coloured salt-group 2 or 4

If salt is crystalline - carbonate not present

If salt is white - sulphates: copper(blue)[becomes white on heating and water
appears on upper part of test tube] cobalt(brown maroon) nickle(bright
green) iron(pale green) manganese(baby pink)
copper carbonate:light greenish powder(on dey test heating turns black) copper
nitrate:deep blue chromium salt: orange

If cation is from group 1 or 5, sulphate and phosphate is never the anion

coloured salt-group 2 or 4
very large crystals - probability is nitrate
face powder like - co3 2- present
crackling sound on dry test tube heating indicating no water of crystallisation----
lead nitrate or barium nitrate
Ammonia group 0:
1)with naoh gives amooniacal smell on heating[intermolecular
hydrogen bonding](smeel in public toilets,or smell of nh4oh)
2)glass rod dipped in concentrated hcl when introduced to the
gases gives dense white fumes
3)when nessler's reagend (k2hgi4) poured through sides turns
brown
4)on dry test heating white sublimate formed,smell of
ammonia,turns nesslers solution brown

Lead pb(Group 1)- 1)make os

2)add distilled water
3)if tap water is added os cannot be formed as white precipitate
appears due to presence of chloride ions
4)dil hcl is added to get a white ppt
5)white ppt completely dissolves on heating
6)white ppt reappers on cooling
7)adding potassium chromate to the hot sol gives yellow colour
8)adding ki to the hot sol gives yellow colour
9)black ppt observed when na2s is added to os(also i copper but
copper is blue )

copper(group 2)- 1)blue colour salt

2)os+dil hcl+h2s gas passed through kipps apparatus gives black
ppt of copper sulphide
3)black ppt dissolves in hno3 solution(50%) added when heated
(however tinge of green colour is there)
4) test tube cooled using cold bath or running water
5) add ammonium hydroxide(mild base) ,which will turn the solution
blue
6)adding k4fecn6(potassium ferrocyanide) to same test tube gives
chocolate brown colouration
7)os+na2s ---->black ppt of copper sulphide
8)os+potassium ferrocyanide(k4fecn6)------>chocholate brown ppt

os+nh4oh---->blue
arsenic ions(group 2) - 1)os+dil hcl+h2s(from kipps apparatus) gives yellow ppt
2)yellow ppt when heated with conc hno3 dissapears
3)ammonium molybdate solid crystals when added and heated
turns the solution to canary yellow again.

os+nh4oh---->white
aluminium ion(group 3) - 1)os++nh4cl(pinch)+cooling+nh4oh---->hazy white
substance,floating jelly like white ppt
nh4oh added in excess ,if ppt persists group 3 otherwise
proceed to next
2)dissolution: dilute hcl
3)blue litmus solution added turns red
4)nh4oh added forms blue ppt,alluminium reappears as ppt
which is floating blue lake like

NOTE:two times nh4oh

iron(ferric)(group 3)- 1)pale green coloured salt

2) os +(1-2drops of conc hno3 and heated----if the salt is
ferrous to oxidise it)+ ammonium chloride(common ion effect) + cooling
+ammonium hydroxide gives reddish brown ppt
3)ppt dissolves in dilute hcl but solution is still coloured
4) if potassium ferrocyanide added turns deep blue
5)if potassium thiocyanate added turns red

manganese(group 4)- 1)baby pink colour

2)os prepared and little hcl added(optional)
3) na2s(sodium sulphide) added to get a buff coloured ppt

os+nh4cl+cooling+nh4oh+h2s gas--->buff ppt which dissolves on

passing hcl
on adding naoh colour is pale white(mn(oh)2) and turns
brown(oxidated manganese hydroxide) [TRICK : MN-manganese,n for NaOH]
zinc(group 4) - 1) colourless salt
2)os+dil hcl+na2s---->dirty white ppt(different from that of
aluminium which is gelatinous floating)(in group 2 testing itself though zinc in 4
group)
3)white ppt in the second group test with na2s instead of h2s
4)os+k4fecn6(potassium ferrocyanide)---->greenish ppt
5)on dry test heating turns light yellow(zinc oxide) from white,on
cooling becomes white

barium(group 5) - 1)os+nh4cl + nh4oh + ammonium carbonate (nh4)2co3(group reagent

for group 5)----->white ppt (can be strontium,calcium also)
2)dissolved in acetic acid (milky solution)
3)k2cro4----yellow ---------->barium
(nh4)2 so4---white ----------->strontium(takes 5 mins time)
(nh4)2 c2o4----white ---------->calcium
4)if barium test is positive no need to proceed for the other two
as the other two tests will also be positive in presence of barium
5)flame test: apple green(paste with concentrated hcl to make it
into a chloride as chloride salts are volatile and flame test can be
easily observed)
strontium(group 5)- 1)SHOULD WAIT FOR 5 MINS FOR THE WHITE PPT
2)also gives a positive test with ammonium oxalate
3)flame test: crimson red

directly os + (nh4)2so4 will do

nickle(group 4): 1)bright green in colour

2)os+nh4cl
3)+ammonium hydroxide (sudden colour change,turns blue)
4)+h2s(trough kipps apparaatus) ----->black ppt(nickle sulphide)
5)on adding aqua regia[less amount](3:1 conc hcl and hno3) and
long,strong heating ppt dissolves
6)solution is cooled
 7)on adding nh4oh to neutrilise there will be a bluer tone colour
8)dmg(dimethyl glyoxine) added to get a red rose colouration\

NOTE: two times naoh,before and after dissolving with aqua regia

os+nh4oh+dmg would do
cobalt(grown 4): 1)bright maroon in colour
2)os+nh4cl+cool+nh4oh+h2s gas---->black ppt
3)on adding aqua regia and heating ppt dissolves(colour of
solution is blue)---hot solution-blue cold solution-pink
4)to thwtest tube acetone and ammonium thoicyanate crystals give
blue colouration

potassium ferrocyanide: 1)+ copper os---->chocolate brown

2)after dissolving with hcl to iron---->deep blue
3)+zinc os---->greenish ppt