UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS

Evolution of filmmaking - linear editing - non-linear digital video - Economy of Expression

- risks associated with altering reality through editing.

Evolution of filmmaking:
The Origins of Film
While film in a modern sense is often thought of as an art form, its inception was the
product of years of scientific and technical research and experimentation. It is hard to label a
singular inventor of film, yet there are certainly a few notable figures who played a significant
part.
In 1891, the Edison company invented a prototype of the kinetoscope which was a
device that allowed one person at a time to view moving pictures. The Kinetoscope was
introduced over fifty years after the emergence of daguerreotype photography, proving the 19th
century was crucial for the development of photographic technologies. The first public
demonstration of the kinetoscope took place in 1893 and became a commercial endeavor the
following year. However, it was the invention of the cinématographe by the Lumiere brothers in
1895 that would lead to the presentation of projected moving images to a paying audience. The
cinématographe – which consisted of a camera, projector and film printer in one machine was
also much lighter than the kinetoscope, and because of this and its projection technologies, it
could be easily transported and show short films to audiences of people. These two inventions
would mark the beginning of the public's adoration of the spectacle of moving pictures!
The Creation of a Film Industry
The first thirty years of film were instrumental in further developing film technology’s
capabilities and establishing national film industries. While films were silent for the first several
decades of their creation, they were certainly not a “silent” experience. They were often
accompanied by music, lectures or narration and audience participation was customary. In film's
early days, often the subject matter consisted of news, natural landscapes or vaudeville
performances. By 1914, several national film industries had been established, especially within
Scandinavia, Europe and Russia. By this time, film was transitioning to a narrative format,
captivating audiences through storytelling. As more people paid to see movies, this stimulated
various industries to grow, continuous development of film technology, and also led to large
studios being created. The first world war had a harsh effect on the European film industry, and
it was during this time that Hollywood began to surpass European cinema in terms of output and
consumption.
Adding Colour and Sound:
Attempts to integrate colour with moving images were already underway by 1906.
However, this process proved to be highly difficult as well as expensive. While some attempts
were made through the 1910’s and 20s to add colour into film, this was not experienced by the
masses until it was used for Gone with the Wind (1932) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). Adding
synchronized sound to film was also a major change for the industry which first occurred in the
feature film The Jazz Singer (1927). This was done with the Vitaphone which used a separate
disc of the sound recording that would play concurrently with the film. However, this method
was quickly replaced by using a technology called a variable density soundtrack which recorded
both soundwaves and optics. In the early 1930’s, a new aspect ratio was being experimented
with by directors. Aspect ratio relates to the height and width of the screen and is formatted
numerically in ratio form with the first number representing width and the second, height. The
new ratio which became known as the “Academy ratio” was 1.37:1 and was used consistently
until the 1950’s.
The Golden Age of Cinema:
The “Golden Age of Cinema” often refers to the films and cinematic experience through
the 1930’s, 40's, 50's and sometimes 60’s, traditionally within the Hollywood context, but can
also be referred to within global film as well. During this time, the technical foundations of film
had been laid, and improvements in cameras and quality of pictures were constant. Sound and
colour were now effortlessly incorporated into movies, and there was growing freedom of
expression in plots, scripts and techniques in cinema. Some of the iconic movie stars we still
think of today like Marilyn Monroe, Humphrey Bogart, John Wayne and Audrey Hepburn to
name a few, were all catapulted to stardom during this period of film.
Seventies Cinema:
The seventies in Hollywood and filmmaking brought with it out of this world creativity,
grit, and variety that in many ways represented the decade’s complex and changing society.
Directors like Scorsese, Spielberg and Lucas, were pushing boundaries and telling new kinds of
stories that were possible due to further technological advancements. Even in lower budget
films, the implementation of handheld cameras and escaping the confines of Hollywood studios
to real life locations added a new sincerity to movie making. In the context of seventies’ films,
and the evolution of Hollywood, Star Wars is an absolute must to discuss. The beginning of this
saga was instrumental in opening doors to science fiction while maintaining a pure and familiar
form of storytelling. Closing out the decade, films from 1979 like Alien, Apocalypse Now, and
Superman foreshadow a continuation of box office hits that center on societal issues like war,
superheroes, and the human race interacting with entities from space.
The 21st Century:
After taking a brief look at the evolution of film from its inception to the latter half of the
20th century, hopefully those reading this blog will have a better understanding of where we
stand today in the world of film. While we have reached a point of digitization and
computerized methods of creating movies, none of that would have been possible without the
endless
improvements, and movements that took place 100, 50, or even 20 years ago. While it might
seem concerning that box office sales have in recent times plummeted, the truth of the matter is
that people are consuming movies at a faster rate than ever before, and there is constantly a need
for new stories and creators. For those interested in the film industry, or specifically filmmaking,
there are growing opportunities to indulge in these interests and turn them into a skillset to
prepare you for the workforce. For more information on the evolution of filmmaking and how
you can be part of the future of this industry, check out The Virtual Film School of Canada.

Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work.
Editing is usually considered to be one part of post-production process.
Goals of editing
1. Remove unwanted footage
2. Choose the best footage
3. Create a flow
 4. Add Effects, graphics, musics etc
5. Alter the style, pace ad mood of the video.
6. Give the video a particular angle.
Video Editing terminology:
1. Capture Device: A hardware or firmware device used to convert analogue into digital
video.
2. Compressors and codecs: Software or firmware used to compress and decompress digital
video. Compression makes the file size smaller.
3. Editing: The process of rearranging, adding and/or removing section of video clips. Also
creating transition between clips. Editing is a part of post-production.
4. Encoding: The process of converting the digital videos into a particular format. For
example saving a video project in MGEG-2 format for DVD distribution.
5. Layering: Adding multiple layer of superimposed video.
6. Linear Editing: Also know as tape to tape editing
7. Non linear Editing: An editing method which uses computer software to edit the
software.
8. Transition: The way one shot changes to the next.
9. Post- production: It includes video editing, audio editing, colour correction, effects, etc.
Types of Editing:
1. Linear editing
2. Non Linear editing
3. Offline editing
4. Online editing
5. Cloud based editing

The editing phase — or post-production phase:

The editing phase — or post-production phase — is the lengthiest and most challenging part of the
video production process. It’s also the most rewarding. The decisions you make in the editing suite
are critical, and there are a ton of options and approaches to choose from, which can be intimidating,
especially if you’re new to the process.

Here’s a quick guide on how to do basic video editing, including what to consider before starting,
and a few video production fundamentals to keep in mind as you piece your project together.

What to consider before you start editing videos (the prerequisite)

The editing process begins before you even fire up your computer and editing software.
Think about what your edit will need while you’re shooting. Better yet, think about your
edit before shooting.
 Making a plan via a shot list or even just a general outline of what you want to capture will
help you shoot what you need to make your vision come to life. Trust us, if you get organized
before shooting you’ll thank yourself later.

1. Shoot enough to edit well

Getting more than enough footage for your edit is something video editors call coverage.
It’s the best way to avoid trouble during the edit — or worse, having to go back to reshoot.

Here’s how you can cover your bases when shooting:

 It takes two (or more) takes. Gone are the days of running out of film; hard drives are
cheap and abundant. Use the extra space to record multiple takes, or versions of a scene.
That is, always shoot more takes than you think you need. This will give you more
options to work with when in the editing suite. It’s always better to have too much
footage than not enough.

 Let the record show. For the same reason you want more than enough takes, you also
want your take to run longer than you need. Start recording a few seconds before the
action, and keep shooting for a few seconds afterward. Those extra seconds will give you
room to cut in and cut out at the right moment.

 Don’t stop ’til you get enough. Regardless of the shot, always shoot for at least 10
seconds. This general rule applies even if the action lasts only a couple of seconds, or if
you’re recording a static shot with no actions. Even pressing the record button or stepping
back from the camera can cause vibrations or sounds. Recording for 10 seconds gives
your equipment enough time to stabilize and guarantees a minimum amount of usable
footage.

 Read the room. Every recording environment has a certain audio quality when no one or
nothing is making a sound. Professionals call it room tone — background sound, the
sound of the room, or the sound of silence. Collect a bit of room tone from every
location. It could be useful for filling awkward audio gaps in your edit later on.

Phases in Video Editing :

 Phases refers to the overall process that editors use to transform raw footage and audio
into a final, polished video. Thus, it happens after the footage is acquired and before the final
export or distribution of the completed video.
The major benefits of following a video editing workflow:
1. Guide a project from start to finish without skipping essential steps.
2. Help to deliver a quality, focused edit efficiently and on time.
3. Ensure consistent quality and continuity throughout the video.
4. Facilitate collaboration and communication among the production team.
5. Allow for easier revisions and iterations during the editing process.

1. Pre-visualization or Storyboarding
Before starting to organize your material, spend some time on pre-visualization or
storyboarding. This can help define the overall narrative of the video and determine what
material you might need, ultimately deciding how that footage might be edited together.
2. Organize Your Material
Organizing your material allows for easy navigation through your footage. You may have
accumulated hours of shots, taken from different scenes, by different cameras, at different
angles, resolutions, or formats. Having all these sorted in a systemized way ensures that you can
quickly find what you need when you need it. Below is a common method for organizing
material:

When you're working on big projects, creating extra folders can really help. For example,
if you're dealing with voiceovers - these are the spoken parts of your project. You could make
folders for each person who speaks, or for each scene where they talk. In the same way, if you
have sound effects, you could keep all the background sounds in one folder and all the object
sounds (like doors slamming or car horns honking) in another.
3. Plan for the Editing Process
Before diving into editing videos, it's crucial to have a clear plan. Establish goals and
milestones to gain an overview of the project, much like piecing together a jigsaw puzzle - you
need to envision the final picture to understand where each piece fits. Here are some key aspects
you should consider:
 Core message: Define the video's primary idea or message.
 Narrative structure: Plan the storyline's sequence and presentation.
 Visual style: Choose color themes, transitions, and effects for the aesthetic.
 Pace: Decide on the video's rhythm and scene transition speed.
 Sound design: Select fitting music, voiceovers, and sound effects.
 Audience: Know your viewers to tailor your editing choices.
 Platform: Consider where the video will be published and platform-specific norms.
  Deadlines: Set completion dates for editing phases and the final product.
This way, you have a roadmap to guide your editing process, helping you stay on track and
achieve your desired outcome.
4. The Rough Cut
Now you come to the stage of creating a rough cut. During this stage, the focus is on
assembling the overall structure and flow of the video, including arranging and trimming clips to
create a basic sequence. The rough cut is essential in your video editing workflow because it
provides an early glimpse of your video, opens up opportunities for early feedback, and provides
an estimation of how much more work is needed for the final cut. Since your goal is to get the
general pacing and narrative right, you don't need to worry much about fine details, pixel-level
precision, or extra elements like transitions, color grading, sound design, or special effects. Let's
check how VideoProc Vlogger make efficient rough-cut editing a breeze:
 Easily create complex projects with the support for 999+ tracks.
 Add, remove, and rearrange video/overlay/subtitle clips by drag-and-drop.
 keyboard shortcuts for common video and audio editing tasks.
 Smooth playback and rendering with the GPU acceleration tech.

