lOMoARcPSD|48535213
Physics project Final
MTH (Indian Institute of Technology
Goa)
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Dependence of angle of de
By-
Aim: To investigate dependence of angle
of deviation on angle of incidence using a Chaitany
hollow prism filled one by one with
different transparent fluids.
a
Pantula
12-D
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SNBP INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL MORWADI,
PIMPRI, PUNE
CBSE AFFILIATION NO.
1130522
Certificate
This is to certify that Chaitanya Pantula of
Class – 12D
Has successfully completed the project-
“Dependence of angle of deviation on
angle of incidence using a hollow prism
filled one by one with different transparent
fluids” Under the guidance and observation of
During the academic session 2022-2023, in the partial
fulfillment of Practical Examination conducted by
AISSCE- 2023.
Signature of the Teacher with Date-
Signature of the Principal with Date-
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School Seal:
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Acknowledge
ment
I, Chaitanya Pantula
Student of SNBP International School, Morwadi,
Pimpri, Pune; affiliated to CBSE Board vide Affiliation
No. 1130522; would like to express my gratitude to
the Institution for the support and knowledge I
received in the school. I feel in debt towards Principal
Sweta Paithankar Madam and my teacher
who gave me an opportunity to
do
the p r o j e c t “Dependence of angle of
deviation on angle of incidence using a
hollow prism filled one by one with
different transparent fluids”.
I, once again thank the school for providing me all
the facilities and excellent education. I am also
grateful to my friends and family for their faith in
me.
Thank You All!
Signature of Student —————————————-
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Date _____________________
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Signature of the Receiver
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INDEX
Sr. Sub-topic Page
No.: Number
1 Cover Page 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Acknowledgement 3
4 Index 4
5 Aim and Apparatus Required 5
6 Theory 6
7 Process 7-8
8 Observations 9-11
9 Conclusion 12
10 Precautions 13
11 Bibliography 14
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Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this project is to investigate dependence of
angle of deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled one by one with different transparent
fluids.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this project is –
• The angle of deviation increases with increase in
angle of incidence.
• The angle of deviation does not depend on the
liquid used in the hollow prism for deviation.
Apparatus Required:
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1. Hollow glass prism
2. Liquids like-
Carbon Disulphide Water Benzaldehyde
3. Bell pins
4. Stiff drawing board
Theory:
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• A prism is a transparent optical object with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be
made from any material that is transparent
including glass
and even plastic.
• A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be
used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with
different polarizations.
• The refractive index of the liquid is given
by the formula:
U = =
Where-
U=refractive index of the
liquid. a = angle of
minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of
incidence r=angle
of refraction
Diagrams:
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Process:
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• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing
board with help of pins.
• Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as
∆ABC
• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with
the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they
appear to be in the straight line.
• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid
on the marked outline ABC.
• Now take the pins and place them on the
side AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in
same line.
• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the
points so obtained.
• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below
• Repeat this with different liquids and different
angle of incidence.
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Observations:
The following are the observation tables of each of the
liquids used to find out their respective refractive
indices-
• Benzaldehyde:
Sr. No.: Angle of Angle of Angle
prism incidence of
deviati
on
1. 60 30 45
2. 60 35 42
3. 60 37.5 40
4. 60 39 42
5. 60 40 45
U = = 1.504
• Water:
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Sr. No. Angle of Angle of Angle
prism incidence of
deviati
on
1. 60 30 25
2. 60 35 22
3. 60 40 20
4. 60 45 22
5. 60 50 25
6. 60 55 28
U = = 1.306
• Dilute Sulphuric Acid:
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Sr. No. Angle of Angle of Angle
prism incidence of
deviati
on
1. 60 20 33
2. 60 30 30
3. 60 35 25
4. 60 40 29
5. 60 45 30
U = = 1.351
Graphical representation of
observations:
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Conclusion:
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in
the prism changes. From the above experiment we
can also
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conclude that refractive index of a liquid depends on
its optical density.
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained,
when compared with the actual values are as
follows-
1. Benzaldehyde
: Actual =
1.5456
Obtained =
1.504
Deviation/Error = 0.0416
2. Water:
Actual = 1.33
Obtained = 1.306
Deviation/Error = 0.024
3. Dil. Sulphuric
Acid Actual =
1.43 Obtained
= 1.351
Deviation/Error = 0.079
Analysis and Interpretation:
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From the observations above, we can analyze that the
angle of deviation is depending on the liquid present
in the prism
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as, the angle of deviation is different for
Benzaldehyde, water and dilute sulphuric acid at
30 (45, 25 and 30 respectively).
We can also see that the angle of deviation does
depend on the angle of incidence, as when the angle
of incidence is changed the angle of deviation also
changes.
The theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for
all liquids may vary due to different concentration and
different prisms being used for the experiment. The
observations may also be affected by the physical
conditions like humidity and temperature of
surroundings.
Conclusions:
Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis,
we can say that
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Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation
increases with increase in angle of incidence” is wrong
as the angle of deviation first decreases then
increases with increase in angle of incidence.
We can further conclude that our second hypothesis,
i.e. ”The angle of deviation does not depend on the
liquid used in the hollow prism for deviation” is also
wrong.
Precautions:
• Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for
better observations and accurate readings.
• Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be
bent or damaged as reading can change.
• Same hollow prism should be used for all
observations to minimize error due to prism.
• Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices
must not be more than 0.1.
• The distance between the pins should be
more than 10mm
Applications:
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⇨ Refractive index has the large number of
applications. It is mostly applied for identify a
particular substance, confirm its purity, or
measure its concentration.
⇨ Generally it is used to measure the
concentration of a solute in an aqueous solution.
For a solution of sugar, the refractive index can
be used to determine the
sugar content.
⇨ It can be used to determine the drug
concentration in pharmaceutical industry.
⇨ It is used to calculate focus power of
lenses and dispersing power of prisms.
Bibliography:
https://studylib.net/doc/25306864/dlscrib.com-
hollow- prism-physics-investigatory-project-cl
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http://www.refractometer.pl/refraction-datasheet-
sulfuric- acid
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/
10.1021/jp0310145#:~:text=The
%20refractive%20index%20of%20water%20is
%20obtained
%20from%20the%20displacement,at
%20633%20nm%3B
%201.331%2058.
https://
www.scribd.com/document/442279835/PROJECT-ON-
REFRACTIVE-INDEX-OF-DIFFERENT-LIQUIDS
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