CSE 365: Communication Engineering
Network Model
Lecture 2
Protocol Layering
} Protocol: The rules that the sender, receiver and all
intermediate devices follow to communicate effectively
} Simple communication à Simple protocol
} Complex communication à Protocol layering
} Computer networks are complex systems
} Tasks involve varieties of hardware and software components,
and protocols
} Networking task is divided into several subtasks, or layers
Real World Example
} Communication between managers of two companies
Communicate
What Actually happens
} Communication takes place thru many layers
Logical communication
Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message
Delivery boy: Delivery boy:
drops the letter takes the letter
Postal truck
Post office:
Processes and routes the letter
Layer Model
} Layer N uses services provided by Layer N-1
HOST A HOST B
Logical
communication path
Layer N Layer N
Layer N protocol
Using
services Providing
services
Layer N-1 Layer N-1
Layer N-2 Layer N-2
Virtual Communication System
Why Layers?
} Guidelines for protocol developments
} Reference model
} Modularity
} Eases maintenance and updating of systems
} A change in one layer is transparent to the rest
} It allows us to separate the services from the
implementation.
Two Principles of Protocol Layering
} Bidirectional communication.
} The objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical.
Internet Layer Model: TCP/IP Protocol Suite
} The Internet Protocol Stack
User
Application Layer Software
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware
Transmission
Medium
Application Layer
Responsible for providing services to the user
} The only layer to interact with user
Data Data
Logical communication
Application SMTP HTTP FTP SMTP HTTP FTP
Layer
Data H5 Data H5
to Transport from Transport
Transport Layer
Responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another
} Duties/services
} Port addressing
} Segmentation and reassembly
} Connection control
} Flow control (end-to-end)
} Error control (end-to-end)
Transport Layer
Process Process … Process Process …
PORT # PORT #
Data Data
Transport Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4 Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4
Layer (segments)
to Network from Network
Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets
from the original source to the destination
} Duties/services
} Logical addressing
} Routing
Network Layer
from Transport to Transport
Data Data
Network Data H3 Data H3
Layer (packet)
to Data Link from Data Link
Network Layer
Data 1.1 5.7
1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 5.7, ... are logical addresses
1.1 1.2
Network 1
R1
6.1
Network 6
6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8
Data Link Layer
Responsible for transmitting frames
from one node to the next
} Duties/services
} Framing
} Physical addressing
} Flow control (hop-to-hop)
} Error control (hop-to-hop)
} Access control
Data Link Layer
from Network to Network
Data Data
Data Link T2 Data H2 T2 Data H2
Layer (frame)
to Physical from Physical
Data Link Layer
A3, 3B, 82, 9F, ... are physical addresses
Data
9F 3B 82 A3
T2 Data 9F A3
H2
Data Link Layer
Data 1.1 5.7
1.1 1.2
97 32 Network 1
Data 1.1 5.7 97 25 25
R1
6.1
79 Data 1.1 5.7 79 62 Network 6
6.6 6.3 62
12
R3
R2 5.2
54
88
3.3
Data 1.1 5.7 54 74
Network 5
5.7
Network 3 74
3.8
Physical Layer
Responsible for transmitting individual bits
from one node to the next
} Duties/services
} Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
} Representation of bits
} Data rate (transmission rate)
} Synchronization of bits
Physical Layer
from Data Link to Data Link
Data Data
Physical 01001011 01001011
Layer (bits)
Transmission medium
The Big Picture
L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5
L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4
L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3
T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2
0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101
Transmission medium
Internet Model
sender router
router receiver
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link D.L. D.L. D.L. D.L. Data Link
Physical P.L. P.L. P.L. P.L. Physical
Transmission medium
Internet Model
Protocol Suites
• A set of protocols must be constructed
– to ensure that the resulting communication system is
complete and efficient
• Each protocol should handle a part of
communication not handled by other protocols
• How can we guarantee that protocols work well
together?
– Instead of creating each protocol in isolation,
protocols are designed in complete, cooperative sets
called suites or families
Internet Protocol Suite
Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, DNS,
SNMP, IGMP, …
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...
Network IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP,
...
Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...
Physical RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...
Addresses in TCP/IP
Addressing in TCP/IP
Packet Names Layers Addresses
Message Application Layer Specific Addresses
Segment/User
Datagram Transport Layer Port Addresses
Datagram/Packet Network Layer Logical Addresses
Frame Data Link Layer Physical Addresses
Bits Physical Layer
Physical Addresses
Logical/IP Addresses
Port Addresses
OSI Model
User • OSI – Open Systems
7.Application Layer Interconnection
6.Presentation Layer • Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)
5.Session Layer
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer • Two additional layers
2.Data Link Layer – Presentation layer
1.Physical Layer – Session layer
Transmission
Medium
Session Layer
Responsible for establishing, managing and
terminating connections between applications
• Duties/services
– Interaction management
ð Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
– Session recovery
Presentation Layer
Responsible for handling differences in
data representation to applications
• Duties/services
– Data translation
– Encryption
– Decryption
– Compression
Lack of OSI Model’s Success
} Costly
} Some of layers were never fully defined
} Performance
*Few slides taken and modified from Chaiporn Jaikaeo
Questions??
