Assignment on: Dynamics of Public Administration and
Management
Course Title : Introduction to Public Administration
Course Code : PAGS 111
Submitted To:
Shanjay Kumar Mukharje
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Public Administration and Governance Studies
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
Trishal, Mymensingh
Submitted By:
Alvi Amin Sarker (21123119)
Session: 2020-21
1st Year, 1st Semester
Dept. of Public Administration and Governance Studies
Date of submission- 18-05-2022.
CONTENTS
Serial Name of the Chapters Page No
number
1 Description 01
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
2 02
Public-Private Interface: A Relational Matrix in Administration
3 02
4 Development of Public Administration as an Academic 03
Discipline
Paradigmatic Shifts
5 03
Approaches to the study of Public Administration
6 04
Basic Concepts of Public Administration
7 04
From the new Public Administration to New Public
8 Management 05
(NPA to NPM)
9 Management Theories 06
Administrative Management
10 07
Public Administration and Public Policy
11 08
Ecology: Public Administration and Society
12 09
Conclusion
13 10
Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Description
Title of the book: Dynamics of Public Administration and
Management.
Author of the book: M.Abul Kashem Mozumder, Ph.D.
The year of publication: The book was first published on January 1st, 2018.
Publishers name: A H Development Publishing House.
The total number of 12 chapters.
chapters:
The total number of 219 pages.
pages:
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Chapter 1
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Public administration is a dynamic discipline. It is a set of processes, organizations, groups,
society, as well as individuals associated with implementing laws and other rules administered by
the judiciary, legislatures, and executives. The concept of public administration has been gradually
changed with time and made accordingly to the necessities of organizations, societies, as well as
individuals. It also varies with the context of the country. The model of administration of
developed countries is not compatible with developing countries. Public administration is a practical
and theoretical field concerned with governmental best practices. Hence, policies developed and
implemented by officials are the main focus of this knowledge domain.
Chapter 2
Public-Private Interface: A Relational Matrix in Administration
The distinction between public and private administration is either vague or both have remarkable
similarities. Similarities are of the same importance as distinctions. Co-ordination is one of the
similarities. Another resemblance between public and private organizations is that the concepts and
techniques of scientific management apply to both of them. Interpersonal relations between workers
and leaders are essential to achieving the goal of organizations. Both are bureaucratic. Even though
there are many similarities between public and private sectors, public administration differences are also
present. Both public and private organizations are generally premised on the law. there is a widespread
perception that what government does is inefficient and ineffective They think that private
administration is more corruption-free than public administration, although they work with an intuition
of profit
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Chapter 3
Development of Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Public Administration is an activity as old as human civilization. In the modern age, it became the
dominant factor in life. It is a set of processes, organizations, groups, society, as well as individuals
associated with implementing laws and other rules administered by the judiciary, legislatures, and
executives. The concept of public administration has been gradually changed with time and made
accordingly to the necessities of organizations, societies, as well as individuals. Public
administration as a discipline was also inspired by the emerging school of scientific management
in the 20th century. Public administration is both a subject of study and an activity or intellectual
discipline. As an activity, it is as old as social life itself.
Chapter 4
Paradigmatic Shifts
In the academic field. Public Administration developed as five overlapping paradigms. Each
paradigm can be understood in terms of locus or focus. Locus means institutional where and focus
is specialized what of the field. When one has been sharply defined, the other is relatively ignored.
• Paradigm-1: Politics/Administration dichotomy (1900-1926)
• Paradigm-2: The Principles of Administration (1927-1937)
• Paradigm-3: Public Administration as Political Science (1950-1970)
• Paradigm-4: Public Administration as Administrative Science (1956-1970)
• Paradigm-5: Public Administration as Public Administration (1970- present)
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Chapter 5
Approaches to the study of Public Administration
Public Administration is very recent as a systematic field of study. The bulk of literature on public
administration deals mainly with three approaches. The bulk of the literature on public
administration deals mainly with three approaches. One sees public administration as essential
management called Managerial Approach. Another emphasis on its political nature is called
Political Approach. And the third is its legalistic concerns and processes called Legal Approach.
Therefore, three major approaches have been analyzed first and then other approaches have also
been highlighted to identify the internal landscape of public administration.
Chapter 6
Basic Concepts of Public Administration
Organizations are the distinctively structured and regulated form of purposeful interaction of
individuals and groups. Put another way, organizations represent the purposeful cooperation of
people based on shared structures, rules, interests, and values. The first and foremost objective of
organizations is striving for survival by fulfilling their purpose. Economic organizations must
fulfill a double purpose; they must produce the product or service they have been created for, and
in doing so they must produce an economic yield that allows extended reproduction.
