. You are having a very good day!

The Breaker Duty Users’ Guide includes a thorough discussion on how breakers are evaluated
according to the IEC and ANSI standards. Also discussed are different circuit breaker configurations
and how one might model special situations. An explanation of all the available options will also be
found in the Guide.

42