5. The Fine Cut

Once the rough cut is complete and the overall structure is in place, you can move on to the
fine-cut stage. This is where you refine the video further, paying closer attention to small details
and making more precise adjustments. For example, you'll cherry-pick the best shots for your
story, refine the pace, rhythm, and tone of the video based on the chosen scenes, and decide
where and when to cut scenes. You'll also add B-roll footage and consider using techniques like
match cuts, J-cuts, and L-cuts to enhance the flow and impact of the story. If your project
contains main dialogues, this is the appropriate stage to add them to your project. However, not
everything needs to be perfect at this point. You'll manage the sound/visual effects and color
later on. Key features that VideoProc Vlogger can help make the fine cut:
 Frame-by-frame editing. Perfectly place and time each shot and cut.
 Manipulate time by adding constant or variable speed change effect.
 Apply match cuts, dissolve cuts, J-cuts, L-cuts, and more advanced cut techniques.
 Chop off unwanted pixels and improve composition and focus.
 Offer on-screen controls to scale/reposition/rotate clips in the preview window.
6. Picture Lock
Picture lock is like the final draft of a film—it's when you're happy with all the visual
elements and don't plan on making any big alterations. You should involve your stakeholders or
bosses (if you have) right at the picture lock stage, show them the film at this point, and ask for
their feedback. This way, you can make sure everyone is on the same page before the final
finishing touches.
7. Visual Effects (VFX)
Once you've reached the picture lock stage, you start adding visual effects - known as VFX.
This can be easy tasks like using a blue screen to change the background, much like how it's
done on TV for weather reports. Or, it could get a bit more complicated, like adding fun
animations, tracking the movement of certain things, or making a few people look like a big
crowd. In essence, VFX is the final touch that amplifies the appeal of your video, making it more
engaging and visually stimulating. Key features that VideoProc Vlogger can help add bisual
rffects:
 A vast collection of transitions, titles, effects, speed, and motion presets.
 23 blending modes for creating visually interesting and engaging videos.
 A motion editor for introducing camera movements, reframing, and other visual effects.
 Chroma key feature to remove blue, red, or any selected color from the footage.
 Refine your videos with fade in/out, adjustable opacity, and more.
8.Color Correction and Color Grade
Next up is color correction in your project. Think of this as fixing any issues with the
actual colors and brightness in your original footage, while making sure there's a match in color
throughout the scene. For example, if one shot is too blue or too dark, you can tweak it until it
fits in nicely with the other shots.
After color correction, you get to color grading. This is a fancy term for saying you're going to
add special color effects that help set the mood and tone of your video. It's not about making
colors accurate, but rather about using colors to tell your story. Say, if you want to convey a
sunny, cheerful atmosphere, you might add warm, golden tones. Or, for a gloomy, mysterious
scene, you could add cool blues or greys. VideoProc Vlogger makes color correction and color
grading a hassle-free process:
 Adjust color balance with precise control over brightness, whites, contrast, etc.
 HSL Secondary Control to adjust the specific colors in your footage.
 Choose from 100+ built-in LUTs or import custom ones for cinematic looks.
 Preview the effects of color grading and color correction in real-time.

9. Sound Editing and Mixing

 Sound editing and mixing is not just about making sounds louder or softer. It's more about
making everything work together to tell your story better. This includes making sure that the
speaking parts are easy to hear, adding sound effects that match what's happening on screen,
tidying up any sounds recorded on set, choosing the right music to set the mood, etc. The aim is
to balance everything so nothing overpowers the rest, making the video a fun watch full of great
sounds that match the action. VideoProc Vlogger lets you edit and mix sound like a pro:
 Level up your videos with voiceover, sound effects, songs, etc.
 A suite of audio editing tools: trim, cut, change speed/pitch, etc.
 Shape the sound with 13 audio filters and 10-band EQ.
 Audio analyzer to detect and mark the beat in music automatically.
 Enjoy precise control over audio with the expansive waveform view.
10. Title and Graphics
The process of adding titles and graphics usually comes toward the end of the video editing
workflow. This ensures these elements perfectly sync with the sequence of shots and the video's
overall pacing and rhythm. (Surely, you can also add them earlier, if you want to add them with
some VFX effects.) Titles are essential for setting the context, introducing characters or
locations, and providing additional information. Graphics, on the other hand, could include
anything from animations and special effects to lower thirds and visual aids for enhancing the
video's aesthetic appeal and improving viewer understanding. In VideoProc Vlogger, users of all
levels can add titles and graphics effortlessly.
 Preset credits titles for creating stunning opening title sequences instantly.
 Custom animations, styles, borders, and more with the built-in text editor.
 Flexible on-screen controls to adjust the size, alignment, and placements of text.
 Automatically put subtitles to your footage by adding SRT, ASS, or LRC files.
 Decorate your video with eye-catching graphics obtained from any source.

