1.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1. What steps did the French revolutionaries taken to create a sense of collective identity among the
French people? (2012)
2. What revolutionary principles did Napoleon incorporate into the administrative field that made
the entire administrative system more rational? (2008, 2011, 2014)
3. The local people in the areas conquered by the French army had mixed reactions to the French
rule. Prove the answer by giving an argument.
4. Explain the main objectives of what the Vienna Treaty of 1815 was.

5. Who was Giuseppe Messiini, what did he do for the unification of Italy?
6. Culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in Europe. Explain
7. Describe some of the important events that took place in Europe from 1830 to 1848.
8. Describe the events of the French Revolution that affected the people living in other parts of
Europe. (2015)
9. Explain the process of unification of Germany. (2013)

10. What were the main objectives of the French revolutionaries? (2015)
11. The creation of nationalism in England (Britain) was not the result of any sudden upheaval or
revolution. Prove the answer by giving an argument. (2015)
12. What is meant by metaphor? Explain with an example. (2016)

13. After 1871, the area of serious nationalist tension in Europe was the Balkan area. Explain by
giving a suitable example.
14. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
 Nationalism in India

1. Explain how the First World War helped in the development of the national movement in India.
(2015)
2. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.

3. After coming to India, Gandhiji launched Satyagraha movements at many places, describe the three
major Satyagraha movements.
4. Explain with examples how the people of India opposed the Rowlatt Act. (2013)
5. Explain the incident of Jallianwala Bagh massacre and its impact on the Indian people. (2014, 2011)
6. Why did Gandhiji support the Khilafat movement? (2012)

7. What idea has Gandhiji described behind the non-cooperation movement in his famous book Hind
Swaraj? Explain. (2011).
8. Why did the non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities? Explain.
9. Describe the protests by the farmers of Awadh during the Non-Cooperation Movement. (2011,
2012, 2015)
10. Describe the spread of the non-cooperation movement in rural areas.

11. Why did Mahatma Gandhi withdraw the non-cooperation movement in 1922?
12. The workers working in the plantations had their own understanding of Gandhiji's thoughts and the
concept of Swaraj. Explain
13. Why Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement describes the four features of this
movement. (2013, 2016)
14. Some Muslim organizations in India were indifferent to the civil disobedience movement. Examine
this statement. (2013)
15. Describe the role of traders and industrialists in the civil disobedience movement in India. (2015)
16. Explain the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

17. The Civil Disobedience Movement was completely different from the Non-
Cooperation Movement. Argue in favour of this statement.
18. Describe the symbols of collective belonging that have contributed to the
development of nationalism in India.
 Making a Global World
1. In the pre-modern era, silk routes are the best example of trade and cultural contacts between
distant parts. Explain it by giving an example.
2. Explain the statement by quoting our food items as the best example of cultural exchange between
distant countries.
3. Sometimes the addition of new crops makes a difference between life and death. Explain the
statement by giving an example of potato crops in Europe.
4. The discovery of America has played an important role in changing the appearance of life in every
direction. Explain the statement.
5. In the sixteenth century, diseases like smallpox proved to be a weapon in the victory of Portuguese
and Spanish armies. Explain.
6. Explain three reasons why the center of world trade shifted to the West at the end of the eighteenth
century.
7. Explain the three flows mentioned by economists in economic exchange in the nineteenth century.
8. What was the impact of the corn law after its repeal?
9. Describe the consequences of the development of a global agricultural economy by 1890.
10.Technological progress is often the result of all-round socio-political and economic factors.
Explain the statement.
11. The trade spreading in the nineteenth century was not only a period of prosperity, but it also had a
dark side. Explain three reasons to justify the statement.
12. Why The European forces were attracting towards Africa.
13.Explain the effects of Rinderpest disease in Africa.
14. Why have historians considered 19th century indentured wages to be a new form of slavery?
Explain with five reasons.

15. India has played an important role in shaping the shape of the world economy of the 19th century.
Prove the statement by giving an argument.
16. The First World War was the first modern industrial war. Explain.
17. Explain any five of the efforts made to bring the economic situation back on track after the war.
18. Explain the worldwide impact of the Economic Great Depression of 1929.
19.Explain why Henry Ford is called the pioneer of modern production.
20.Explain the impact of the Economic Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy. 21.The main
objective of the post-war international economy was to maintain economic
stability and employment. Explain the statement.
22. What was the Bretton Woods system? Explain how this system ended and globalization started.
23. Explain the major reasons responsible for the formation of G77.
24. Why was the IMF formed, why did it shift its focus to developing countries?

