SALT ANALYSIS - SYSTemATIc Procedure
NAme :-………………………….. cLASS/Sec :-………………..
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Absence of Fe2+, Fe3+,
1 Colour White
Cu2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Cr3+, Ni2+
Solubility :-
Cold/Hot Water, Original Solution (O.S) is in
2 Soluble in …………….
Cold/Hot dil.Hcl, ………………
Cold/Hot Conc. Hcl
3 IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
Priliminary Tests Group - 1
Brisk effversence is evolved. May be CO32-
Colourless gas with rotten egg smell that
turns Lead Acetate paper into black is May be S2-
evolved.
(a) Dry Salt + Dil.H2SO4
Colourless gas with the smell of buruing
sulphur that turns orange potassium May be SO32-
dichromate paper into green is evolved.
Reddish brown gas is evolved. May be NO2-
Priliminary Tests Group - 2
Pungent & Colourless gas that gives dense
white fumes with a glass rod dipped in NH3
or NH4OH Solution and turns green on May be Cl-
adding MnO2 is evolved.
Dry Salt + Conc.H2SO4+ Reddish brown fumes which intensify on
(b) May be Br-
Heat adding MnO2 is evolved.
Violet gas that becomes dense on adding
MnO2 is evolved. May be I-
Reddish brown fumes which intensify on
May be NO3-
adding paper pellete.
Priliminary Tests Group - 3
Salt Solution + BaCl2 White ppt. is formed. Which is insoluble
(C) May be SO42-
Solution in Dil HCl / HNO3 is formed.
Salt Solution + Conc.
HNO3+Ammonium Yellow Crystalline ppt. is formed.
(d) PO43- is Confirmed
Molybdate Solution (crystalline canary yellow ppt.)
+ Heat
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
2-
Carbonate (CO3 ) :-
Lime Water Test Brisk effervescence that turns lime water
CO32- is Confirmed.
Salt Solution + Dil HCl milky is evolved.
(a) MgSO4 Test
Salt Solution + White PPt. is formed. CO32- is Confirmed.
MgSO4Solution
Sulphide (S2-) :-
Lead acetate Test
Black PPt. is formed. S2- is Confirmed.
Salt Solution + lead
(b) acetate Solution
Sodium nitoprusside
Salt Solution + Sodium Purple or violet Colouration is formed. S2- is Confirmed.
nitoprusside Solution
Sulphite (SO32-) :-
Barium Chloride Test White PPt. is formed. Which is souble in Dil
SO32- is Confirmed.
Salt Solution + HCl.
BaCl2 Solution
(C)
KMnO4 Test
Salt Solution + KMnO4
KMnO4 Solution colour gets discharged. SO32- is Confirmed.
Solution + Acidified Dil.
H2SO4
Nitrite (NO2-) :-
Ferrous Sulphate Test
Dark brown or Black colouration is formed. NO2- is Confirmed.
Salt Solution +
(d) FeSO4 Solution
Diphenylamine Test
Salt Solution + A deep blue colouration is formed. NO2- is Confirmed.
Diphenylamine Solution
Chloride (Cl-)
Chromyl chloride Test
Dry salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 +
Conc.H2SO4 + Heat.
(e) Yellow fumes evolved are Yellow ppt. Cl- is Confirmed.
passed into NaOH
solution + Lead Acetate
solution + Acetic
acid
Chloride (Cl-), Bromide
White PPt. Soluble in NH3 Solution.
(Br-), Iodide (I-)
For Cl-
Silver Nitrate Test Dirty white PPt. is partially Soluble in NH3 Cl-, Br-, I-
(f)
is Confirmed.
Salt Solution + AgNO3 Solution. For Br-
Solution Yellow ppt. in soluble in NH3 for Iodide
Nitrate (NO3-) :-
Brown ring Test
Salt Solution + freshly
(g) Brown ring is formed. NO3- is Confirmed.
prepared FeSO4 Solution
+ Conc. H2SO4 along the
sides of the test tube.
Sulphate (SO42-) :-
Lead acetate Test White PPt. is formed, which is souble in hot
(h) SO42- is Confirmed.