Types of Video Editing or Post production:

1. Linear Editing
2. Non Linear editing

Linear editing:
Linear editing was the original method of editing electronic video tapes, before editing
computers became available in the 1990s. Although it is no longer the preferred option, it is still
used in some situations.
 In linear editing, video is selectively copied from one tape to another. It requires at least two
video machines connected together — one acts as the source and the other is the recorder. The
basic procedure is quite simple:

1. Place the video to be edited in the source machine and a blank tape in the recorder.
2. Press play on the source machine and record on the recorder.

The idea is to record only those parts of the source tape you want to keep. In this way desired
footage is copied in the correct order from the original tape to a new tape. The new tape becomes
the edited version.

This method of editing is called "linear" because it must be done in a linear fashion; that is,
starting with the first shot and working through to the last shot. If the editor changes their mind
or notices a mistake, it is almost impossible to go back and re-edit an earlier part of the video.
However, with a little practice, linear editing is relatively simple and trouble-free.

Edit Controllers

This is a device which connects to and controls the source and record machines.

The controls on the left (above and including the jog/shuttle ring) control the source machine.
The corresponding controls on the right are for the record machine (notice the addition of a red
record button).
The controls in the middle are for various edit options such as marking in/out points, etc.

Some smaller edit controllers only feature one set of controls, plus a switch to select either the
source or record machine. This way you can still control both machines but only one at a time.

Edit controllers usually allow you to program your edits more precisely, preview the edit before
recording it, and perform other useful tasks.

Types of Linear Editing:

1. Assemble edit
With assemble edits, two tape machines are connected together with an edit controller
in the middle, with one recorder acting as the player and the other the recorder. The tape
in the player is simply wound backwards and forwards to reach the first segment to
record, which is then recorded on the tape in the recorder. Then the next segment is
located and, in turn, recorded. This continues until the story is complete. If subsequent
changes need to be made, it is necessary to rewind back to the point of change on the
recording tape, then start the process from that point, including recording again all the
segments that come after.
2.Insert edit
With insert edits, the process is the same, but once the programme is complete and ready
to be broadcast, it might be necessary to make a change. Instead of having to rewind to the point
of change and start the assemble edit from there, it is possible to crop a new segment to the exact
length of the segment you want to change and literally insert (or replace) the old segment without
changing what follows or precedes it. This method is much faster than a full assemble edit and
does not require any rendering as you would with a non-linear edit from a computer to media
(tape or otherwise).

Process of Linear Editing:

1. Capturing Footage: The process begins with capturing footage using a camera and
recording it onto film stock or video tape. Each scene or shot is recorded in sequence.
2. Editing Console: In linear editing, an editing console or editing table is used. This
console typically includes controls for playback, record, and a source viewer to preview
footage.
3. Physical Editing: Editors physically cut and splice the film or tape to assemble the final
sequence. This involves:
o Cutting: Using a film splicer or tape cutter to physically cut the film or tape at
specific points.
o Splicing: Joining the cut segments together using adhesive splicing tape (for film)
or splicing tape (for video tape).
4. Sequence Assembly: Editors assemble the footage in the desired order by arranging the
physical clips or reels on the editing console's timeline. This process requires careful
planning to ensure a coherent and seamless flow of scenes.
 5. Audio Integration: In addition to video, linear editing involves synchronizing and
integrating audio tracks (dialogue, music, sound effects) with the visual footage. Audio is
usually edited concurrently with video in a linear fashion.
6. Finalization: Once the sequence is finalized, the edited film or tape is assembled into a
master copy. For film, this may involve creating a final negative; for video, it could mean
dubbing the edited sequence onto a master tape.

Example of Linear Editing:

Let's consider a hypothetical example of linear editing using film:

Scenario: A filmmaker is editing a short film shot on 16mm film stock. The film consists of
several scenes depicting a character's journey through different landscapes.

1. Capturing Footage: The filmmaker shoots various scenes using a 16mm film camera,
recording each scene on separate rolls of film.
2. Editing Process: In the editing room, the editor uses a flatbed editing table equipped
with reels of film, a viewer, and editing tools. They physically cut and splice the film
rolls to assemble the sequence of scenes.
o They start with the opening scene and arrange subsequent scenes in chronological
order to tell the story effectively.
o Using a film splicer, they cut and join different shots to create seamless transitions
between scenes.
 o Concurrently, they synchronize and integrate audio tracks recorded separately
onto the film.
3. Finalization: Once the entire film sequence is edited and assembled, the editor creates a
final cut. This involves ensuring the sequence flows smoothly and the audio-visual
elements are synchronized.
4. Distribution: The final edited film is then prepared for distribution, which may involve
creating copies of the master negative for screenings or festivals.

