Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2021-22)

I2-TD1
(JORDAN CANONICAL FORMS)

1. Find all eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenspaces of the following matrix.
     
3 0 2 −3 1 −8 −3 −6
(a)
1 2 (b)  1 −2 1  (c)  4 0 4
1 −3 2 4 2 2

2. Find the characteristics and the minimal polynomial of the following matrices over R, then
deduce the their corresponding Jordan Canonical Form J.
     
1 −1 −1 2 −1 −1 2 1 1 0 0
(a)  0 0 −1   0 1 −1 2  −1 −1 1 0 
(b)   (c)  
0 1 2  2 −5 −1 6   0 1 1 0
1 −3 −2 6 −1 −1 1 1

3. The following are the Jordan Canonical Form of linear transformations. Find the charac-
teristic polynomial, minimal polynomials, the algebraic multiplicity, geometric multiplicity
and the index of each of the eigenvalues of L
   
2 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 2 0 0  0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
(a)  0 0 1 0 
 
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 
 
  (e)  0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 

 0 2 0 0   
(b)  0 0 3 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 
0 0 0 3
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 0  
 0 0 0 0  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(c)   0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 1   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 

   
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 
(f)  
 0 1 1 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 
   
(d)  0 0 1 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

4. Determine all possible Jordan canonical forms for a linear operator L whose characteristic
polynomial is p(λ) = (λ − 3)3 (λ − 4)2 .

5. Determine all possible Jordan canonical forms J for a matrix of order 6 whose minimal
polynomial is m(λ) = (λ − 1)3 (λ − 3)2 .

6. Find all possible Jordan canonical forms for those matrices whose characteristics polynomial
p(λ) and minimal polynomial m(λ) are as follows:

(a) p(λ) = (λ − 3)4 (λ − 2)2 and m(λ) = (λ − 3)2 (λ − 2)2

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 1

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2021-22)

(b) p(λ) = (λ − 5)7 and m(λ) = (λ − 5)2

(c) p(λ) = (λ − 3)4 (λ − 2)4 and m(λ) = (λ − 3)2 (λ − 2)2

7. Let A ∈ Mn (R) and mA (λ) be its minimal polynomial. Let f be a polynomial satisfies
f (A) = 0. Show that f (λ) is divisible by mA (λ).

8. Let A ∈ M6 (R) be an invertible matrix satisfies A3 − 4A2 + 3A = 0 and tr(A) = 8. Find

the characteristics polynomial of A.

9. Let A ∈ Mn (R) and λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn (no need distinct) be eigenvalues of A. Show that

n
X n
Y
(a) λi = tr(A). (b) λi = |A|.
i=1 i=1

10. Let A ∈ M3 (R) with tr(A) = 9. Suppose that λ = 2 is an eigenvalue of A and E2 spanned
by (1, 0, 1) and (−1, 1, 3). Find |A|.

11. Find A ∈ Mn (R) such that

A3 − 4A2 + 4A = 0 and tr(A) = 0.

 
4 −2 1
12. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  2 0 1 . Find the minimal polynomial
2 −2 3
of A. Then express A4 and A−1 in terms of A and I.
 
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 
 
13. Let A =  0 0 0 0 0 . One can show that A2 6= 0 and A3 = 0. Find the nilpotent
 
0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0
matrix M in canonical form which is similar to A.
 
0 a a2
14. Let a ∈ R∗ and A = a−1 0 a .
−2 −1
a a 0

(a) Show that A2 = A + 2I.

(b) Deduce that A is diagonalizable.

15. Determine the value of a so that λ = 2 is an eigenvalue of

 
1 −1 0
A= a 1 1 
0 1+a 3

then show that A is diagonalizable and diagonalize it.

 
a b
16. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix defined by A = . Show that A is diagonalizable if
c d
(a − d)2 + 4bc 6= 0.

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2021-22)

 
3 2
17. Let A be a square matrix defined by A = .
3 −2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
2 −3 1
18. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  1 −2 1 .
1 −3 2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
−1 3 −1
19. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  −3 5 −1 .
−3 3 1
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Show that A is diagonalizable then diagonalize it.
(c) Write An in term of n.
 
−8 −3 −6
20. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  4 0 4 .
4 2 2
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A.
(c) Show that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(d) Write An in terms of I, A, A2 and n.
 
