ENI – IRAQ

ZUBAIR OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

MOD WATER TREATMENT PROJECT -KENNEL BUILDING

EARTHING CALCULATION

1.0 STEP - 1: FIELD DATA

Bare copper conductor
Conductor material
(annealed soft-drawn)

Conductor Cross Section Selected

120 mm2
RMS Short Circuit Current for conductor sizing (Assumed) I = 25 kA

1083 o
Maximum Allowable temperature of Earth Grid (as per Table 1 of IEEE-80) Tm = C

Ambient temperature (Assumed) 38 o

Ta = C

Diameter of 120 mm2 Conductor = 8.7426 D = 0.008742604 m

Reference temperature for material constants (as per Table - 2 of IEEE-80) Kf = 7

Fault current duration for earthing conductor sizing (considering time delayed tripping in LV network) tc = 0.3 s

Soil Resistivity (Assumed) ρ = 21.485 Ω-m

Length of individual earth rod (Assumed) Lr = 3.5 m

Diameter of the rod (Assumed) d = 0.02 m

A (kcmil) = Area of Conductor in Circular Mils (CM) 1mm2 = 1974 circular mils

Spacing of Grid Conductors D = 8

2.0 STEP - 2.0: MINIMUM EARTH GRID SIZING CALCULATION

Following is the calculation to determine minimum conductor size for annealed soft-drawn copper to limit the conductor temperature to 1083°C (equation 47,
IEEE 80):.

Akcmil = I X KF
= 48.56
mm2

Consider corrosion allowance of 5% = 1.05

= 50.98481253 mm2

Therefore, the main buried plant earthing grid conductor size selected is 120 mm 2 (bare).

3.0 STEP - 3: INITIAL DESIGN FOR 33kV SUBSTATION BUILDING

Total effective length of the buried grid with ground rods in the corners, is calculated by the following formula (equation 96, IEEE 80):
   365.85 m
LM = LC + 1.55 + 1.22  L
Lr =
  L2x + L2y  R
  
Where

LC = Total conductor length = 348 m

Lx = Length of the grid = 20.0 m
Ly = Width of the grid = 12.0 m
nx = Number of conductors length wise = 19 Nos
ny = Number of conductors width wise = 6 Nos
Lx/Ly = Length to width ratio = 1.67
LR = Total length of the earth rods = 10 m
Lr = Length of individual earth rod = 3.5 m
nR = Number of rods = 10 Nos
Dr = Diameter of the rod = 0.020 m

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 ENI – IRAQ
ZUBAIR OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

MOD WATER TREATMENT PROJECT -KENNEL BUILDING

EARTHING CALCULATION

4.0 STEP - 4: DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE FOR MESH

Total grid resistance of the buried earth grid below the 33kV Substation Building is calculated by using the following formula (equation 58, IEEE 80):
The buried earth grid consists of grid conductor and ground rods.

R1 * R2 − Rm2
Rg = = 0.65207 Ω
R1 + R2 − 2 * Rm

Rg <1 Ω , which is within specified limits. Hence it is acceptable.

Where
4.1 R1 = Ground resistance of grid conductors (equation 59, IEEE 80)

   2 * Lc  k1 * Lc 
R1 = ln  + − k2 
 * Lc   a '  A 
= 0.66202 Ω

ρ = Soil Resistivity = 21.485 Ωm

Lc = Total conductor length = 348 m
a' = a * 2 h for conductors buried at depth 'h' = 0.07 m
a = Effective radius of the selected Grid copper conductor = 0.0044 m
h = Depth of the buried grid copper condcutor = 0.50 m
A = Total area of the grid, covered by copper conductor (Lx * Ly) = 240 m2
k1 = Coefficient (Figure 25a, IEEE 80) = 1.343
k2 = Coefficient (Figure 25b, IEEE 80) = 5.750

4.2 R2 = Ground Resistance of the rod bed, R2 in Ω

= Ground resistance of all ground rods (equation 60, IEEE 80)

= 0.8872 Ω

ρr = Soil resistivity in Ohm meters for earth electrodes = 21.485 Ωm

Lr = Length of the buried earth electrode in meters (3.5m) = 3.5 m
nR = Number of earth rods = 10 Nos
Dr = Diameter of the buried earth electrode in meters (25mm) = 0.020 m
br = Radius of the rod = 0.0100 m

4.3 Rm = Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1, & group of rods, R2 in ohms (equation 61, IEEE 80)

= 0.603675649

5.0 STEP - 5: CALCULATION OF TOLERABLE STEP & TOUCH VOLTAGES

The tolerable step and touch voltages are calculated by using the following formula:
a) Tolerable step voltage for person of weight 50kg (equation 29, IEEE 80)

