TRIANGLES

17
17.1 REVIEW
1. Definition ofa triangle :
is called a triangle and is usually denoted by the
Aclosed figure, having 3
sides, A
Greek letter A (delta). ABC)
given alongside, shows a triangle ABC (A
The figure, CA.
bounded by three sides AB, BC and
2. Vertex : called
point, where any twosides of a triangle meet, is
The
a vertex.
has : A, B and C.
three vertices, namely[Vertices
Clearly, the given triangle ABC is the plural of vertex]

Triangle ABC has

C.
1. three non-collinear points A, B and
CA.
2. three sides namely AB, BC and
3. three angles ZABC, ZBCA and ZCAB.
its six parts or six elements.
Three sides and three angles of a triangle are called
4. Three vertices, A, B and C.
AC and C is vertexX
Ais vertex opposite to side BC, B is vertex opposite to side
opposite to side AB.

3. Interior angles :
In A ABC(given above), the angles BAC, ABC and ACB are called its interior angles
as they lie inside the A ABC.
The sum of interior angles of a triangle is always 180°. R
() (i)

BL Q

[ZA + ZB + C= 180°] [P+ ZQ + ZR = 180°]

4. Exterior angles :
When any side of a triangle is produced the angle so formed, Outside the triangle
and at its vertex, is called its exterior angle. A
For a given triangle ABC, if side BC is produced to
the point D, then ZACD is its exterior angle. And, if side
AC is produced to the point E, then the exterior angle would D
be BCE.

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 Thus, at every vertex, two exterior angles can be formed and that these two angles
being
vertically opposite angles, are always equal.
Also, at each vertex of a triangle, the sum of
oxterior angle and its corresponding interior angle is E
180

In ABC, given alongside,

Exterior angle + Interior angle = 180° A

At vertex A: ZBAE + ZA =180°

At vertex B: CBF + ZB= 180° and B
At vertex C: ZACD + ZC = 180° B C D

5. Interior opposite angles:

When any side of a triangle is produced, an exterior angle
triangle, that are
is formed. The two interior angles of this called
A

its interior
00DOsite to the exterior angle formed, are
opposite angles.
is produced to the
In the given figure, side BC of A ABC D
so that the exterior ZACD is formed. Then the tWo B
point D,
and ABC.
interior opposite angles are BAC
6. Relation between exterior
angle and interior opposite angles :
interior opposite
angle of a triangle is always equal to the sum of its two
Exterior
angles.
ZACD = ZBAC + ZABC.
Thus in the figure, given above,
alongside,
Similarly; in the triangle ABC, drawn
Exterior angle CAE = ZB + 0 D
angle ABF = A+ Z0. F B
and exterior
Example 1: 70° ?
Can a triangle have angles 60°, 70° and
() its third angle.
Two angles of a triangle are 48° and 73°, find Find the angles.
(ii)
triangle are (2x + 20)°, (x+ 30)° and (2x - 10).
(ii) Three angles of a
Solution:
70° = 200°
() Since, 60° + 70° + and 70° (Ans.)
triangle can not have angles 60°, 70°
’ A 180°]
Sum of the angles of a triangle is always
[Remember :
48° + 73° = 1210
Sum of two given angles =
(i) (Ans.)
121° = 59°
’ The third angle = 180° - 180°
interior angles of atriangle =
(i) Since, the sum of the
10) = 180°
.. (2x + 20) + (x + 30) + (2x- 180°
5x + 40 =
140
i.e. 5x = 180 40 = 140 and x = 5
= 28

Triangles 207
 Required angles = (2x + 20)°, (x + 30)° and (2x- 10)
= (2 x 28 + 20)°, (28 + 30)° and (2 x 2 28- 10)
= 76, 58° and 46°
(Ans.)
Example 2 : A
value of :
Use the figure, given alongside, to find the
(i) x,
130°
(i) ZBAC, D
(ii) ZACB.
Solution :
opposite angles
() Since, the exterior angle of a A = Sum of its two interior
130° = 7X+ 6x
13x = 130°
130°
X = 13 = 10°
(Ans.)
(i) BAC = 7x=7x 10° = 70° (Ans.)
(i) ZACB = 6x= 6x 10° = 60° (Ans.)

