Certificate
This is to certify that Shashank Sinha a
student of class 12E has successfully
completed the research on the mentioned
topic under the guidance of principal and
physics teacher Mr.VK Pathak during the
academic year 2024-2025 in partial
fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by CBSE New
Delhi.
Signature of Internal Signature of External
Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their blessing
and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilising
to thanks all the people who have been concerned with
physics project. Primarily I would thank God for being
able to complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my physics teacher MR.VK
PATHAK Whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestion and instruction has served as
the major contributor toward the completion of the
project. Then I would like to thanks my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestion and guidance has been helpful in various
phases of the completion of this project last but not the
least I would like to thanks my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
CONTENTS
S.No TOPICS PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 PRINCIPLE 6
3 BASIC GATES 6
4 OR GATE INTRO 7
5 AND GATE INTRO 8
6 NOT GATE INTRO 9
7 THE NAND GATE 10
8 THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION 10
9 CONCLUSION 12
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12
INTRODUCTION:
GATE:- A GATE IS DEFINED AS A DIGITAL CIRCUIT
WHICH FOLLOWS SOME LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES, IT IS A
DIGITAL CIRCUIT WHICH EITHER ALLOWS A SIGNAL TO
PASS THROUGH OR STOP IT. THE LOGIC GATES ARE
BUILDING BLOCKS AT DIGITAL ELECTRONICS. THEY
ARE USED IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS TO CHANGE ONE
VOLTAGE LEVEL INTO ANOTHER ACCORDING TO SOME
LOGIC STATEMENT RELATING TO THEM. TRUTH
TABLE: - A LOGIC GATE MAY HAVE ONE OR MORE
THAN ONE INPUTS, BUT IT HAS ONLY ONE OUTPUT. THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE POSSIBLE VALUES OF
INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES ARE EXPRESSED IN THE
FORM OF A TABLE CALLED TRUTH TABLE. TRUTH
TABLE OF A LOGIC GATE IS A TABLE THAT SHOWS ALL
THE INPUTS AND OUTPUTS THAT ARE POSSIBLE FOR
THE LOGIC GATES. A LOGIC GATE CAN ALSO BE
DEFINED AS DIGITAL CIRCUIT WHICH EITHER ALLOWS
A SIGNAL TO PASS THROUGH OR STOPSTT. THESE
GATES ARE RELATED TO BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. THESE
GATES ALLOW SIGNALS TO PASS THROUGH THEM ONLY
WHEN SOME LOGIC IS SATISFIED. A SEMICONDUCTOR
DIODE (P-N JUNCTION) ACTS AS A CLOSED SWITCH
WHEN IT IS FORWARD BIASED, I.E. IT ALLOWS CURRENT
TO PASS THROUGH IT. IT ACTS AS AN OPEN CIRCUIT
WHEN IT IS REVERSED BIASED, I.E. IT ALLOWS VERY
LITTLE OR NO CURRENT TO PASS THROUGH IT.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA:- THE ALGEBRA WHICH IS BASED
ON BINARY NATURE OF THE LOGIC GATES.
PRINCIPLE:
ANY BOOLEAN ALGEBRAIC OPERATION CAN BE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE INPUT AND OUTPUT, WHICH
REPRESENTS THE STATEMENT OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.
ALTHOUGH THESE CIRCUITS MAY BE COMPLEX, THEY
MAY ALL BE CONSTRUCTED FROM THREE BASIC
DEVICES LIKE A P-N JUNCTION DIODE, A RESISTANCE
AND AN N-P- N TRANSISTOR.
WE HAVE THREE DIFFERENT TYPE OF LOGIC GATES
AND THEY ARE THE AND GATE, THE OR GATE AND THE
NOT GATE.
LOGIC GATES:
BASIC GATES
OR GATE
AND GATE
NOT GATE
UNIVERSAL GATES
NAND GATE
NOT GATE
THE OR GATE:
IT IS A DEVICE THAT COMBINES A AND B TO GIVE Y AS
THE RESULT. THE OR GATE HAS TWO OR MORE INPUTS
AND ONE OUTPUT. IN BOOLEAN ALGEBRA, ADDITION
SYMBOL (+), IS REFERRED AS THE OR.
