The Number System 41, NUMBERS Astudy of the order and regularity among numbers is an important feature of mathematics. Discovery of patterns in numbers can help predict future behaviour through chains of reasoning. For this a keen perception of values and number relations is essential. Natural Numbers The most familiar numbers are the counting numbers or the natural numbers 1,2,3...... ‘They are also called cardinal numbers or positive integers. They are associated with any ess of counting objects through one-to-one correspondence though often this one-to- one correspodence may be used without counting and vice versa. Integers ; . The set of integers contains all natural numbers, negatives of natural numbers and abo 3 {..-44.-20, -19,...005, 1,0, 1,2, 3,00. + 105,....4. } An integer is a whole number and does not have a fractional part. Measurement We can associate the concepts of distance and measurement with numbers. Take a point 0 on a line. On the right of 0 mark all positive integers with a certain unit of measurement. With the same unit mark all negative integers on the left of 0. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ‘The distance between 0 and | is a unit which is the distance between any two consecutive Points on either side of 0. There is one-to-one zorrespondence between certain points on the number line and the integers. To each natural number r there corresponds one and only one point with coordinate + on this line, ie. r units to the right of 0. Similarly a Point r units to the left of 0 will have the coordinate —r. A manipulation of integers by adding, subtracting multiplying, dividing etc., gives Tise to integers as well as fractions, decimals and irrational numbers. .arnemarics AND STATISTICS FOR PEON. MATH i \ the denomingy, i " ftw ers, positive oF ne ative, » integers. positive ei t a onal number is a Fatio © Ara er0. being nonz the quotient being 2 5, g rational O then = : re integers and b # yl ¢ not all rational numbers are integer, ut 5 ion 1 jis an integer. But the fraction 3 in, Ia, bat are rational numbers All integers wr. Being equal to 2 it fraction © isa rational numbe! 3 integer. j an inte me rational number. 8 ang 4, k-# 0 represent the Sa pO ir k=0, 2-2 has no meaning. "50 2 int on the number line shor A rational number + can be represented by a po : 7, distance from the origin 0. There is an infinite number of rational points on any te segment. . a ‘The set of rational numbers contains all decimal numbers of the form + where ¢ , are integers and b #0. i 4 are examples of rational numbers. A rational number can thus be expressed as a terminay, decimal or as a repeating decimal. ting 1 ).25, = = 0.333, . 3 Irrational Numbers Rational numbers do not constitute the set of all the ers. T are ni r numbers. There imber whose distances, from the origin, on the number line, cannot be descri ‘ 7 is s described by the’ ratios of A number which cannot be expressed ii ° : : iveditar tad on ed exactly by using integers, fractions or decimals a 2 =1.4142. 