EXERCISE 17(A)
1. State, if the triangles are possible with the following angles :
() 20°, 70° and 90° (ii) 40°, 130° and 20°
(ii) 60°, 60° and 50° (iv) 125°, 40° and 15°
2. If the angles of a triangle are equal, find its angles.
3. In a triangle ABC, ZA = 45° and ZB = 75°, find ZC.
4. In a triangle PQR, ZP = 60 and ZQ= ZR, find R.
5. Calculate the unknown marked angles in each figure : a

() (ii)
90° 6 40°
80°
30° 20°

6. Find the value of each angle in the given figures :

A
(0) (i1)
A

4x° C
P

2x° 2x°
B

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 Findthe unknown marked angles in the given figures :
1.
(i) (ii) " (iv)
bo

/m-5

60° m°+5
50° 90

Za =Zb+ LC.
A. In the given figure, show that:
(i) If Zb =60° and Zc= 50°, finda.
find Zc. M
(i) If Za= 100° and Zb= 55°,
find Z6.
(ii) lf a= 108° and Zc = 48°, a

a triangle, if they are in the

ratio 4 :5: 6.
9. Calculate the angles of ratio of 5:7.
triangle is 60°. The other two angles are in the
10. One angle of a
Findthe two angles.
in the ratio
triangle is 61° and the other twO angles are
11. One angle of a
Find these angles.
figures.
Find the unknown marked angles in the given
12. (ii)
(iÜ) V60° P20
() 35°

122°
110°
A 30°

(vi)
(iv) 135°
a 140°
C

125° 630 x*112°

a 73

(ix)
(vi) 4m 140°

2m a05
a
120°

209
 17.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
(a) With regard to their angles : 60
1. Acute angled triangle :
It is a triangle, whose each angle is acute, i.e., each angle is B40e
less than 90. X

2. Right angled triangle :

It is a triangle, whose one angle is a right angle, i.e., equal to 90°.
The figure, given alongside, shows a right angled triangle XYZ
as XYZ = 90°. 90
Y

() One angle of a right angled triangle is 90° and the other two angles of it are
acute
angles, such that their sum is always 90°.
In A XYZ, given above, ZY = 90° and each of ZX and
ZZ is acute such that
ZX+ ZZ = 90°.
(ii) In a right angled triangle, the side opposite to the right angle is
and is called the hypotenuse. In given right angled A XYZ, side XZ largest of all its sides
is the hypotenuse.
3. Obtuse angled triangle : P
If one angle of a triangle is more than 90°, it
is called an obtuse angled triangle.
130°
In case of an obtuse angled triangle, each of the
other
two angles is always acute and their sum is less than 90°.

(b) With regard to their sides :

X
1. Scalene triangle :
If all the sides of a triangle are 4 cm
unequal, it is called a
scalene triangle.
In a
scalene triangle, all its angles are also unequal. 5 cm

2.. Isosceles triangle :

A
If atleast two sides of a
triangle are equal, it is called an
isosceles triangle.
In A ABC, shown alongside, side AB =
side AC.
.. AABC is an isosceles triangle. B

(i) The angle contained by equal sides i.e.

BAC is called the vertical angle or the
angle of vertex.
(ii) The third side (the unequal side) is
called the base of the isosceles triangle.
(ii) The two other angles (other than the angle of
of the triangle. vertex) are called the base angle

17.3 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

The base angles, i.e., the angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are
always equal.

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Concise MATHEMATICS Middle
 In given triangle ABC.
side AB3= side BC, then angle
opposite to BC, i.e., 20 = ZA. opposite AB= angle
to
( )if side BC = side AC, then angle opposite to BC = angle
opposite to AC, i.e. ZA = ZB and so on.
Conversely : If any two angles of a triangle are equal, the
sides opposite to these angles are also equal, i.e., the triangle is
Thus in A ABC,
isosceles.
) if B= 20 ’ Side opp0site to ZB = side opposite to C side AC = side AB.
(1) if ZA = ZB side BC = side AC and so on.
3. Equilateral triangle :
If all the three sides of a triangle are equal, it is called an
equilateral triangle.
In the given figure, AABC is equilateral, because AB =BC =CA
Also, all the angles of an equilateral triangle are equal to each other
and so each angle = 60° [:60° + 60° + 60° = 1801
Since, all the angles of an equilateral triangle are equal, it is also known as
equiangular triangle.
always true.
An equilateral triangle is always an isosceles triangle, but its converse is not
4. lsosceles right angled triangle :
is called an
If one angle of an isosceles triangle is 90°, it
Isosceles right angled triangle.
triangle,
In the given figure, AABC is an isosceles right angled 90H c
because:ZACB = 90° and AC = BC.
the base angles
Here, the base is AB, the vertex is C and
are BAC and ABC, which are equal.
triangle = 180°
Since, the sum of the angles of a
..ZABC= BAC = 45° [45° + 45° + 90°= 180]

angled triangle, obtuse

An isosceles triangle can be acute
angled triangle or right angled triangle.
Example 3:
find the base angles.
In the given isosceles triangle,
Solution :
Let each of the base angles be x. 180°1
X+ X +40° = 180° (Sum of the angles of a A =
2x + 40° = 180° A
2x = 180° 40°

