2023 - 2024 OS Sf Ae \ PHYSICS PROJECT = he! To investigate the dependence of the by ieee a ae iation on the an peat le of oe 2 incidence pea See rism filled IN one Bh ont wit differ transparent e flu ids. W: FxS By Jiya Kumari netCertificate This is to certify that Jiya Kumari a student of Class XII of Munam Public School, Chauparan, Jharkhand. Roll No. Session 2023-2024 , has satisfactorily completed the required Physics Project Work as per the syllabus of Standard XII in the laboratory of the school. Date: 1 Teacher’s Signature: g|, Jiya Kumari Student of Munam Public School, Chauparan, Jharkhand; would like to express my gratitude to the Institution for the support and knowledge | received in the school. | feel grateful towards my physics teacher who gave me an opportunity to do the project "Dependence of angle of deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one with different transparent fluids". |, once again thank the school for providing me all the facilities and excellent education. | am also grateful to my friends and family for their faith in me. Thank You All! Signature of Student:lndex Sr.No. | Sub - Topic Page No. L | Cover Page I L | Certificate 1 3, | Acknowledgement 3 4. | Index 4 5. | Aim and Apparatus Required 5 6. | Theory 6 1 | Process 1 8 | Observations 8 9. | Conclusion 0 10. | Precautions fl fl. | Bibliography BAnu: The aim of this project is to investigate dependence of angle of deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one with different transparent fluids. Hypethesis: The hypothesis of this project is - * The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle of incidence. + The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used in the hollow prism for deviation. Apparatus Required: |. Hollow glass prism 2. Liquids like- Benzaldehyde Water Carbon Disulphide ° ont . * 0. “s=C=s cr / \ . . H H 3. Bell pins 4. Stiff drawing board* A prism is a transparent optical object with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent including glass and even plastic. * A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations. © The refractive index of the liquid is given by the formula: (A+ 8n) 2 Emergent ray, 2 U=refractive index of the liquid A=angle of minimum deviation S=angle of prism i=angle of incidence 6 r=angle of refractionPrism Minimum Deviation Angle Experiment Measure deflection “yea angle through liquid-filled prism Precers: * Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of pins. * Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as AABC. * Drop a normal PQ on the side AB. * Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line. * Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the marked outline ABC. * Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line. * Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained. * Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below. + Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.PE Incident ray EF ~ Refracted ray FS - Emergent ray 2A~ Angle of the prism Obyewations: The following are the observation tables of each of the liquids used to * Benzaldehyde: Zi Angle of incidence ‘Zr~ Angle of refraction ‘Ze Angle of emergence ind out their respective refractive indices- 2D ~ Angle of deviation Sr Mo. Angle of prism Angle of Incidence Angle of Deviation L 0 0 4s 2 0 y a 3. 0 as 40 4 0 x A L 0 4” § U = 1.504* Water: U = 1306 Sr.No, ‘Angle of prism Angle of ncidence Angle of Deviation L 0 0 5 i 0 y n 1 i) 0 n 4, Ci) § n 5 0 50 5B 6 0 5 B * Dilute Sulphuric Acid: S.No, Angle of prism Angle of ncidence Angle of Deviation 1 0 0 3 2. 0 0 ” 3) i) ¥ Bb 4 0 0 » 5 0 4s 5] U = 1351Graphical Reprosertaticn of ebyewations: Angle of Deviation =” Ne momo) SOS Angle of Incidence Corchusier: The refractive indices change when the liquid used in the prism changes. From the above experiment we can also conclude that refractive index of a liquid depends on its optical density. Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when compared with the actual values are as follows-| Benzaldehyde: Actual = 1.5456 Obtained = 1.504 Deviation/Error = 0.0416 Water: Actual = 1.33 Obtained = 1.306 Deviation/Error = 0.024 3.Dil. Sulphuric Acid: Actual = 1.43 Obtained = 1.351 Deviation/Error = 0.079 Aralysis ard literpretation: From the observations above, we can analyze that the angle of deviation is depending on the liquid present in the prism as, the angle of deviation is different for Benzaldehyde, water and dilute sulphuric acid at 30° (45°, 25° and 30° respectively).We can also see that the angle of deviation does depend on the angle of incidence, as when the angle of incidence is changed the angle of deviation also changes.The theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for all liquids may vary due to different concentration and different prisms being used for the experiment. The observations may also be affected by the physical conditions like humidity and temperature of surroundings. Conclusions: Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis, we can say that, Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle of incidence” is wrong as the angle of deviation first decreases then increases with increase in angle of incidence. We can further conclude that our second hypothesis, i.e. "The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used in the hollow prism for deviation” is also wrong. Precautions: * Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for better observations and accurate readings. * Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or damaged as reading can change. * Same hollow prism should be used for all observations to minimize error due to prism. * Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not be more than 0.1. * The distance between the pins should be more than 10mm.Applications: a)Refractive index has the large number of applications. It is mostly applied for identifying a particular substance, confirm its purity, or measure its concentration. b)Generally it is used to measure the concentration of a solute in an aqueous solution. For a solution of sugar, the refractive index can be used to determine the sugar content. cIt can be used to determine the drug concentration in pharmaceutical industry. d)lt is used to calculate focus power of lenses and dispersing power of prisms. bibliography: wr. google.com wow.wikipedia.org Ncert Physics text book