Salt Solution + lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
4 IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS PRILIMINARY GROUP ANALYSIS
Colourless gas with the smell of NH3 that
Dry salt + NaOH
(a) gives dense white fumes with a glass rod May be NH4+
Solution + Heat
dipped in Conc. HCl is evolved.
Original Solution +
(b) White ppt. is formed. May be Pb2+
Dil HCl
Into the above, H2S gas
© Black PPt. is formed. May be Cu2+
is passed.
H2S is boiled off from
the above, and Excess White gelatinous
(d) May be Al3+/Fe3+
soild NH4Cl + NH4OH PPt./Brown PPt. is formed.
Solution added
Into the above, H2S gas Dirty white PPt./Buff coloured PPt./Black
(e) May be Zn2+ / Mn2+ / Ni2+ / Co2+
is passed. PPt. is formed.
Boil off H2S from the
(f) above and add White ppt. is formed. May be Ba2+ or Sr2+ or Ca2+
(NH4)2CO3 Soultion.
The above Soultion +
Sodium Hydrogen
Phosphate Solution.
(g) White Crystalline PPt. is formed. Mg2+ Is Confirmed.
The test tube is
scratched along its
side.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Ammonium (NH4 +
)
Nessler's reagent Test
Reddish brown or Orange colouration is
(a)
Salt Solution + NH4+ is Confirmed.
formed.
Nessler's reagent
Solution
Lead (Pb2+)
White ppt. is dissolved
(b) in Hot water.
The solution is made
into 2 parts
(i) 1st Part + KI Solution Yellow PPt. is formed. Pb2+ is Confirmed.
2nd Part +
(ii)
K2CrO4Solution
Yellow PPt. is formed. Pb2+ is Confirmed.
Copper (Cu2+)
Black ppt. is dissolved
(c) in 50% HNO3.
The solution is made
into 2 parts
(i) 1st Part + NH3 Solution Deep blue colouration is formed. Cu2+ is Confirmed.
2nd Part + K4[Fe(CN)6]
(ii) Chocalate brown PPt. is formed. Cu2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
Aluminium (Al3+)
Blue lake Test:-
(d) White gelatinous PPt. is
A floating, blue layer is formed on the
dissolved in Dil HCl +
Blue litmus solution +
surface of the clear solution. Al3+ is Confirmed.
Blue lake is formed.
NH3Solution
Iron (Fe3+)
Brown ppt. is dissolved
(e) in Dil HCl.
The solution is made
into 2 parts
(i) 1st Part + K4[Fe(CN)6] Prussian blue colour is formed. Fe3+ is Confirmed.
2nd Part + KCNS
(ii) Blood Red Colour is formed. Fe3+ is Confirmed.
solution
Zinc (Zn2+)
(f) Dirty white ppt. + Dil HCl.
The solution is made
into 2 parts
Greyish-white ppt. obtained. Add NaOH (in
1st Part + NaOH
(i) excess) to the greyish-white ppt. Which is Zn2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
dissolves in excess of NaOH.
2nd Part + K4[Fe(CN)6]
(ii) White ppt. is formed. Zn2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Manganese (Mn2+)
Buff colour ppt. is
(g) dissloved in Dil HCl.
The solution is made
into 2 parts
1st Part + NaOH
(i) Buff Coloured PPt. is formed. Mn2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
(ii) 2nd Part + PbO2+ HNO3 Violet colouration is formed. Mn2+ is Confirmed.
Nikel (Ni2+),
Black ppt. is dissolved
in Aqua regia. The
(h) solution is dried & the
residue is dissolved in
water and the solution
obtained is made into
2 parts
1st Part + DMG +
(i)
NH4OH Solution
Brick red PPt. is formed. Ni2+ is Confirmed.
Barium (Ba2+),
Strontium (Sr2+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
(i)
White ppt. + Acetic acid.
The solution is made
into 3 parts
1st Part + K2CrO4
(i) Yellow PPt. is formed. Ba2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
2nd Part + (NH4)2SO4
(ii) White PPt. is formed. Sr2+is Confirmed.
Solution
3rd Part + (NH4)2Cr2O7
(iii) White PPt. is formed. Ca2+ is Confirmed.
Solution