Characteristics and Limitations of Linear Editing:

 Sequential Flow: Linear editing follows a fixed sequence, making it less flexible
compared to non-linear editing.
 Physical Handling: It requires physical manipulation of film or tape, which can be time-
consuming and less efficient compared to digital editing.
 Precision and Planning: Editors must carefully plan and visualize the sequence before
cutting and splicing, as changes are more labor-intensive.

Common Linear Editing Software and Tools (Historical Context):

1. CMX Systems: One of the earliest linear editing systems, which set the standard for later
linear editing systems.
2. Ampex ADO (Ampex Digital Optics): Known for special effects and transitions.
3. Sony EditStation: An integrated editing system that combined hardware and software
for linear editing.

Comparison with Non-Linear Editing (NLE):

 Flexibility: NLE allows for more flexible editing, rearranging clips easily, and making
changes without affecting the rest of the project.
 Digital Workflow: NLE is entirely digital, using software like Adobe Premiere Pro,
Final Cut Pro, DaVinci Resolve, and Avid Media Composer.
 Advanced Features: NLE software provides advanced editing features, effects, and
integrations with other digital tools.

Linear editing, a traditional method primarily used before the advent of digital non-linear editing
systems, involves editing video footage in a sequential order directly on tape.
Advantages of Linear Editing:

1. Simplicity: Straightforward, especially for simple projects where footage is used in the
order it was shot.
2. Cost-Effective for Small Projects: Suitable for small-scale projects or quick edits when
the footage is limited.

Disadvantages of Linear Editing:

1. Time-Consuming:
o Re-editing or rearranging footage can be very time-consuming.
o Each edit requires manual adjustments and re-recording.
2. Inflexibility:
o Limited ability to make changes once an edit is laid down.
o Difficult to experiment with different edit points or sequences.
3. Quality Degradation:
o Each generation of tape copying can lead to a loss of quality.
o Insert edits can cause artifacts if not executed perfectly.

Linear video editing is more time-consuming, and highly specialized, and tedious work. Still, it
is relevant today because of these reasons:

• The method is simple and inexpensive.

• Mandatory for some jobs: for example, if only two sections of video clips are to be joined
together in sequence, it is often the quickest and easiest way.
• If video editors learn linear editing skills, it increases their knowledge as well as their
versatility. According to many professional editors who learn linear editing skills first,
they tend to become proficient all-round editors.

While linear editing is largely obsolete in modern video production, it laid the groundwork for
the development of non-linear editing systems and remains a part of the historical context of
video editing techniques.

Non Linear Editing:

Non-linear editing (NLE) is a video or audio editing method that allows the editor to
access any frame in a digital video clip, regardless of the sequence in the clip. This contrasts with
linear editing, where editing must be performed in a sequential manner. NLE systems provide
flexibility, efficiency, and the ability to make changes without altering the original media.

Detailed Steps of Non-linear Editing

1. Import Media
 o Import video, audio, and image files into the editing software.
o Organize the media files into bins or folders for easy access.

2. Create a New Project

o Open the editing software and create a new project.
o Set the project settings (resolution, frame rate, etc.).

3. Timeline Editing
o Place media clips on the timeline in any order.
o Use multiple tracks for video, audio, titles, and effects.
o Adjust the position and duration of clips freely.

4. Cut and Trim Clips

o Use the razor tool to cut clips into segments.
o Trim the start and end points of clips to remove unwanted parts.
o Move and rearrange clips on the timeline without affecting other clips.

5. Add Transitions
o Insert transitions between clips for smooth changes.
o Customize transition effects and durations.

6. Insert Audio
o Add background music, sound effects, and voiceovers.
o Use keyframes to adjust audio levels and panning.
o Sync audio with video clips using waveforms.

7. Apply Effects and Filters

o Apply video effects and filters to enhance the footage.
o Use color correction and grading tools.
o Apply motion effects such as scaling, rotation, and position changes.

8. Add Titles and Text

o Create and customize titles, captions, and text overlays.
o Animate text using keyframes.

9. Review and Make Adjustments

o Play back the edited video to review the changes.
o Make adjustments to timing, transitions, audio levels, and effects.
o Use markers and notes for collaboration and feedback.

10. Export Final Video

o Choose export settings (format, resolution, bitrate, etc.).
o Export the final edited video for distribution or further use.
NLE software:

Non-linear editing (NLE) software provides powerful tools and flexibility for video and audio
editing. Here are some of the most popular NLE software options:

Professional NLE Software

1. Adobe Premiere Pro

o Widely used in the film and television industry.
o Offers comprehensive tools for video editing, color correction, and audio editing.
o Integrates well with other Adobe products like After Effects and Photoshop.
2. Final Cut Pro X
o Exclusive to macOS.
o Known for its intuitive interface and powerful features.
o Popular among professional editors, especially in the film industry.
3. Avid Media Composer
o A staple in the professional film and television editing industry.
o Offers robust editing tools and advanced media management.
o Suitable for large-scale projects with complex workflows.

Semi-Professional and Prosumer NLE Software

4. DaVinci Resolve
o Known for its powerful color grading tools.
o Offers comprehensive video editing, visual effects (Fusion), and audio editing
(Fairlight).
 o Free version available with most features, and a Studio version with advanced
capabilities.
5. Sony Vegas Pro
o Provides a good balance of professional features and ease of use.
o Suitable for both video and audio editing.
o Known for its flexible workflow and fast rendering speeds.