The process of making such plans to achieve some goal or objective is called Planning. Planning
can be defined as the process of selecting a future course of action. Decision-making is defined as
the process of selecting a course of action from the alternatives. They need to be accurate for the
welfare of the organization. Staffing involves the determination of manpower requirements of the
enterprise and providing it with adequate competent people at all levels. Staffing is the function
by which managers build an organization through the recruitment, selection, and development, of
individuals as capable employees. Thus, staffing plays a vital role in human resource planning. It
ensures the best utilization of manpower in the organization.
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Staffing is the key to all other managerial functions. It helps to maintain a satisfactory workforce
in an enterprise. A hierarchy is an organizational structure in which items are ranked according to
levels of importance. Most governments, corporations, and organized religions are hierarchical.
Chapter 7
From the new Public Administration to New Public Management
(NPA to NPM)
Most of the great events that occurred in our society were probably achieved through a significant
contribution of what we today would call public administration. The field of Public administration
dates back to 1887 with the publication of Woodrow Wilson’s founding essay “The Study of
Administration”. Old Public Administration is rooted in political science studies and deals with a
unitary view of a state in which policymaking and implementation are managed by the central
government through a bureaucratic model. It assumes the model as effective by nature since
prescribed by the law. Efficiency is rather pursued through the respect of procedure with which
employees and organizations have to comply with. Those rules are decided upstream by elected
and implicitly assumed, accountable politicians. Hierarchy is the key coordination mechanism for
Public Administration. The old model was firmly political, although there was a strong separation
between politics and administration, where objectives and policies were decided by elected
officials, and technical solutions identified by the civil servants and citizens were almost
exclusively considered as voters.
New Public Management emerged as a response to the rising complexity and fiscal crisis faced by
governments around the world. NPM was a stamp that has been put on top of any Western
country’s reforms of the public sector. “he doctrines of public sector management encompassed
by New Public Management have been variously described by different commentators” By
comparison, the NPM is a child of neo-classical economics and particularly of rational/public
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
choice theory. It proposes an agency fiction and privatization of public bodies and policy
implementation is pursued through individual service units, ideally in competition with each other.
NPM’s focus is on intra-organizational processes and performance management emphasizes the
economy and efficiency of service delivery.
Chapter 8
Management Theories
Management theories are a collection of ideas that recommend general rules for how to manage
an organization or business. Management theories address how supervisors implement strategies
to accomplish organizational goals and how they motivate employees to perform at their highest
ability. Typically, leaders apply concepts from different management theories that best suit their
employees and company culture. Managers perform the functions of planning, organizing, staffing,
controlling, and leading.
Using these theories, leaders learn how to make the most of their team members, improving
performances and increasing productivity. Management theories give leaders strategies that speed
up the decision-making process, helping those leaders be more effective in their roles. Leaders
learn how to encourage team member participation and increase collaboration in the workplace.
Management theories encourage leaders to make scientifically proven changes rather than relying
on their judgment.
Henri Fayol, a senior executive and mining engineer, developed this theory when he examined an
organization from the perspective of the managers and situations they might encounter. He
believed that leaders had six main functions, forecast, plan, coordinate, command, and control, and
he developed principles that outlined how leaders should organize and interact with their teams.
He suggested that the principles should not be rigid but that it should be left up to the manager to
determine how they use them to manage efficiently and effectively.
Three branches of classical theory can be identified, such as (1) Scientific Management, (2)
Administrative Management, and (3) Bureaucratic Management.
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
The classical management theory believes that employees are strongly motivated by their physical
needs and more specifically, monetary incentives. As such, organizations that implement this
management style often incorporate regular opportunities for employees to be rewarded for their
productivity with incentives. This can increase an employee’s feeling of appreciation through
recognition of their accomplishments as well as make it easier for managers to motivate workers.
Taylor’s principles recommended that the scientific method should be used to perform tasks in the
workplace, as opposed to the leader relying on their judgment or the personal discretion of team
members. His philosophy emphasized that forcing people to work hard would result in the most
productive workplace. Instead, he recommended simplifying tasks to increase productivity. He
suggested that leaders assign team members to jobs that best match their abilities, train them
thoroughly and supervise them to ensure they are efficient in the role.
