DESIGN CALCULATION FOR EARTHING
A.NOMENCLATURE OF PARAMETERS
1. Soil resistivity
2. Surface layer (crushed rock resistivity)
3. Symmetrical fault current in substation
4. Total area enclosed by ground grid
5. Surface layer de-rating factor
6. Diameter of grid conductor
7. Spacing between parallel conductors
8. Attainable touch voltage
9. Attainable step voltage
10.Tolerable step voltage for human with 50Kg. body weight
11.Tolerable touch voltage for human with 50Kg. body weight
12.Depth of ground grid conductors
13.Surface layer thickness
14.Maximum grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding
15.Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth
16.Correction factor for grid geometry
17.Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effects of inner conductors
18.Spacing factor for mesh voltage
19.Spacing factor for step voltage
20.Total length of grid conductor
21.Effective length of Lc + LR for mesh voltage
22.Periphery length of the earthing equivalent area
23.Total length of ground rods
24.Length of ground rod at each location
25.Effective length of Lc + LR for step voltage
26.Total effective length of grounding system conductor, including grid
27.Maximum length of grid conductor in x direction
28.Maximum length of grid conductor in y direction
29.Geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc and nd
30.Number of electrodes placed in area
31.Resistance of grounding system
32.Duration of shock for determining allowable body current
33.Decrement Factor
34.Current Division Factor
DESIGN CALCULATION FOR EARTHING
B. INPUT PARAMETERS
1. Symmetrical fault current in substation lf = 31500
2. Fault current in substation for conductor sizing lG = 31500
3. Duration of fault current for sizing of conductor tc = 1
3. Duration of fault current for step and touch potential ts = 1
4. Surface layer resistivity rs = 3000
5. Surface layer thickness hs = 0.1
6. Average soil resistivity r = 50
7. Depth of ground grid conductors h = 0.6
8. Number of electrodes Nr = 0
9. Length of ground rod at each location Lr = 3
10.Length of 66kV switchyard considered for earthing L1 = 0
(Length of Equivalent square area)
11.Width of 66kV switchyard considered for earthing W1 = 0
(Width of Equivalent square area)
12.Length of 66 kV switchyard considered for earthing L2 = 0
(Length of Equivalent square area)
13.Width of 66kV switchyard considered for earthing W2 = 0
(Width of Equivalent square area)
14.Length of 33kV switchyard considered for earthing L3 = 0
(Length of Equivalent square area)
15.Width of 33kV switchyard considered for earthing W3 = 0
(Width of Equivalent square area)
16 Length of switchyard considered for earthing L = 0
(Length of Total Equivalent square area)
17 Width of switchyard considered for earthing W = 0
(Width of Total Equivalent square area)
18 Number of conductor along length (W/D+1) NL = 0
(Length of Total Equivalent square area)
19 Number of conductor along width (L/D+1) NW = 0
(Width of Total Equivalent square area)
20 Propose conductor for Earth Mat = 40
21 Diameter of conductor d = 0.04
22 Considered Proposed Spacing Of Main Conductor D = 0.0
C. SIZING OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR
1. Type conductor : Mild steel
2. Reference temperature for material constants Tr = 20
3. Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature ar = 0.00160
(as per Table-1)
4. Fusing temperature of conductor Tm = 1510
(as per Table-1)
5. Design ambient temperature Ta = 50
6. K0 = ( 1 / ar ) - Tr K0 = 605