Free and Open Source NLE Software

6. HitFilm Express
o Free version of HitFilm Pro with many powerful features.
o Offers video editing and VFX tools.
o Suitable for beginners and intermediate users.
7. Shotcut
o Open-source video editor with a wide range of features.
o Supports a variety of formats and resolutions.
o Offers video effects, audio editing, and more.
8. Lightworks
o Free version available with limitations on export formats.
o Professional-grade editing tools.
o Used in the film industry for editing movies like "The Wolf of Wall Street."
Entry-Level NLE Software

9. iMovie
oExclusive to macOS and iOS.
oUser-friendly and great for beginners.
oOffers basic editing tools and a range of templates.
10. OpenShot
o Open-source video editor with a simple interface.
o Suitable for basic video editing tasks.
o Offers features like trimming, effects, and transitions.

Specialized NLE Software

11. Blender
o Primarily a 3D modeling and animation software but includes a video editor.
o Suitable for creating complex visual effects and animations.
o Open-source and free to use.
12. Camtasia
o Focuses on screen recording and video editing.
o Ideal for creating tutorials, webinars, and presentations.
o User friendly with built in templates and effects.

Economy of expression

Economy of expression in video editing refers to the practice of conveying ideas and
emotions as efficiently as possible, using the fewest necessary elements while maintaining clarity
and impact. Here are some key principles and techniques involved:

Principles

1. Conciseness: Trim unnecessary content to keep the narrative tight.

2. Clarity: Ensure that every element (e.g., shot, transition, sound) contributes to the story
or message.
3. Pacing: Control the rhythm of the edit to maintain viewer engagement and emphasize
important moments.
4. Focus: Direct the viewer’s attention to essential details, avoiding distractions.

Techniques

1. Cutting on Action: Smooth transitions by cutting from one shot to another during an
action, making the edit seamless.
2. Match Cuts: Use visual or thematic similarities to link two shots, enhancing continuity.
3. J and L Cuts: Overlap audio from the next scene with the current scene (J cut) or carry
over audio from the previous scene (L cut) to create a smoother flow.
 4. Montage: Condense time and information by combining multiple shots into a sequence
that conveys a larger idea quickly.
5. Use of B-Roll: Supplement primary footage with secondary shots that provide context or
illustrate points without lengthy exposition.
6. Subtext and Symbolism: Imply deeper meaning through visual or audio cues, reducing
the need for explicit explanation.

Practical Tips

1. Plan Ahead: Storyboard and create a shot list to visualize the edit before shooting.
2. Be Selective: Choose only the best takes and most relevant footage.
3. Feedback Loop: Review edits with fresh eyes or get feedback from others to identify and
remove redundancies.
4. Software Mastery: Use editing software efficiently, leveraging shortcuts and advanced
features to streamline the process.

By adhering to these principles and techniques, editors can create compelling videos that
communicate their intended message effectively and succinctly.

Example:

Imagine you're editing a short film scene where a character, Anna, realizes she has lost
her wedding ring.
Scenario Description
 Anna enters her bedroom.
 She looks around, then checks her bedside table.
 She frantically searches through drawers and under furniture.
 She finally sits on the bed, defeated.
Applying Economy of Expression
Original Edit
1. Anna enters the bedroom, shown in a wide shot.
2. She walks to the bedside table, shown in a medium shot.
3. Close-up of her hand opening the drawer.
4. Close-up of her face showing concern.
5. Medium shot of Anna moving to the next drawer.
6. Close-up of her frantically searching.
7. Close-up of her face showing growing panic.
 8. Wide shot of Anna looking under the bed.
9. Close-up of her hand searching under the bed.
10. Wide shot of Anna sitting on the bed, looking defeated.
11. Close-up of her face showing sadness.
Economical Edit
1. Anna enters the bedroom, shown in a wide shot.
2. Match cut to a close-up of her hand opening the drawer.
3. Cut to a close-up of her face showing concern.
4. Cut to a medium shot of her searching the room (montage of quick cuts showing her
searching multiple places).
5. Cut to a close-up of her face showing growing panic.
6. Cut to a wide shot of her sitting on the bed, looking defeated.
7. Close-up of her face showing sadness.
Breakdown
 Cutting Redundancy: By eliminating unnecessary wide and medium shots, the scene
becomes more focused and urgent.
 Match Cut: Transitioning directly from entering the room to searching the drawer
maintains flow without superfluous shots.
 Montage: Quickly showing her searching different places condenses the frantic nature of
her search, keeping the viewer engaged.
 Emotional Focus: Using close-ups strategically highlights her emotions effectively,
without repetitive shots.
Example
Original Scene
1. Anna enters the bedroom (5 seconds).
2. Walks to the bedside table (3 seconds).
3. Opens the drawer (2 seconds).
4. Shows concern (2 seconds).
5. Moves to next drawer (3 seconds).
6. Frantically searches (5 seconds).
 7. Shows growing panic (2 seconds).
8. Looks under the bed (3 seconds).
9. Searches under the bed (3 seconds).
10. Sits on the bed, defeated (4 seconds).
11. Shows sadness (2 seconds).
Total: 34 seconds
Economical Scene
1. Anna enters the bedroom (5 seconds).
2. Opens the drawer (2 seconds).
3. Shows concern (2 seconds).
4. Montage of searching (5 seconds).
5. Shows growing panic (2 seconds).
6. Sits on the bed, defeated (4 seconds).
7. Shows sadness (2 seconds).
Total: 22 seconds
By trimming the original 34-second scene to a 22-second version, the economical edit maintains
the narrative and emotional weight, delivering a more impactful scene in less time.