= 4920.6 V

Where
ρs = Resistivity of crushed Rock = 10000 Ωm
ts = Duration of shock current = 1.0 s
Cs = Reflection factor (equation 27, IEEE 80)
𝜌
0.09 ∗ 1 − 𝜌𝑆
𝐶𝑠 = 1 −
2 ∗ ℎ𝑆 + 0.09
= 0.69

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 ENI – IRAQ
ZUBAIR OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

MOD WATER TREATMENT PROJECT -KENNEL BUILDING

EARTHING CALCULATION
ρ = Soil resistivity at site (as in clause 10) = 21.485 Ωm
hs = Thickness of surface layer = 0.100 m

b) Tolerable touch voltage for person of weight 50kg (equation 32, IEEE 80)

= 1317.2 V

6.0 STEP 6 : GROUND POTENTIAL RISE (GPR)

802.823 V
Ground potential rise = IG * Rg =
Where IG=Maximum Grid Current (A) * Decrement Factor (Df) as per equation 69, IEEE 80) = 1231.2

Maximum Earth fault (Grid Current) at 33kV/6.6kV system = 1200 A

Decrement Factor (Df) = 1.026

It is seen that the ground potential rise is less than the tolerable touch and step voltage. Hence earthing system design is safe. Further design evaluvation is
not required.

7.0 ACTUAL VALUES OF MESH (TOUCH) VOLTAGE AND STEP VOLTAGE

The maximum mesh (touch) voltage (ETouch-M ) is given by

Em = (ρ x Km x Ki x IG) / (Lm) (As per EQ.85 of IEEE 80)

Where:

Em = Mesh Voltage at the center of the corner mesh in V.

ρ = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m = 21.485 Ωm

Km = Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage (As per EQ.86 of IEEE80)

= 0.80

Refer Table 12 of IEEE80, Were

h = is the depth of grid conductor = 0.50 m

D = Average Spacing between Parallel conductors in m. = 8 m

d = Diameter of Copper conductor = 0.0087 m

ho = Grid reference depth in m. ( as per eqn 83 of IEEE-80) = 1 m

Kii & Kh are the corrective weighing factors and n is the geometric factor

Kii = 1 [Eq. 83 of IEEE80] = 1

(As per EQ.83 IEEE 80) Kh = √ [1 + (h / ho)] = 1.225

n = Effective number of parallel conductors in Grid in one direction.

= na x nb x nc x nd (As per EQ. 89, 90 & 91 of IEEE std. 80-2013) = 11.05188727

nc = nd, for rectangular grid

na = 2. Lc/ Lp = 10.875

Where, Lc = Total Length of the buried copper bar.

Lp = Total Length of the buried copper bar along the perimeter of the grid = 64

nb = √ (Lp /(4x √A)) = 1.016265496

nc = 1 for square and rectangular grids = 1

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 ENI – IRAQ
ZUBAIR OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

MOD WATER TREATMENT PROJECT -KENNEL BUILDING

EARTHING CALCULATION

nd = 1 for square and rectangular grids = 1

Ki = Corrective factor for Grid Geometry. As per Eq. 89 of IEEE80] = 2.279679316

= 0.644 + 0.148 x n

IG = Maximum Grid Current in A = = 1231.2 A

LM = Total effective length of the buried grid,is calculated by the following formula (equation 95, IEEE 80)
= 358.3
LM = LC + LR

Substituting these values for ETouch-M Em = (ρ x Km x Ki x IG) / (LM) = 134.306 V

It is evident from the above that actual mesh voltage (22.370V) is much lower than the calculated allowable touch voltage (1317.2
Volts)

Maximum step voltage (ESTEP-M) is given by

Es = (ρ x Ks x Ki x IG) / (Ls) (As per EQ.97 of IEEE std. 80)

The step voltage values are obtained as a product of the geometrical factor, Ks; the corrective factor, Ki; the soil
resistivity, ρ; and the average current per unit of buried length of grounding system conductor (IG/LS).

= 0.322029377
Ks

Ls = Effective length of Lc + LR for Step voltage. As per [Eq 99 of IEEE80]

= 269.755
= 0.75 x Lc + 0.85 x LR

Substituting these values for E STEP-M Es = (ρ x Ks x Ki x IG) / (Ls) = 71.989 V

It is evident from the above that actual step voltage (12.882 V) is much lower than the calculated
allowable step voltage (4920.6 Volts).

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