4S an irrational number, as it canni the square root in decimals never lot be expressed as a fraction terminates, Other examples are {/7, 92, mete. Numbers like 0.16 ; .1616., since they can be expressed coordinate fc " ‘Oes not have i a5 the pail ‘or an irrational number exi. @ ration: ratio OF two integers exists but its dijue NUMBBR SYSTEM 105 Real Numbers Rationals and irrationals together constitute the reul number system ‘Any real a is a Fationul or irrational, Any point on the number line 1s pelated t0 some corresponding real number uniquely und each real number is related 10 gome corresponding point on the number line uniquely. ‘The classification of the set of all real numbers is as follows: Real Numbers —t—_, Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers -—t___, Positive Integers Positive Fractions Negative Integers Negative Fractions Zero The real number system can be presented as a deductive logical system. By the use of the properties of this system and the operations performed therein we can understand the reasoning behind any steps in mathematical methods connected with real numbers. ‘The operations on real numbers are applicable to rational and irrational numbers. 42 AXIOMS OF REAL NUMBERS The real number system is fundamental to ‘mathematical analysis. It may be defined as a complete, simply ordered field thus suggesting that it is a system which is (i) a field (i) simply ordered, and (iii) complete. We divide the axioms for real numbers into three groups. A. The axioms of the field. B. The axioms of order. C. The axioms of compjéteness. ‘The meanings of fields, simple order and completeness will be clear from the axioms which are discussed below and which are used in all the familiar algebraic manipulations. In practice these laws are used with great rapidity so that often we are not even aware of the fact that we are using them, The Axioms of the Field A field is a set of numbers which contains the sum, the difference, the product and the quotient (except division by zero) of any two numbers in the set. When subjected to these operations the resulting numbers continue to remain in the field. There are six axioms of a field for addition and multiplication. Let a, b, ¢ be real numbers. Then we have the following axioms. (i The Axiom of Closure : There is a unique real number a + b which is the result of addition of b to a. Similarly there is a unique real number a - b which is obtained by multiplying a by b. The sum a + b is a unique real number The product a « b is a unique real number.TICS FOr MATIFAIATICS AND STATISTICS FOR Egy 196 ey same real number, g: nmutation a+ band b+ aare the Siig (i) The Axiom of Con ie a hand h aare the same real number ts asbebsaat(btcya(b+e ta — res = (be), ai a-b=b-a, (bc) = ( / be added to the thi (it) The Axiom of Association : Any hy i a a igucly defined. ind, ce. viz, a+ b+ é result will always be the sam ory isteaceme vc, abe lca ‘The product of any two of a, b, ¢, by Quy defined. a as(beca(atbeca(ararbaath +6 a(be) = (ab)c = (ac)b = abe oe = 34. 54+ (344234445, 53.4) “ stributi jects the two operays (iv) The Axiom of Distribution : The distribution law conn Pera Andy, addition and multiplication. The product of a and b + c is the same real number as the sum of ab and ac, a(b +c) =ab+ac (a+b) (c +d) =ac+ad+ bet bd ena z ity: ition of zero to any number Not chan, abe eine wey ee for addition as it leaves the number unchanget a+0=0+a=a The multiplication by 1 leaves a number unchanged. 1 is the identity elemen jy multiplication. For each and every a, a | and a are the same real number, a-l=l-a=a (vi) The Inverse Axiom : For all a, a+(-a)=0 — ais called the additive inverse of + a + ais called the additive inverse of - a For all 4, a#0 1 a 1, aaa — is called the multiplicative inverse of a a ais called the multiplicative inverse of i a The following statements may be regarded as theorems, Proofs are given in som cases, 1. Ifa+a=athenais equal to0 Proof, ataza hypothesis~ a+a+(-a) =a+(-g) a+la+ = [ em +(-2) association a=0ups SYSTEM a w spa is a