(as per Table-1)
7. Resistivity of conductor at reference temperature rr = 15.9
(as per Table-1)
8. Specific heat of material SH = 0.114
(To be used when table does not have TCAP value)
9. Density of material SW = 7.86
(To be used when table does not have TCAP value)
10.Thermal capacity per unit volume TCAP = 3.28
(Table 1-Material Constant for Steel-1020) (page 42)
11.Current for sizing of earth mat conductor (for tc=1 Sec) l = 31.5
12.Soil resistivity considered for corrosion r = 50
(As per soil resistivity report submitted)
1 (Formula - 40,
Amm² = lx TCAP x 10 -4 K0 + Tm
( ) ln ( )
tc x ar x rr K0 + Ta
1
= 31.5 x 3.28 x 10 -4 605
( ) ln (
1 x 0.0016 x 15.9 605
= 256.23 mm2
As per CBIP "manual on Substation" publication number 223 and revisions thereof, corrosion
allowance is recommended as per following rule
· In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity greater than 100
· In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity from 25 to 100
· In case of conductor to be laid in soil having soil resistivity lower than 25
Soil resistivity for conductor sizing as :- 50 W-m
Amm² = 1.15 x Amm²
with corrosion
= 1.15 x 256.23
= 294.66 mm²
Cross section of selected conductor = 1257.2 mm² Mild Steel Rod
Which is sufficient to meet design requirement
D. CALCULATION TOLERABLE TOUCH & STEP POTENTIAL
The reduction factor (de-rating factor) Cs can be approximated by the equation
Cs 1 - r / rs
= 1 - a [ ]
2 x hs + a
1 - 50 / 3000
= 1 - 0.09 x [ ]
2 x 0.1 + 0.09
= 0.695
Following equation can be used to compute the tolerable touch and step voltages respectively
Etouch ( 1000 + 1.5 x Cs x rs ) x 0.116
=
Ö ts
( 1000 + 1.5 x 0.695 x 3000 ) x 0.116
=
Ö 1
= 478.79 V
Estep ( 1000 + 6.0 x Cs x rs ) x 0.116
=
Ö ts
( 1000 + 6.0 x 0.695 x 3000 ) x 0.116
=
Ö 1
= 1567.2 V
E. MAIN MAT CONFIGURATION
i) Area of 66 KV switchyard = 0 sq m 1
L1 = 0 m 2
W1 = 0 m 3
.
ii) Area of 66 KV switchyard = 0 sq m .
L2 = 0 m .
W2 = 0 m .
iii) Area of 33 KV switchyard = 0 sq m NW
L3 = 0 m
W3 = 0 m
Total Area (A) = 0 sq m
Length of switchyard considered for earthing L = 0 m
(Length of Total Equivalent square area)
Width of switchyard considered for earthing W = 0 m
(Width of Total Equivalent square area)
Number of electrodes, Nr = 0 Nos
Length of individual electrodes, Lr = 3 m
LC = ( L x NL + W x NW
= ( 0.0 x 0 + 0.0 x 0 )
= 0 m
LR = ( Nr x Lr )
= ( 0 x 3 )
= 0 m
LT = ( LC ) + ( LR )
= ( 0 ) + ( 0 )
= 0 m
Total area of earthmat, A = 0 m²
Actual length of Earthing rod should be more than above value.
F. DETERMINATION OF GRID RESISTANCE
1 1 1
Rg = r x [ + x (1 + ) ]
LT Ö 20 x A 1 + h x Ö 20 / A
1 1
= 50 x [ + x ( 1+
0 Ö 20 x 0 1 + 0.6
= #DIV/0! W### 1 W
G. CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT(Ig)
(Formula-64 & 65 page 73)
IG = D f x Sf x If
( Sf=0.6 as per value considered in IEEE80 Step-6
(Df is as per Table -10, considered as 1)
= 1 x 0.6 x 31500
= 18900 Amp
H. CALCULATION OF GRID POTENTIAL RISE (GPR)
(Formula-83 page 93)
GPR = Rg x IG
= ### x 18900
= #DIV/0! V
I. CALCULATION OF ATTAINABLE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE
Kh = Ö 1 + h / h0
Where,
h0 = 1 m
Kh = Ö 1 + ( 0.6 / 1 )
= 1.265
Geometric factor
n = na x nb x nc x nd (Formula-84 page 93)
2 x LC (Formula-85 page 93)
na =
LP
= 2 x 0
0
= #DIV/0!
LP (Formula-86 page 93)
nb =
4x Ö A
0 Lp = 2 *(L + W) for equivalent area
=
4 x Ö 0
= #DIV/0!
nc = 1 for square and rectangular grid
nd = 1 for square and rectangular grid
n = #DIV/0! x #DIV/0! x 1 x 1
= #DIV/0!