Age of Industrialization

1. Explain the meaning of Proto industrialization.

2. In the eighteenth century, why did merchants in European cities turn to villages? Give three reasons.
3. What is the meaning of Business Guilds? Describe their main functions.

4. In the eighteenth century, many inventions were made that increased the efficiency of each stage of
the production process. Prove the statement.

5. Describe the intensity of the process of industrialization.

6. Explain why people in Victorian Britain preferred to work with human workers.

Or
Why did some industrialists of the 19th century prefer to work by hand rather than machines?
(2012).
7. Why did the workers oppose the spinning genie machine?
8. Describe the impact of the First World War on the Economy of Britain. (2011)
9. Explain the impact of The First World War on Indian proclamations. (2011)
10. What were the problems faced by Indian cotton weavers by the 19th century? Explain.
11. Explain why the Indian textile export market collapsed in the early nineteenth century and
why the local market began to shrink. (2010)
12. Explain why technological changes in factories took place slowly in the 10th century with any five
arguments. (2014)
13. Explain how The East India Company captured the regular supply of cotton and silk goods from
Indian weavers. (2012)
14. Who were jobbers, describe their work.

15. British manufacturers resorted to advertisements to create new consumers and played a role in
creating a new culture in the market.
 Print Culture and the Modern World
1. Describe the development of early print culture in China.

Or

The earliest technology of printing was developed in China, Japan, and Korea. Prove the statement
by giving suitable reasons.
2. Describe the development of printing culture in Japan.

3. Explain how the printing culture developed in Europe.

4. Who invented the printing press? How did he develop this technology?
5. New methods of book production changed people's lives. The development of printing
created a new readership. Prove the statement by giving an argument.
6. What was the impact of the printing culture on the religious sphere in early modern Europe?
Explain.
7. Why was Martin Luther King in favour of printing? Explain it by giving a reason.

8. What were the reasons for criticising or opposing printing culture in Europe?
9. What kind of arrangements did the publishers make to attract people to the printed books?
10. Prove by arguing that the printing culture created favourable conditions for the French Revolution.
11. At the end of the nineteenth century, literacy growth and the necessity of primary education gave
new readership to the printing culture. Explain by giving examples.
12. What is a manuscript? mention its four shortcomings.

13. Describe how printing came to India and how it spread in India?
14. What was the impact of the development of printing presses on women's lives in India? Explain.
15. Evaluate the impact of printing technology on the poor people of today.
16. Why did the British Government pass the Vernacular Press Act in 1978? What powers did it give to
the government? Explain.

1. Resources and Development

1. What is Agenda 21? Describe its two main objectives. (2016).
2. Give three reasons why resources planning is necessary. (2012).
3. Suggest key measures for resource conservation. (2012, 2011)
4. Explain the difference between natural resources and cultural resources. (2013).
5. Explain the meaning of sustainable development. (2013).
6. Describe any three major factors that help in soil formation. (2011, 2012)
7. What is land degradation? Give the main reasons for this.
8. "There are many ways to solve the problem of land degradation". Describe any three.
9. In which parts of India black soil is found. Describe its four major characteristics.

10. Explain the difference between Khadar and Bangar.

11. Describe the three characteristics of laterite soil.
12. Describe any three steps being taken for soil conservation. (2013).

Forest and wildlife

1. "Wildlife and forests in India are declining at a rapid pace. Hence, their conservation has become
very necessary". Prove the statement by giving suitable arguments.

2. In the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, several provisions were made for the habitat of wild
animals. Explain with examples.
3. Forests in India are classified into how many categories? Explain it.

4. Local communities in India are playing an important role in forest conservation. Justify the
statement.
5. Describe the 'Chipko Movement' and 'Beej bachao Andolan ' in India.