real mumber then 2 0 = 0 ae 0+0=0 e a(0+0) a-0+a-0 distribution then - a ta2b a "mere is no real number which is a reciprocal of 0. proof, Let there be areal number a which is a reciprocal of 0, then a - 0 = 1. ota: 0 = 050 that O= 1 which is absurd (Every real number a, other than zero has a unique reciprocal 1/a). frate=b+cthena=b proof, atcr() =bo+ Ce) at[e+ Col =b+ [e+ (0) association a+0=b+0 : a=b. Itaczbe and c#b thena=b > 1 ! Proof. (ac) = (be) a 1 1 a(e-4) ~1(¢-4) association ec c - a-1=b-1 | a+b=Othen b Proof. -a+ (a+b) (cata)+b O+b b= . Hab = 1,a# 0 then b= + a al-al- aleMATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS POR Fone, 10K 9 b (- a) = - (ab). 10. (a) (- b) = ab WW a (b-c) =ab-ac Proof a(b—c) =a[b+(-0)) =a-h+a(-c)) = ab ~ ac. 12 13, 14 ifb #0, d#0. 15, ao 16. i 17. b a a 18. at © ¢ c 19. -a+(-a)=(-2)-a b 20. Ifb=axthenx=— a#0 (aby! = a1 6 Le, the reciprocal ofthe product isthe product of the reciproc Proof. (ab) (a! b") = alb (ab) = af(bb a) =a[l-a"]=a-a'=1. Hence the result. 2. ene thena=c b#0 23. -(a+b)=(-a)+(-b) 24. (x-a)(@@+a)=x-a? 25. (a+b) =a? + 2ab +b? The Axioms of Order A field is said 10 be ordered if it satisfies the properties of trichotomy, transit addition and multiplication. This means that real numbers can be thought of as bei arranged on the number line. al A real number a is positive if a > 0 and negative if a < 0. Zero is neither positive nor negative, iW If a, b are real then a < b if and only if b> a. \ There are six axioms of an ordered field, In Let a, b, c be real numbers, ° The Axiom of Trichotomy. If a, b are real then one and only one of following statements is true: abanon sve Te The Axiom of Transitivity a>rbaend b> cthena>c joc band brbihenatc>bec he Axiom of Multiplication ; fa > band c> 0 then ac > be The Axiom of Extent : If a bitand only if-a<—b proof a>b + a+((-a)+~(@)]>b+[Ka)+ (5) [a+ Ca) +(-b)> [b+ (b+ (-@) 0+(-b)>0+(a) or-b>-a. Ifa>0then-a<0. Ifa>Oand b> 0 then ab >0 ya>b and¢>dthena+c>b+d. Proof atc>b+c, b+e>bed, . ate>btd. 430. a> band c <0 then ac < be Proof, a(-)> 650) ac >be ac < be. ‘An inequality is reversed if we multiply both sides by the same negative number. Thus -5>-Tgives7>5 or 5<7 Absolute Value or Modulus Some quantities like price, demand, supply never take negative values while other lites like profit, utility etc. may be either positive or negative. Often we need to use juantity regardless of its sign. It is called the absolute value of the quantity. The absolute value of a real number a is denoted bylal. Thus |-21 = 2,121 = 2. absolute value of a real number a is defined by the following conditions. lal=a if a>0- lal=-a if a<0 lal =0 if a=0MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS FOR Ey, 5 110 1 the f the absolute value of @ number is the equare of the number, The square of lal?elatl.|-al?=@ al sasial Isa] =I5] 131 = 15. Is+3lsi5l +131 = 31. Por every a. - |ab| =la| |b] Thus ja+b| slal +161. Thus Is+cayl <5 +13 = 34. lal 2a for every a. 35. |-al =lal for every 4. 36. Leta>Othen|xl if and only if a, bare both positive or both negative. (i) -3<-! (id a> Ps titase w) 0<¥<1 () a> Yab >bita>b>0 0) CNCD>CIEY (i) 3403) 4403) Ex. 3. Solve the following equations: ol @ Ve a7 i) x=121 () x=/4) +] -4 o Y@-2x i) Ix-2] =-5. Ans. () 2 (+7 (iii)2 @®) 3 (y) 6,2 (vi) No solutions Ex. 4. Express the following rational numbers as repeating decimals: oF wy Wi) 3 w 4 Ans. (i) 0.142 857 (ii $=0.33 (ii) 0.666 (iv) 0.20 Ex. 5. Give the multiplicative inverse of (i) 3 (if) ~ 5 and additive inverse of (iti) - 8 (i) 10 () 