THE BOOLEAN EXPRESSION: A+B=Y
THIS INDICATES THAT Y EQUALS TO A OR B.
THE AND GATE:
IT IS A DEVICE THAT COMBINES A WITH B TO GIVE Y AS
THE RESULT. THE AND GATE HAS TWO OR MORE INPUTS
AND ONE OUTPUT. IN BOOLEAN ALGEBRA,
MULTIPLICATION SIGN IS REFERRED AS THE AND.
THE BOOLEAN EXPRESSION: A.B=YOR AXB=Y
THIS INDICATES THAT Y EQUALS TO A AND B.
THE NOT GATE:
IT IS A DEVICE THAT INVERTS THE INPUTS. THE NOT
HAS ONE INPUT AND HAS ONE OUTPUT. IN BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA, BAR SYMBOL IS REFERRED AS THE NOT.
THE BOOLEAN EXPRESSION: Y= NOT A
THIS INDICATES THAT Y IS NOT EQUAL TO A.
THE NAND GATE:
AIM: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE GATE CIRCUIT.
THE NAND
COMPONENTS: TWO IDEAL P-N JUNCTION DIODE
(D1 AND 02) A RESISTANCE R AN IDEAL N-P-N
TRANSISTOR
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:
IF WE CONNECT THE OUTPUT Y' OF THE AND GATE
TO THE INPUT OF A NOT GATE THEN THE GATE
OBTAINED IS THE NAND GATE. THE OUTPUT Y IS
VOLTAGE AT C WITH ESPECT TO EARTH.
IN BOOLEAN EXPRESSION, THE NAND GATE IS
EXPRESSED AS :
CONSTRUCTION OF NANAD GATE
III) IF SWITCH A IS KEEP CLOSED AND B IS KEPT
OPEN (A=1, B=0),
IV) IF BOTH SWITCH A AND B ARE KEPT CLOSED
(A=1, B=1), THEN BULB DOES NOT GLOW, HENCE
Y=0.
CONCLUSION:
LOGIC GATES ARE USED TO DEVELOP MANY IC
CIRCUITS OR MICROCHIPS IN TODAY'S MODERN
WORLD.
NAND GATE AND NOR GATE ARE KNOWN AS
UNIVERSAL GATES BECAUSE WE CAN CONSTRUCT
ALL THE THREE BASIC GATES USING NAND & NOR
GATES.
LOGIC GATES CAN ALSO BE USED TO STORE DATA. A
STORAGE ELEMENT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY
CONNECTING SEVERAL GATES IN A "LATCH"
CIRCUIT. MORE COMPLICATED DESIGNS THAT USE
CLOCK SIGNALS AND THAT CHANGE ONLY ON A
RISING OR FALLING EDGE OF THE CLOCK ARE
CALLED EDGE-TRIGGERED "FLIP-FLOPS".
THESE LOGIC CIRCUITS ARE KNOWN AS COMPUTER
MEMORY. THEY VARY IN PERFORMANCE, BASED ON
FACTORS OF SPEED, COMPLEXITY, AND RELIABILITY
OF STORAGE, AND MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DESIGNS ARE USED BASED ON THE APPLICATION.
WITHOUT LOGIC GATES, ELECTRONIC WORLD
WOULD BE NEARLY INCOMPLETE!
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
THIS PROJECT WOULD BE NEARLY INCOMPLETE IF I
HAD NOT USED THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE
FOLLOWING BOOKS AND WEBSITES.
1. NCERT CLASS 12TH PHYSICS TEXTBOOK
2. CONCEPT OF PHYSICS BY HC VERMA
3. NCERT CLASS 12TH COMPUTER TEXTBOOK
4. WIKIPEDIA, HOWVIKI AND GOOGLE.