6. Describe the Joint Forest Management Programme in India.

 Water Resources
1. Describe the major sources of fresh water in India. (2013).
2. What is water scarcity. Give the main reasons for this. (2010, 2013, 2011)
3. Urbanization and industrialization in India have led to overexploitation of water. Prove the
answer by giving three arguments. (2012, HOT)
4. Why multipurpose river valley projects are called the temples of modern India. Explain.
(2015)
5. Multipurpose river valley projects have been opposed in recent years. Give the main reasons
for this. (2014)
6. Describe any three social movements involving multipurpose river valley projects. (K.V.S. 2014)
7. Explain with examples what were the different types of hydraulic structures in ancient
India. (2014).
8. Describe the major techniques of rainwater harvesting. (2014)

9. Describe the major methods of rainwater harvesting in different parts of India.

10. Some areas of India are facing water scarcity even though there is enough water. Give the
reason. (2010).
11. Classify dams on the basis of structure and material used. (2013)

Agriculture
1. What is Plantations Agriculture? Describe four main characteristics of plantation agriculture.
(2016)
2. Describe the main features of Primitive subsistence agriculture. (2016).
3. What is Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. Describe four main features of this
agriculture.
4. Describe three main features of commercial agriculture.
5. Describe the three major agricultural seasons of India keeping in mind the time and major crops.
6. Describe the major geographical conditions for rice cultivation in India and name the rice
producing states. (2011).
7. In which regions tea is grown in India? (2013).
8. What is institutional reforms in agriculture? List the measures that the Government of India has
taken to improve the condition of agriculture. (2015).
9. What are the problems, Indian agriculture is facing today?
10. Explain the contribution of agriculture to the Indian economy.

Minerals and Energy Resources

1. "Minerals are indispensable part of human life". Explain. (2011)
2. Explain the meaning of the word ‘mineral’. (2015)
3. Why minerals are found in India with diverse color, hardness, different crystal brightness
and density. (2016).
4. Where are minerals found in India? Explain.

5. Why conservation of minerals is necessary. Give the reason. (2012, 2013)

6. Describe the major measures adopted for conservation of minerals. (2012, 2013)
7. Name the three major mica producing states in India. (2013).
8. Describe the major factors affecting mining in India. (2015).
9. Why energy is needed. How can we conserve energy resources?
10. To what extent can solar energy solve the problem of energy in India? Write down important
points. (2015).
11. Explain the difference between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy and give
examples.

12. Explain the statement "Energy saving is the production of energy" by giving three arguments.
13. Natural gas is considered as an environmental friendly fuel. Explain it by giving three arguments.
14. Name the major oldest power plant in India. (2014).

15. Describe any three conventional sources of energy. (2012)

Manufacturing Industries
1. The manufacturing industry is called the barometer of the economic progress of a country. Give
an argument in favour of this statement? (2016)
2. The basis of India's economic progress is manufacturing industries. Prove the answer. (2015)
3. Industry and agriculture go hand in hand, they complement to each other. Give justification in
favor of this statement. Explain the statement "Industry has
 encouraged the production of Indian agriculture" by giving examples. (2012, 2015, 2013)
4. Review the contribution of industry to the progress of the Indian economy. (2011)

5. Describe the factors affecting the location of industry. (2011, 2015)

6. Classify the industries on different basis. (2016)
7. Cotton textile industry occupies an important place in the Indian economy. Explain.
8. Why is jute industry in India located on the banks of Hooghly River? Give the reason.
9. The National Jute Policy adopted in 2005 has helped in reviving this industry. Explain the
statement by giving a suitable argument. (2013)
10. Most of India's sugar mills are located in sugarcane growing areas. Explain. (2016)
11. The sugar industry has been shifting southwards in recent years. State the problems of sugar
industry in India. (2012, 2016)
12. Why iron-based industry is called basic industry. (2012).

13. Why most of the iron and steel is concentrated on the Chhota Nagpur plateau. Explain the
reason. (2012, 2014, 2015)
14. What problems are faced by the iron and steel industry in India? Explain. (2011, 2012)
15. In India, industry is an important cause of polluting the environment. Describe the pollution
created by industries. (2013)
16. Discuss measures to control industrial pollution in India. (2013, 2016)

17. Describe the path shown by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) of India. (2011, 2015)
 Lifelines of the National Economy
1. For the rapid industrial development of the country, efficient transport is required. Prove the
answer by giving an argument. (2014, 2016)
2. Road transport is more advantageous than rail transport. Explain the reason. (2013, 2016)
3. What is road density? What is the average density of roads in India? Name the states with
high and low density in terms of road density in India. (2013)
4. The density of roads in India is not uniform. Explain the statement (2013)

5. Indian Railways has contributed significantly to the development of the economy. Explain.
(2015)
6. Name any two national waterways in India.