0. Ans. (i) > (ii)’ -4 (iii) +8 (iv) -10 (~O Ex. 6, Solve the following inequalities: x 3 > 4 Wi) In-x] <2. @.lx-3] >2 | 7 Ans. ()x>5,x<1 (i)x>4Yyx<4 (ii) n+22x20-2 Ex.7. Show that (i) | ¥ —p| d and w<-difd>o. Ex. 8. Solve the following inequalities ( [3x-2] <5 (ip [15-2e| <4 Gi)|x-21 <3 Ans. ()x< 4,x>-lie,-I5 — thenx+7>? Ifx>5 then 5x >? Wx+2<5 — thenx+310andy+10>15thenx+y+ 15>?V2 ey ol the alternative answers is correct in the following cases” Ex. 10, Wheh a 6 Ans. W a-b>a-S then b > Sib < 5 B (i) S-a>b-a then b > S/b <5 B (iii) 2a+5<2a+b then b > 5/b< 5 a (iv) 2a+b<2b+a thena a+2b then b c¢ a (vi) 2a-b<2b-a then a < b/b >a a (vii) a-b>a-2b+10 then b > 10/6 < 10 a 4.3 INTERVAL NOTATION t. Since there is an infinite number of real numb, An interval is a special type of point set re also infinite sets, between any two real numbers, intervals of real numbers ai A closed interval is written (a, 6] or a Sx $b where a < 6. The end points a, b of closed interval are elements of the interval ie., a, b belong to the interval. Thus x can ta, the values a, b and all the values between a, b. . ‘An open interval is written (a, b) or a bis called a null interval. The null interval contains no points, For example, 4 0 then ac < be (v) For real a, b however — i such that there one areal c oe accé Similarly for properties of > Other properties ahd derived results : pinriuton () a-(+cpza-btarc (ii) Replacement of any part of an algebraic expression by an equal leaves the expression unaltered Substitution (iii) Subtraction a - b= a+ (-b) @) Division a +b =a: lb (b #0) (v) a> bimpliesb 0 a is negative implies a <0 Exponent: a" =a-a-a-a... @ -@, m times. 4.6 COMPLEX NUMBERS ‘We have noticed man’s imaginative skill in the case of three invented systerns of numbes (The set of all integers, constructed from the counting numbers. (ii) The set of all rational ‘numbers, constructed from the integers, (iii) The set of all real numbers, constructed from the rationals. Esch system is richer than and contains the i equate it 's the previous systems. The correspon! @ + +4 =0 where ais an integer (ii) a+b =0 where a, b are rationals and‘a «0 (iti) a? + x40 = 0 where a0 and 5? > 4 ae We consider now the fourth system resulting from an equation like x? + 1 = 0-1 therefore. define @ new set of numbers given by we pele J, a number of the form a 4 4 pare real + biis called a sre imaginary number can be used by remembering is vale an imaginary number. VA s-1Ps-j #e=he =— | and so on, se laws of operations of complex numbers may be briefly stated as follows: sualiy atime idivamcb=d ‘Addition : (a + ib) + (¢ + id) =(a +c) +i(b+d) multiplication :(a + 1b) (¢ rid) = (ac ~ bd) + i (ad + be) a (c + id) = (ac) + i (ed) _ ctid _ (¢+id) (a~iby Division T+ib (a+ ib) (a—ib) (ac + bd) + i(ad ~ be) a+b ac+bd ad ~be wae ae Absolute value :|a+ ib| = a? +b? A polynomial of nth degree with real, coefficients has n roots. The roots may be real complex. Some roots may coincide. Complex roots, if any, always occur in conjugate pairs, in the form a + ib and a — ib. sum a+ ib + a— ib = 2a and the product (a + ib) (a — ib) = a? + b? of these complex njugates are real. Note 1. A complex number is the sum of a real number x and imaginary number iy axtiy i yan ti, Bent ir 2 +22 = (4 +2) + 101 +d) 212q = XyX + Kyl + a + Pye = aya) — Yayo + ilriye + x91) =xtiy where x = 4 emtin _ atin 2-ir thy, x th. 2-2 =A tie + 2a tM 2 +2MATHBMATICS AND STATISTICS FOR EC OMe, ‘The complex conjugate reiyisBo0-7 i : ne f Z, then Z is a conjuga, i. If zis aconjugate O| "Ea y ‘written in a convenient form BY Multiplying m ‘ Note 2. ‘The conjugate of F i obtained by replacing i by Note 3. A complex number can be suitable conjugate. thena=¢,b=q b, ¢, dare real numbers Note 4. If a + bi » = c+ di where a, 1421 can be written Ex. 11. oat (042) @-) _ 2431-2? (qpis is called rationalisation) (2+i) (2-1) 4-7 2431 2-1) _ 44314 3 ares reaper) ' _ 142)? (4. 