−2 −1 −5
21. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  2 2 3 .
4 2 6
(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.
(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A.
(c) Show that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(d) Find the three real sequences (a)n , (b)n , (c)n satisfying

an+1 = −2an − bn − 5cn , a0 = 1

bn+1 = 2an + 2bn + 3cn , b0 = 0

cn+1 = 4an + 2bn + 6cn , c0 = 1

 
−1 −2 −1 3
 −6 −5 1 6 
22. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =   −6 −4
 and its characteristics
0 6 
−6 −7 1 8
polynomial p(λ) = (λ + 1)2 (λ − 2)2 .

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2021-22)

(a) Find the minimal polynomial of A.

(b) Deduce that A is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize A.
(c) Write An in terms of n.
 
6 2 3
23. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  −3 −1 −1  and L be a map from R3 into
−5 −2 −2
3
R by L (v) = Av.

(a) Show that L is a linear operator on R3 .

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of L with respect to standard basis for R3 . Derive
the determinant of L then deduce that L is invertible.
(c) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of L.
(d) Show that L is not diagonalizable, but it is triangularizable, then triangularize L.
(e) Write Ln in term of n, where Ln = L(L(. . . (L) . . .)), the n compositions of L.

24. Let B1 = {(2, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2, 1)} and B2 = {(2, 1, 2, 2)} be two subsets of R4 , E1
be a subspace spanned by B1 , E2 be a subspace spanned by B2 , and L be a linear operator
on R4 defined by

L(v) = (−w + 4x − y + z, −w + 3x, −w + 2x + y, −w + 2x + z), v = (w, x, y, z).

(a) Show that B1 is a basis for E1 and B2 is a basis for E2 .

(b) Show that E1 and E2 are L-invariant. Find the matrices A1 = [LE1 ]B1 and A2 = [LE2 ]B2
(c) Show that R4 is a direct sum of E1 and E2 .
(d) Find the characteristic and minimal polynomials of A1 and A2 .
(e) Let A be the matrix representation of L with respect to the standard basis for R4 .
Show that A is similar to a block diagonal matrix to be specified.
(f) Deduce the characteristic and minimal polynomials of L.

25. Let T ∈ L(R3 ) defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (−4x1 − x2 − 2x3 , 4x1 + x2 + 3x3 , −x2 − x3 )

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues of A. Show that A is not diagonalizable over R.
(c) Show that A is diagonalizable over C. Find the eigenspaces. Diagonalize A.
(d) Express T n in the form of an T 2 + bn T + cn I where an , bn and cn are real sequences to
be specified, and T n = T (T (. . . (T ) . . .)), the n compositions of T .
 
−3 −1 −3
26. Let A be a square matrix defined by A =  5 2 5 .
−1 −1 −1

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues of A. Show that A is not diagonalizable over R.
(c) Show that A is diagonalizable over C. Find the eigenspaces. Diagonalize A.

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 4

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Differential Equations (2021-22)

(d) Express An in the form of an A2 +bn A+cn In where (an ), (bn ) and (cn ) are real sequences
to be specified.
 
1 −1 0
27. Let A be a symmetric matrix defined by A =  −1 2 −1  and S be the surface
0 −1 1

x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − 2xy − 2yz + 2x + y = 1.

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A. Show that A is diagonalizable over R.
(c) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
(d) Does the surface S have a center? If any, specify its coordinates.
(e) Determine the type of the surface S.
 
2 1 −1
28. Let A be a symmetric matrix defined by A =  1 3 2  and S be the surface of
−1 2 3

2x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 2xy + 4yz − 2xz + 2x + 14y = 2.

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of A.

(b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of A. Show that A is diagonalizable over R.
(c) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
(d) Does the surface S have a center? If any, specify its coordinates.
(e) Determine the type of the surface S.

29. Determine the nature of the surface (S)

(x − y)2 + (y − z)2 + (z − x)2 = λ, λ ∈ R.

30. Given the following matrices and their corresponding characteristics polynomials, Jordanize
them over C.
 
5 4 −5
(a) 3 6 −5 and p(λ) = −λ3 + 4λ2 − 6λ + 4
5 8 −7
 
3 2 2 −4
 3 4 2 −5  2 2
 −2 7 7 −9  and p(λ) = (λ − 4λ + 5)
(b)  

1 5 4 −6
 
3 1 2 −3
 4 1 1 −2  2 2
 −2 6 7 −8  and p(λ) = (λ − 4λ + 5)
(c)  

2 2 3 −3

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 5