7. Explain the factors affecting the distribution of rail transport in India. (2013).
8. Describe the major challenges of Indian Railways. (2012)
9. Review the progress made in Indian Railways. (2012).
10. The distribution of railways in India is influenced by the topography of India. Explain with
suitable examples. (2013, 2015)
11. Describe two benefits of pipeline transportation.

12. Describe the major benefits of water transportation. (2014)

13. Describe four advantages and two disadvantages of air transport. (2011, 2012)
14. How many postal routes have been created in India to expedite the postal and communication.
Name them. (2014)
15. Explain the meaning of trade Explain the difference between local trade and state level trade.
16. What is the difference between favourable trade balance and unfavourable trade balance?
17. Tourism promotes National Integration and gives shelter to local art and cultural activities. Explain.
(2015)
18. Tell the reasons why tourists come to India. (2014).

19. What is Trade? Explain the importance of international trade.

20. Explain why air routes are preferred for the north eastern parts of India. (2014)
 Power Sharing
1. Give a comparative account of the diversity of ethnic and cultural composition of Belgium and Sri
Lanka.
2. Explain three main reasons for the growth of the policy of majoritarianism adopted by Sri Lanka.
3. Mention three major results of the policy of majoritarianism adopted in Sri Lanka.

4. What are the methods adopted by the leaders of Belgium to accommodate the diversity of
Belgium?
5. Explain the logical and ethical reasons in support of why power sharing is necessary.

6. How is the sharing of power between the various organs of the government determined? Explain.
7. Explain how the sharing of power between different levels of government is established.
8. How is the sharing of power in different social groups determined?
9. Explain how power sharing is determined in political parties, pressure groups and movements.
10. Explain three main causes of tension between Tamil and Sinhalese communities in Sri Lanka.

Federalism
1. Explain five main features of federalism.
2. Federal systems are generally formed in two ways. Justify the statement by giving examples.
3. Examine the different dimensions of the federal system in India.

4. In India, the legislative powers between the central and state level governments are divided into
three parts. Explain.
5. Why federalism is successful in India. What are the policies adopted by India which have played an
important role in making the federal system of India successful.
6. Judiciary plays an important role in implementing the constitutional provisions Justify the statement
by giving reason.
7. An important step was taken in the direction of decentralization of power in India in 1992. Justify
the statement by giving any five arguments.
8. What is check and balance explain with example?

9. This new system of local governments in India is the biggest experiment of democracy in the world
so far. Justify the statement by giving three arguments.
10. Describe the language policy adopted to strengthen federalism in India.

Gender Caste and Religion

1. Explain how women are victims of discrimination and injustice in India.
2. The basis of gender discrimination is not biological, but it is the result of social customs and
traditions, it is the result of weak and fixed mentality. Explain.
3. Explain the status of representation of women in legislative bodies in India.
4. How does religion in India affect the political structure of the country? explain?
5. Give evidence in favor of the statement that India is a secular state.
6. Explain the different forms of casteism in politics in India.
7. Now caste system is changing in India. Explain by giving three reasons.
8. Caste has also become politicized in India. Explain.
9. How caste affects politics in India.
10. Communalism can take many forms in politics. Justify the statement.

Political Parties
1. Having political parties is a necessary condition for democracy. Justify the statement by giving five
reasons.
2. Explain the meaning of political party and describe the main parts of political parties.

3. Describe the main functions of political parties.

4. It is not in the hands of any country to choose a party system; it develops in spite of a long period of
work. Justify the statement.
5. What is a national party? Mention the conditions required to be a national party.

6. What are regional parties? Explain their importance.

7. What are the challenges political parties in India are facing today? Describe any five.
8. Suggest any five measures to make political parties more effective.
9. Describe the role of the opposition party in a democratic system.
10. Explain how the multi-party system has strengthened democracy in India.
 Outcomes of Democracy
1. Democratic governance is better than other governance systems. Justify the statement.
2. Democratic systems are accountable, responsible, and legitimate governance systems. Justify the
statement.
3. Democratic governance systems are better than other governance systems in establishing peace and
harmony. Explain.
4. In terms of dignity and freedom of a person, democratic systems are better than other systems.
Explain by giving examples.
5. People have many complaints from democratic systems, but people also have hopes from
democracy. Please clarify.