Chapter 9
Administrative Management
Administrative Management is a term concerned with designing and managing the whole structure
of the organization. It involves monitoring the day-to-day activities of the organization for
ensuring uninterrupted continuity in today’s fast pace environment. Administrative management
is an administrative theory that focuses on creating a formalized administrative structure,
developing a proper hierarchy of authority, deciding their key functions and responsibilities, and
proper division of labor within the organization. It is a very key function for each organization that
enables the management of information via people. Administrative managers keep an eye on
information flow within the organization so that all resources are efficiently utilized for better
productivity. Centralization is said to be a process where the concentration of decision-making is
in a few hands. All the important decisions and actions at the lower level, all subjects, and actions
at the lower level are subject to the approval of top management. According to Allen,
“Centralization” is the systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points in the
organization Decentralization is a systematic delegation of authority at all levels of
management and in all of the organization. In a decentralization concern, authority is retained by
the top management for taking major decisions and framing policies concerning the whole
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
concern. The rest of the authority may be delegated to the middle level and lower level of
management.
Weber's theory of bureaucratic management also has two essential elements. First, it entails
structuring an organization into a hierarchy. Secondly, the organization and its members are
governed by clearly defined rational-legal decision-making rules. Each element helps an
organization achieve its goals.
An organizational hierarchy is the arrangement of the organization by level of authority about the
levels above and below it. For example, a vice-president of marketing is below the company's
president, at the same level as the company's vice president of sales, and above the supervisor of
the company's social media department. Each level answers to the level above it, with the ultimate
leader of the organization at the top.
Chapter 10
Public Administration and Public Policy
Public policy is a process of selecting strategies and making choices. Public policymaking includes
some steps –getting of agenda, policy formulation, policy adoptions, policy implementation.
Public administrators oversee the formulation, development, adoption, implementation, and
evaluation of public policies. It must be also evaluated to see the intended results, and to revise
existing and future public programs and projects. Public policy can be studied as producing three
types of policies distributive, regulatory, and re-distributive related to the decision-making
process. Public administration is the set of processes, structures, functions, methods, and
procedures. Public administration is the formulation and particularly implementation of public
policy and the examination of the strategies and choices associated with that process. Public
administration also can be defined as public programs and projects, professions, and an academic
field of study. There is no clear separation between administration and politics in the development
of government policy and public administration. Administrators engage in political acts by
recommending legislation as much as by making policy decisions in carrying out the laws. The
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
administrator’s understanding of managerial issues and policies places them in a position of
substantial expertise, while their knowledge of administrative and legal procedures helps them by
suggesting ways of managing and enforcing the laws. The most modern forms of governance,
administrative innovations allow us to assume that legislative and implementing contents of
institutional activity today acquire new specific features. Executive bureaucratic structures using
expert-consultation services, get more and more possibilities to influence not only the
implementation of policy and the estimation of activities but also to directly influence the
preparation of public sector directions and strategy.
Chapter 11
Ecology: Public Administration and Society
Public administration has aspects from socio-political and economic spheres over some time. The
modern state can hardly operate without civil service or public administration as an organizational
device due to the complexity of government functions. The environment plays a vital role to affect
bureaucracy or the administrative system of both developed and developing countries. This
ecological approach displays differences in the bureaucracy of both developed and developing
nations that eventually assist policymakers to formulate effective policies for the sake of national
interest. As a society becomes more complicated, as its division of labor ramifies more widely, as
its commerce extends, as technology takes the place of handicrafts and local self-sufficiency.
Social values also provide how one should observe manners and communicate with one another
in a formal situation.
Politics and administration are intimately related to each other. public administration functions
within the political system of a country. Public administration is a cluster of separate but
interrelated disciplines. Public Administration is developed within the discipline of political
sciences. For many, P.A. is merely a subfield of political science public agencies. These affect
Government decisions- influencing the formulation and implementation of policy.
There is a continuous interaction between the political and administrative structures. Public
administration, is unavoidably a sub-system of the political system, not just related to it through
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Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
inputs and outputs but dependent upon it for its basic structure and influenced by its values'. One
is supported by the other. The political system impacts the bureaucracy in many ways.
Chapter 12
Conclusion
Public administration is a vital component of democratic governance structures. Any essay about public
service provides numerous supporting arguments. If it were not for public administration, it would be
impossible to meet society’s needs. There can be no doubt that Public Administration is a science.
But it is to be understood that Public Administration is a social science like other social sciences,
namely, Political Science, Economics, Ethics, etc.
Public Administration deals with human beings who have a will and a mind of their own and are
capable of thinking and acting in several ways. Matters of human relationships are not amenable
to the technique of physical science. Some of the challenges of public administration are inadequate
resources, continually increasing demand for such services, controversial goals, and expectations, etc.
Street-level bureaucrats need to find a balance between various interests and requirements.
There is a complex structure of organizations in public administration. What they all have in common
is an aim to meet the needs of the public. They need to work in agreement with each other and the
overall direction of the government. Different organizations participate in public administration. Each
entity has its pattern for the decision-making process. That process is often time-consuming and
challenging. Moreover, decisions need to pass the test of time. Otherwise, the course of action should
be modified.
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