Now,
= r x l G x Km x Ki (Formula-80 page 91)
Em
LM
and
= r x l G x Ks x Ki (Formula-92 page 94)
Es
LS
Kii = 1.0000 ( Corrective Weighting Factor; Clause No. 16.5.1 if IEEE-80 200
(Formula-82 page 93 for grids with ground rods along the perime
ground rods in the grid corners, as well as both )
= 1 x ln D² + ( D + 2 x h )² - h + Kii ln
Km [ [ ]
2x p 16 x h x d 8x D x d 4x d Kh
= 1 x ln 0 2 + ( 5.5 + 2 x 0.6 ) 2
[ [
2x p 16 x 0.6 x 0.04 8 x 5.5 x 0.04
1.0000 ln 8 (Formula-81 page
[ ] ]
1.265 p x( 2 x ( #DIV/0! - 1 ) )
= #DIV/0!
Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 x n (Formula-89 page 94)
= 0.644 + 0.148 x #DIV/0!
= #DIV/0!
Lr (Formula-91 pa
LM = LC + [ 1.55 + 1.22 x ( ) ] x LR
Ö Lx² + Ly²
3
= 0 + [ 1.55 + 1.22 x (
Ö 0 2+ 0 2
= #DIV/0!
r x l G x Km x Ki (Formula-80 page 91)
Em =
LM
50 x 18900 x #DIV/0! x #DIV/0!
=
#DIV/0!
= #DIV/0! V
1 1 1 1
n -
2 (Formula-94 pa
KS = x [ + + x ( 1 - 0.5 ) ]
p 2 xh D + h D
1 1 1 1
= x [ + + x ( 1 - 0.5
p 2 x 0.6 0 + 0.6 0
= #DIV/0!
LS = 0.75 x LC + 0.85 x LR (Formula-93 page 94)
= 0.75 x 0 + 0.85 x 0
= 0
r x l G x Ks x Ki (Formula-92 page 94)
Es =
LS
50 x 18900 x #DIV/0! x #DIV/0!
=
0
= #DIV/0! V
J. SAFETY CHECK
For the safe earthing design, attainable step & touch voltaes should be less than the tolerable
respectively,
Attainable Tolerable
Touch voltage in V #DIV/0! 478.79
Step voltage in V #DIV/0! 1567.2
Grid Resistance in Ω #DIV/0!
The attainable touch as well as step voltages is well below the tolerable limit.
Also the value of Grid Resistance is less than 1Ω .
Hence the design is safe for Mtr. Spacing of main conductor.
NG
RS
r W-m
rs W-m
lf A
A m²
Cs
d m
D m
Em V
Es V
Estep50 V
Etouch50 V
h m
hs m
IG A
Kh
Ki
Kii
Km
Ks
Lc m
LM m
LP m
LR m
Lr m
LS m
LT m
L = Lx m
W = Ly m
Nr
Rg W
ts s
Df
Sf
ARTHING
31500 A
31500 A
1 s
1 s
3000 W-m
0.1 m
50 W-m
0.6 m
3 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
0 m
40 mm dia M.S. Rod
0.04 m
0.0 m
OR
Mild steel
20 °C
0.00160 per °C
1510 °C
50 °C
605 °C
15.9 mW-cm
0.114 Cal/gm/°C
7.86 gm/cc
3.28 J/cm³/°C
31.5 kA
50 W-m
(Formula - 40, Page-43)
+ 1510
)
+ 50
reof, corrosion
100 W-m - No allowance
100 W-m - 15 % allowance
W-m - 30 % allowance
Mild Steel Rod
P POTENTIAL
(Formula - 27, Page-23)
es respectively
(Formula - 32, Page-27)
(Formula - 29, Page-27)
W
L
ANCE
(Formula-52 page 65)
1
) ]
0.6 x Ö 20 / 0
RRENT(Ig)
ered in IEEE80 Step-6 at page 133)
dered as 1)
SE (GPR)
UCH VOLTAGE
W) for equivalent area
16.5.1 if IEEE-80 2000)
rods along the perimeter, or for grid with
8
[ ]]
px( 2x n- 1 )
- 0.6
]+
0.04 4 x 0.04
(Formula-81 page 93)
(Formula-91 page 94)
) ]x 0
ormula-80 page 91)
(Formula-94 page 94)
### -
2
0.5 ) ]
mula-93 page 94)
mula-92 page 94)
ss than the tolerable values