1. Development
1. Roshan is a landless rural labour. What would be the main goals and aspirations of development
for him. Mention any three.
2. Sukhhi is a prosperous farmer of Punjab, set the major development goals for her.

3. Mention the major development goals for Anees, an urban unemployed youth.
4. Buddha is a tribal of Narmada Valley, tell the main goals of development for him.
5. The goals of development can be different for people, what is development for one, can be
destructive for another. Explain with examples.
6. Mention any of the six factors which people consider as important aspects of their life apart
from per capita income.
7. People look at the swing targets for development, prove it

8. What is per capita income? Describe the limitations of per capita income as a barometer for
development.
9. Describe the major parameters for Human Development Index

10. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with examples.
11. What is sustainable development? Describe the major challenges before it.

Sectors of the Economy

1. Define service sector. 2017
2. When we produce goods using the resources of the natural sector, then such activities come under
which economic sector? 2018
 3. What is disguised by unemployment? Explain the difference between disguised unemployment and
hidden unemployment. 2012
4. Mention the main features of the unorganized sector. Throw light on the measures for the
protection of workers in the unorganized sector. 2012
5. Describe the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA). 2012
6. Give the meaning of service sector or tertiary sector and explain its importance. 2013

7. Explain the factors that led to the expansion and importance of tertiary sector in India. 2014
8. Explain the difference between primary and secondary sectors. 2015

9. Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Give three arguments in support of your answer.
2015
10. What has been the role of NREGA in generating employment in India. Explain. 2015
11. Why do you think NREGA has been called Right to Work? Explain. 2016

12. What is an organized sector? Describe its working stages. 2016

13. Why is the organized sector more important than the unorganized sector? Explain. 2016
14. Explain with reasons how tertiary sector helps in the development of primary and secondary
sectors. 2016

15. Agriculture and industry complement each other. Explain by giving three examples. 2017
Differentiate between the service conditions of organized and unorganized sectors. 2018

Money and Credit

1. Why payment system in the form of money is better than a barter system? Explain by giving three
reasons. (2008)

2. Briefly describe the functioning of Self-Help Groups. (2009)

3. Explain how banks use the money they accept from the public. (2010)

4. There is a need to increase the activities of banks and co-operative societies in rural areas. Explain
giving proper reasons. (2011)
5. How does the use of money make transactions easier? Explain with examples. (2010)

6. Mention the differences between formal and informal sources of credit. (2010, 12)

7. What is money? Give reasons why modern money is accepted as a medium of exchange. (2013)

8. Cheap and affordable credit plays a favorable role in the development of the country. Justify the
statement. (2014)

9. Will it be beneficial to take a loan or not, it depends on the circumstances. Give evidence in favor of
the statement (2015)

10. Unofficial sources need to be discouraged today. Justify the statement (2018)

1. Describe the credit related activities of banks in India 2017)

2. What is currency? Explain the characteristics of different forms of currency in modern India. (2018)

3. Explain how the Reserve Bank keeps an eye on credit activities, what are its benefits. (2009)

4. Why are bank deposits called demand deposits? How to use Back Ink. Explain. (2011)

5. Describe the main characteristics of Self-Help Groups. (2014)

6. What is a loan? Explain four terms of loan. (2015)

7. What role do banks play in the Indian economy? Explain. (2015)

8. Differentiate between formal and informal sources of credit and why informal sources of credit
should be discouraged. (2017)

9. What is the barter system? Explain how this has been facilitated using money (2015)

10. Modern era is the era of digital transactions. Explain how it has changed the nature of exchange.
Globalization and the Indian Economy
1. Our markets have changed in recent years. Explain with examples. (2014, 2015)
2. What are multinational companies? How does it control production in other countries?
Explain with example (2009, 2014)

3. Describe the contribution of technology in increasing the process of globalization. (2017)

4. Consumers have benefited from globalization and better competition among producers.
Justify the statement with examples (2018)

5. What is Liberalization? Describe any four effects of liberalization on the Indian economy.
(2017)

6. Globalization and competition among producers have been beneficial to consumers.

Justify the statement. (2010)

7. If the government wants, fair globalization is possible. Justify this statement. (2009)

8. Critically examine the effects of globalization on the Indian economy. (20019)

9. Why is import tax known as a trade barrier? Why did the Government of India ban foreign
trade and foreign investment after independence? Write three reasons. (2019)
1. Rapid advancement in technology has stimulated the process of globalization. Evaluate
the statement. (2019)