Key Techniques:

Economy of expression in video editing is achieved through a variety of techniques

aimed at conveying information and emotions effectively and efficiently. Here are some key
techniques:

1. Cutting on Action

Cuts are made during the movement within a scene, making the transition smoother and
less noticeable. Example: When a character is reaching for a door handle, cut to the next shot as
the hand is about to touch the handle.

2. Match Cuts

Cuts that use visual or thematic elements to create a seamless transition between shots.
Example: A shot of a character diving into water can be matched with a shot of a completely
different character emerging from water.
3. J and L Cuts

Overlapping audio from one scene to another to create a more natural flow. Example:
Hearing the dialogue of the next scene before the visual cut (J cut) or continuing the audio of the
previous scene into the visual of the next (L cut).

4. Montage

A series of short shots edited together to condense space, time, and information.
Example: Showing a character training by intercutting shots of them running, lifting weights,
and practicing skills in a short, dynamic sequence.

5. Use of B-Roll

Supplementary footage that enhances the primary footage, providing context or

additional information. Example: In a documentary, while the interview subject talks about their
childhood, show images or videos of their hometown.

6. Reaction Shots

Shots that show a character’s reaction to an event or dialogue, often used to convey
emotion without additional dialogue. Example: Cutting to a character’s shocked face
immediately after a surprising revelation.

7. Jump Cuts

Cutting between two sequential shots of the same subject, creating a jarring effect that
can signify the passage of time or disorientation. Example: Showing a character sitting in
different positions around a room to indicate restless thinking.

8. Cross-Cutting (Parallel Editing)

Cutting between two or more scenes happening simultaneously in different locations,

creating a sense of parallel action. Example: Cutting between a heist team breaking into a vault
and the police mobilizing to the scene.

9. Cutaways

Shots that interrupt the main action to show something else, providing context or adding
subtext. Example: During a tense conversation, cutting away to a ticking clock to emphasize the
urgency of the situation.
10. Subtext and Symbolism

Using visual or auditory elements to imply deeper meaning without explicit explanation.
Example: Showing a wilting flower in a scene about a deteriorating relationship.

11. Pre-lap and Post-lap Audio

Similar to J and L cuts, but specifically using audio to bridge scenes. Pre-lap starts the audio of
the next scene before the visual cut, while post-lap continues the audio of the previous scene into
the next visual. Example: Hearing the sound of a phone ringing in the next scene before cutting
to the person answering it.

12. Elliptical Editing

Omitting parts of the action to condense time and focus on essential moments. Example:
Showing a character starting a long journey and then cutting to their arrival, skipping the
intermediate travel.

13. Slow Motion and Speed Ramping

Changing the speed of the footage to highlight specific moments or actions. Example:
Slowing down a shot of a key object falling to emphasize its significance.

14. Smash Cut

An abrupt transition from one scene to another, usually for dramatic or comedic effect.
Example: Cutting from a loud, chaotic scene to a quiet, serene one suddenly.

15. Freeze Frames

Stopping the motion in a shot to highlight a specific moment or action. Example:

Freezing the frame at the climax of a jump to emphasize the peak of the action.

Risks associated with altering reality through editing:

When altering reality through video editing, there are specific risks and challenges that are
unique to this medium:

1. Creation of Deepfakes: Video editing tools can be used to create sophisticated deepfake
videos, where realistic-looking footage is fabricated or manipulated to depict events or
statements that never actually occurred. This can lead to misinformation and deception on
a large scale.
 2. Damage to Reputation: Editing videos to misrepresent individuals or events can
severely damage reputations. For instance, manipulating speeches or interviews could
attribute false statements to public figures, impacting their credibility and public trust.
3. Legal and Ethical Concerns: Similar to other forms of media, altering videos raises
legal and ethical issues. This includes potential violations of privacy rights, defamation
laws, and ethical guidelines for journalists and content creators.
4. Impact on Journalism: Video editing in journalism must adhere to strict ethical
standards. Misleading edits or alterations can distort the truth and compromise the
integrity of journalistic practices.
5. Spreading False Information: Edited videos can rapidly spread false information
online, potentially influencing public opinion or political outcomes. This contributes to
the proliferation of misinformation and fake news.
6. Detection Challenges: Detecting manipulated videos can be challenging, especially as
editing techniques become more advanced. This makes it easier for misleading content to
go undetected or unchallenged.
7. Social and Political Consequences: Altered videos can exacerbate social tensions or fuel
political polarization. They can be used to manipulate public discourse, sow distrust, or
incite conflict.
8. Technological Arms Race: As detection technologies improve, so do the techniques
used to create convincing fakes. This creates an ongoing technological arms race between
those creating and detecting manipulated videos.
9. Impact on Trust in Media: The proliferation of edited videos can undermine trust in
media and other sources of information, as viewers become more skeptical about the
authenticity of what they see.