32 _(4)_ 2) ae Ex. 12. (=) -($+4) -(4) 2) +a Zc i 24 =i 257125 or yea) sant 1a4eai 344i Q+i 4-144 344i +4i) 3-4i) _ -9+16+241 344i) G= Fie 21424 25 Ex. 13. Finds, y if 2—4 44: @-)G-D tye 4x+4y-16= Vit xi- 4i~ yi 4x +) ile y) = 16 13; Equate real and imaginary Parts, 40x + y) = 16 = A Y= 13° Solving simultaneously x = 2 2 4 2 EX. 14 Ifx=24 3; find the value x-2=73 (e- 2s 9 or x2 OF Ast + be 4 35 ~4e+7 29eee Sesser eee sseeeE ee eEeaaeeSTEE Eee eeeaaeeEE EE eeeaaee aE ESeEE REESE as KUMBER SYSTEM 7 A= Ae? + 8x4 35 = ot 4 4 722 + 43 — 16x? + 28x + Sa? - 20K +395 HP? = 4x + 7) + 4x 2 — 4 +7) +5 (92-4 +7) =*-044r-04+50=0 x. 15. If x= 4 + i7 show that x3 - 4x2 _ 9; 4.97 = — 342 + 721i pei6. 5412 =f9-4+125 a3? +(2i)? +23.2i =f G42i? =342i | Similarly ['5— 12% = 3-23. cubic equation has three roots. .d the roots of x?~1=0 is is the same as finding the cube roots of unity. B-l=(-D)@+x+D=0 x= 1 and the other two roots are those from P+x4150 c 17. A quadratic equation has two roots, 1,3 eo Pat ies : : heck w= (4+) = zo +3) -W3 +33) a GC1+ 5-35 +9)=AND STATISTICS FOR Beg, | of cS MATIEMATH 5 Ws rowed —— a ib) ) 2a _ (ees {a2 weer | Sinenio « a+b? o+d 2 are the cube roots of unity, ayy : find the roots of (x~ 1) 4g : Ex. 19, If 1, Ans.—1, 1 ~ 2, | “ 8 LIN"

0} (ili) {ala <0) Ans. (i) @, if a Ex. 28. Change the following into ne GB Gi) 10) Gi) C9) © 23) Gi A0,15) (i) (0, oy (Y) [k, 2) () Co, 08)re Sec EE spur NUMBER SYSTEM - 30. Show that the square of an even integer is itself even. (An even number 7+ ye written 2k whose square is 44° which is divisible by 2.) Ex. 31. If the square root of an even integer is an integer then it is an even integer. Ex. 32. Prove that 2 is irrational, Ans. If -/2 is not irrational then it should be equal to rational number p/q where p, q have no factors in common (plgy? = Pq? = 2 or p? = 2g? :, p? is even which means p is also even. Ip = 2k where k is a rational then p? = 42 = 2q? or g? = 2. :. gis even which means q is also even p,q both have a common factor 2, This contradicts the assumption that p, q are prime. The contradictory result fallows from the assumption that the theorem is false. Therefore the theorem must be true. Ex. 33. Show V2, e, 7 on the real number line Ex. 34, State. which of the three systems of integers, rational numbers and real numbers is infinite, simply ordered or complete. ‘Ans. The system of integers is infinite, simply ordered and complete but it is nota field ‘The rational number system is a field which is infinite and simply ordered but not complete. The real number system is a field which is infinite, simply ordered and complete. Ex. 35. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer: (® Every integer is a natural number. (ii) Every natural number is rational. (iii) Every real number is rational. (jv) The sum of two even integers is an even integer. (vy) The product of two positive integers is a positive integer. (vi) There is a greatest rational number less than 2. (vii) There is a least integer gréater than 2. (viii) ‘The product of two rational numbers is rational. (ix) The sum of two irrational numbers is irrational. () Ifx (iiiy T. () F (x) F (xd) F (ii) T (iti) F (xiv) fF