X =
140° = 70° ..Each base angle is 70° (Ans.)
2
Example 4:
One base angle of an isosceles triangle is 65". B65
Find its angle of vertex.
ngles 211
Solution :
Since, the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Other base angle is also 65°.
Let the angle of vertex be x.
X + 65° + 65° = 180o (Sum of the angles of a A= 180°]
X+ 130° = 180°
X = 180°- 130°= 50°
Example 5:
(Ans.)
If one base angle of an isosceles triangle is double of the vertical angle, find all its
angles.
Solution :
Draw an isosceles triangle in which mark the vertical angle as x.
.. The two base angles will be 2x each.
Hence, X + 2x + 2x = 180°
180°
5x = 180° and x= = 36°
5
2x = 2 x 36° = 72°
Vertical angle 36° and each base angle = 72°
(Ans.)
Example 6:
The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 5 :3:4. Find the angles.
Solution :
Let the angles be 5x, 3x and 4x
Sum of the angles of a triangle = 180°
5x + 3x + 4x = 180°

12x = 180° and x = 180° 15°

12
Angles of the triangle = 5x, 3x and 4x
= 5 x 15°, 3 x 15° and 4 x 15°
= 75°, 45° and 60° (Ans.)
Alternative method :
5 +3 + 4 =12
5 3 4
Angles = x 180°, x 180° and X 180°
12 12 12
= 75°, 45° and 60° (Ans.)
Example 7:
In the given figure, ZA = 55°, ZABC= 45° and 55°
ZD = 40°, find BED.

A0

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Concise MATHEMATICS Middle
Solution
:
in AABC, exterior angle BCD =ZA+ B
= 55° + 45 = 100°

In
4ECD, exterior angle BED = BCD + D
=100° +40° = 140° (Ans.)

EXERCISE 17(B)

1. Findthe unknown angles in the given figures:

() (Gin) ()
20

90° 80
b

(V) B6°
"(vi)

m/

find the unknown angles

Apply the properties of isosceles and equilateral triangles to
2.
in the given figures :
" (i)
(1) 60

130

120 25
40°7

base angles.
angle of vertex of an isosceles triangle is 100°. Find its
3. The of vertex.
One of the base angles of an isoSceles triangle is 52°. Find its angle
4. Find all the
isosceles triangle, each base angle is four times of its vertical angle.
5. In an
angles of the triangle.
angles.
triangle is 15° more than each of its base
6. The vertical angle of an isosceles
Find each angle of the triangle.

Triangles 213
 7. The base angle of an isosceles triangle is 15° more than its
each angle. vertical angle. Find its
8. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is three times the sum of
Find each angle.
its base
9. The ratio between a base angle and the vertical angle of an isosceles
angles
:4. Find each angle of the triangle.
the given figure, BI 0s the bisector of ZABC
triangle is
and CI is the bisector of ACB. Find ZBIC.

B
C
" 11. In the given figure, express a in terms of b.

12. (a) n Figure (i) BP bisects ZABC and AB = AC. Find x.

NFind x in Figure (i). () (i)
Given : DA = DB = DC, BD bisects XP
60
ZABC and ADB =70°.

(13. h each figure, given below, ABCD is a square A B

and A BEC is an equilateral triangle.
B
(0) (iü) B A 2%56

EK
90°
D
C D
Find, in each case : (i) ZABE (ii) ZBAE
" 14. In A ABC, BA and BC are produced.
Find the angles a and b, if AB = BC. 854 a

126

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Concise MATHEMATICS
 MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
Choosethe correct answer from the options given below. 80

Thevalue of angle xis:

1.
()30° (i) 50° (i) 40° (iv) 80°
84
2.
The value of angle x is :
()84° (i) 96°
(i) 132° (iv) 48°
the ratio 1:2; the
3. One
angle of a triangle is 60° and the other two angles are in
bigger of these twO angles is :
() 60° (i) 90° (ii) 40°
2:3:1; the smallest angle is :
AThe angles of a triangle are in the ratio (iv) none of these
() 30° (i) 45° (i) 60°
to BC.
5. In the given figure, DE is parallel
The value of xis:
()50° (ii) 45°
(ii) 40° (iv) 35°
50
D

6. The value of angle x is: 124°

() 76° (ii) 68°
(iv) none of these
(iü) 56°
7. The value of angle x is:
(i) 25°
() 45°
(iv) none of these
(ii) 30°
K3 A
8. The length of AB is :
(i) 23 unit 3x + 4 Xx+38
(i) 46 unit
(ii) 61 unit 2x + 15 C

O)73 unit
9. The value of angle x is:
)35° (i) 45°
85°
(iv) 65°
55°
10. The value of angle x is : 72°4
(ii) 126°
() 54°
(ii) 108° (iv) 306°

Triangles 215