Addressing these risks involves a combination of technological solutions (such as improved

detection algorithms), legal frameworks (to deter malicious use), and public education
campaigns (to promote media literacy and critical thinking).

Creation of Deep fakes example

Imagine someone wants to create a deepfake video of a public figure, let's say a
politician, saying something controversial. They start with a base video of the politician giving a
speech on a different topic. Using advanced video editing and AI-powered deepfake tools, they
manipulate the footage to replace the original audio with a synthesized voice that mimics the
politician's voice patterns and tone.

Next, they edit the facial expressions and lip movements of the politician in the video to match
the new audio. This involves mapping the new voice's speech patterns to the original video,
adjusting facial expressions, lip sync, and other visual details to make it look as if the politician
is actually saying the controversial statement.

After careful editing and adjustments, the deepfake video is rendered and ready for distribution.
When released online, viewers might have difficulty discerning that the video is fake due to its
convincing appearance and audio synchronization. As a result, the deepfake could potentially
mislead viewers into believing the politician actually made the controversial statement, leading
to widespread misinformation and potential consequences for the politician's reputation and
public perception.

This example highlights how deepfake technology can be used to create deceptive content that
appears authentic, demonstrating the risks associated with altering reality through video editing
techniques.

Name some AI-powered deepfake tools:

AI-powered deepfake tools that were known for creating or facilitating the creation of
deepfake videos:

1. DeepFaceLab: DeepFaceLab is a popular deepfake creation tool that utilizes deep

learning frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch. It allows users to swap faces in
videos, adjust facial expressions, and generate realistic results.
2. Deepfakes Web Beta: This online tool allows users to create deepfake videos directly
through a web browser, making it accessible to a broader audience without requiring
extensive technical knowledge.
3. FaceSwap: FaceSwap is an open-source deepfake software that offers various features
for swapping faces in videos. It supports both automatic and manual adjustments to
enhance the realism of the generated deepfake.
4. ReFace: ReFace is a mobile app that enables users to create deepfake videos using their
smartphones. It provides a user-friendly interface for swapping faces in videos and
adding various effects.
5. Avatarify: Avatarify is a deepfake tool that specializes in real-time face tracking and re-
enactment. It can animate the face of a person in real-time using a webcam feed, allowing
for interactive applications of deepfake technology.
6. Doublicat (formerly Reface): Doublicat is a mobile app that allows users to create
deepfake videos by swapping faces in popular GIFs and videos. It gained popularity for
its ease of use and ability to create entertaining deepfake content.

The availability and prominence of specific deepfake tools may change over time due to
technological advancements, legal considerations, and platform policies. Additionally, the use of
deepfake technology raises significant ethical and legal concerns, and many platforms and
jurisdictions have taken steps to regulate or restrict its use to mitigate potential harm.

Altering reality through editing refers to the manipulation of digital content, such as images,
videos, audio recordings, or text, to create a version of reality that differs from the actual events
or facts. This practice, while often used for creative or entertainment purposes, can also pose
various risks and ethical considerations:

1. Misinformation and Deception: Editing can be used to create misleading or false

information, leading to misinformation. This can have significant consequences in areas
such as news reporting, historical documentation, and public perception of events.
 2. Loss of Trust: When edited content is perceived as real and later discovered to be
manipulated, it can erode trust in media, institutions, and even interpersonal relationships.
This loss of trust can be challenging to repair.
3. Legal and Ethical Concerns: Depending on the context, altering reality through editing
can raise legal issues such as defamation, copyright infringement, and violations of
privacy rights. Ethically, it raises questions about honesty, transparency, and the
responsible use of technology.
4. Psychological and Emotional Impact: Consuming edited content can affect individuals
emotionally and psychologically. For example, manipulated images or videos could cause
distress or confusion when people realize they have been deceived.
5. Social and Political Consequences: Edited content can influence public opinion,
exacerbate social tensions, or even impact political outcomes. This can occur through the
dissemination of misleading information or the distortion of facts.
6. Technological Challenges: As editing tools become more sophisticated, it becomes
increasingly difficult to detect manipulated content. This challenges efforts to combat
misinformation and protect the integrity of digital media.

To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for creators, consumers, and platforms to prioritize
transparency, critical thinking, and ethical guidelines when producing or engaging with edited
content. This includes verifying sources, fact-checking information, and being aware of the
potential impacts of sharing or promoting manipulated media.

2-Mark
1. List down the stages of video post-production.
2. What are the risks associated with video editing?
3. Identify the role of video editing in film making.
4. How to measure the editing quality of video?
5. List down nonlinear video editing tools.
Big Question
1. Explain video editing process with various stages.
2. What are the prerequisite for video creation and editing? Explain in detail
3. Analyze the risks associated with altering reality through editing.
4. What is meant by economy of expression? Identify the ways to achieve in video editing.
5. Demonstrate linear video editing techniques with its advantages and disadvantages and
Differentiate linear and nonlinear editing.

tape editing process - Google Search

inshot video editor:
https://youtu.be/1opcVKmjKt4

Tape editing

https://youtu.be/_TARpAdIjRM

https://youtu.be/5GZ4nTHMD2A?si=12qUTJK0kpMjzEQT