Solve the tasks below for our exercise on Tuesday, the 10th of December. Do not forget to use the MS Teams task to checkmark your solved exercises until 08.00 on that day.
Task 8.1 (Linear Functions, Kernel and Image, Dimensions): This is task 7.7 from the last exercise with a few additional questions. Let f be the linear mapping f : R3 → R3 x x−y−z y 7→ 2x + 3y z x + 2y − 3z 1. What is the kernel of the linear function f : V → W , or in other words: determine the subspace of all vectors x ∈ V , which are mapped to the zero vector 0 ∈ W . Find a basis of the kernel. What is the dimension of the kernel, i.e. dim(ker(f ))? 2. Determine the image of the linear function f : V → W , i.e. the set of all vectors f (x) with x ∈ V (all possible function values of f ). Find a basis of the image and its dimension dim(im(f )). 3. Check, if the Rank-Nullity theorem holds. 4. Is the function f injective, surjective or bijective? 5. As we heard, each linear function can be represented by a matrix A, which has the images of the canonical basis vectors in its columns. Find the matrix A corresponding to the given linear function f . Does A have an inverse? The function can be written as x → A · x with 1 −1 −1 A = 2 3 0 1 2 −3 For the kernel we solve 1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 −1 0 2 3 0 0 ∼ 0 5 2 0 1 2 −3 0 0 3 0 0 This system has a unique solution, so the kernel is just (0, 0, 0) and therefore 0-dimensional. The rank of A is 3 and the rank nullity theorem holds. The function is bijective and therefore A has an inverse.
Task 8.2 (Linear Mappings): A linear function f : R2 → R3 performs the following mappings 2 1 2 1 7→ −3 7 0 → −1 1 0 6
1 1. Find the matrix A, which performs this mapping. 2. Find a basis for the kernel and for the image of f . What are their dimensions? Is the function injective, surjective or bijective?
2 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 −1 1 −1 3/2 0 3/2 0 1 c2 −1/2c1 →c2 c1 +2/3·c2 →c1 c1 /2→c1 2 1 −−−−−−−→ 2 0 −−−−−−−−→ 2 0 −−−−−−→ 1 0 2/3·c2 →c2 −3 0 −3 3/2 −2 3/2 −1 1 0 6 0 6 4 6 2 4 A (the matrix below the horizontal line) has rank 2 and is therefore injective. The kernel is just the 0-vector (and therefore has dim 0). As the rank of A is 2, the dim of the image is 2.
Task 8.3 (Linear Mappings): A linear function f : R4 → R3 performs the following mappings 1 2 0 1 0 2 −1 0 −1 1 3 7→ 1 0 7→ 2 7→ 2 7→ 2 1 0 1 1 3 −1 1 4 0 1 0 1 1. Find the matrix A, which performs this mapping. 2. Find the dimension of the kernel and of the image. Is the function injective, surjective or bijective?
2. For which x ∈ R are the following matrices singular, for which x regular? 1 1 −2 x 1 −2 1 1 −2 −1 2 D = −1 3 x E= x 3 −1 −2 2 1 −3 −1 −2 0 1
The determinants in (a) are 11, 35 and 0. For matrix C it is possibly the best to add multiples of the first column to the second, third and fourth column to obtain zeros in three of the 4 positions in the first row, then only the calculation of a determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix is necessary. In (b) the first matrix is only singular, if x = −2, because
and this is zero, if x = −2. The last matrix has a determinant of zero, if x = 0 or x = 5 (you get a quadratic polynomial in x for the determinant: 2x(−x + 5).
3 Task 8.5 (Eigenvalues): For the following matrices determine (1) the characteristic polynomial, (2) the eigenvalues, (3) the eigenspaces and (4) for each eigenvalue the algebraic and geometric multiplicity. 0 1/2 1/2 −3 −2 2 5 4 A= B = 1/2 0 1/2 C = 0 −3 0 5 6 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 3
Comment: You can check some of your results in R with the eigen() function applied to a matrix A, the returned list has components values, which is the vector of eigenvalues of A and vectors, which are the eigenvectors put columnwise into a matrix. A has the characteristic polynomial χA (λ) = λ2 − 11λ + 10 with roots (the eigenvalues) λ1 = 1 and λ2 = 10. The eigenvectors for λ1 = −3 are the solutions of
4 5 0 4 5 0
which is x1 1 =t· x2 −1
1 so the eigenvector is . The eigenvalue has algebraic and geometric multiplicity of 1. In the −1 4/5 same way we get for the second eigenvalue the eigenspace t · again with algebraic and 1 geometric multiplicity of 1. For the second matrix we get the characteristic polynomial:
So the eigenvalues are 1 (algebraic multiplicity 1) and −1/2 (algebraic multiplicity 2). The eigen- vectors for λ1 = 1 are the solutions of −1 1/2 1/2 0 −1 1/2 1/2 0 −3/2 0 3/2 0 1/2 −1 1/2 0 ∼ 0 −3/4 3/4 0 ∼ 0 −3/4 3/4 0 1/2 1/2 −1 0 0 3/2 −3/2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 ∼ 0 1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 which is x1 1 x2 = t · 1 x3 1
4 So λ1 has geometric multiplicity of 1. For λ2,3 = −1/2 we get the system 1/2 1/2 1/2 0 1/2 1/2 1/2 0 ∼ 1 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 1/2 0
with solution x1 −1 −1 x2 = s · 1 + t · 0 x3 0 1 and therefore a geometric multiplicity of 2. In summary, the eigenvectors of B are (1, 1, 1)T , (−1, 1, 0)T and (−1, 0, 1)T . The characteristic polynomial of C is
χC = (−3 − λ)2 · (3 − λ)
with roots/eigenvalues λ1,2 = −3 (algebraic multiplicity 2) and λ3 = 3 (algebraic multiplicity 1).
with solutions (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = t · (1/3, 0, 1) (geometric multiplicity 1).
Task 8.6 (Eigenvalues and Diagonalization)
1. Diagonalize the following matrices (if possible)
5 −3 −3 2 A= B= −4 4 1 −4
Diagonalizing means (written for matrix A) to find a matrix T, such that
D = T−1 · A · T
is a diagonal matrix. 2. Use the above matrices to verify that n X λi = tr(A) i=1
i.e. that the sum of all eigenvalues (counted with their algebraic multiplicity) is equal to the trace of the matrix.
5 3. Use the above matrices to verify that n Y λi = det(A) i=1
i.e. that the product of the eigenvalues (counted with their algebraic multiplicity) is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
The characteristic polynomial is λ2 − 9λ + 8. Setting this zero and solving the quadratic equation gives the two eigenvalues of A: λ1 = 1 and λ2 = 8 (these are also the diagonal elements of D), the eigenvectors are for λ1 (3/4, 1) and (−1, 1) for λ2 , which are the columns of T. With
3/4 −1 −1 1 1 1 T= =⇒ T = 1 1 7/4 −1 3/4
it can be checked that
D = T−1 · A · T For the second matrix the eigenvalues are −5 and −2 (diagonal elements of D), the eigenvectors are (−1, 1) and (2, 1) (columns of T). Obviously, points (2) and (3) are fulfilled.
