IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
STEM 500
LESSON 2
TITLE: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. Recognize that substances are made of smaller particles.
2. Describe and make a representation of the arrangements, relative spacing, and
relative motion of the particles in the three phases of matter.
3. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties and give examples.
4. Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties and give examples.
5. Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them.
6. Differentiate between pure substances and mixtures.
7. Differentiate between elements and compounds.
8. Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures.
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MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
MATTER
"Matter is the physical material of the universe; it is anything that occupies space
and has mass."
Matter may either be living or nonliving, has no odor or no odor. It can be detected
using our sense -- sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Matter is what the world is
made of. The materials surrounding us, the air we breathe, the earth beneath our feet,
the food we eat, the water we drink, and even the stars of the universe are forms of
matter.
MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF MATTER
Microscopic view of a Microscopic view of a Microscopic view of a
gas. liquid. solid.
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
MACROSCOPIC, MICROSCOPIC AND PARTICULATE MATTER
Macroscopic level - matter that can be seen with the human eye.
Example: beach sand, trees, cars, planets, galaxies, etc.
Microscopic level - matter that is too small to be seen by the naked eye, but can be
seen under a microscope.
Example: very small plants, individual bacteria, cellular structures, DNA molecule,
semiconductors
Length = 10⁻6
Particulate Matter - matter too small to be seen with even the most powerful optical
microscope.
Length = 1 Angstrom (Å) = 10⁻10
STATES OF MATTER
The three main states of are solid, liquid, and gas. Several new studies have
come out showing that plasma is the fourth state and the Bose-Einstein condensate is the
fifth. Each of this state is also known as a phase. elements and compounds can change
from one phase to another when special physical forces (not chemical) are present. One
such force is temperature. The phase can change when temperature changes. As the
temperature rise, matter transforms to a more active state without changing its chemical
properties. You can see water vapor over a boiling pot of water. That vapor can
condense and become a drop of water again. If you put that drop in the freezer, it would
become ice, which is a solid. No matter what it is in, it is always water. It always has the
same chemical properties.
Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the Microscopic
Explanation for the Behavior
Gas liquid solid
assumes the shape and assumes the shape of retains a fixed volume and
volume of its container the part of the shape
particles can move past container which it rigid - particles locked into
one another occupies place
particles can
move/slide past one
another
compressible not easily not easily compressible
lots of free space compressible little free space between
between particles little free space particles
between particles
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
flows easily flows easily does not flow easily
particles can move past particles can rigid - particles cannot
one another move/slide past one move/slide past one
another another
Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Plasma has neither a definite volume nor a
definite shape. It is often seen in ionized gases. Plasma is distinct from a gas because it
possesses unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms or ions) cause
plasma to be electrically conductive. Plasma may be formed by heating and ionizing a
gas. It occurs only in lightning discharges and in artificial devises like fluorescent bulbs
and neon signs.
Bose-Einstein Condensate - Super Fluid
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a rare state (or phase) of matter in which a large
percentage of bosons collapse into their lowest quantum state, allowing quantum effects
to be observed on a macroscopic scale. The bosons collapse into this state in
circumstances of extremely low temperature, near the value of absolute zero.
SatyendraNath Bose developed statistical methods, later utilized by Albert
Einstein, to describe the behavior of massless photons and massive atoms, as well as
other bosons. This "Bose-Einstein statistics" described the behavior of a "Bose gas"
composed of uniform particles of integer spin (i.e. bosons). When cooled to extremely low
temperatures, Bose-Einstein statistics predicts that the particles in a Bose gas will
collapse into their lowest accessible quantum state, creating a new form of matter, which
is called a superfluid. This is a specific form of condensation which has special properties.
Bose and Einstein and the Bose-Einstein Condensate
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
What is Bose–Einstein condensate?
Bose Einstein Condensates (Bosons) or BECs are also known as super fluids.
They have strange properties with many possible applications in future technologies.
They can slow light down to the residential speed limit, flow without friction, and
demonstrate the weirdest elements of quantum mechanics on a scale anyone can see.
They are effectively super atoms, groups of atoms that behave as one.
Properties and future applications
Most research into Bose-Einstein Condensates serves as "basic" research -- that
is to say, it is more concerned with knowing more about the world in general than with
implementing a specific technology. However, there are several potential uses for BECs.
The most promising application is in etching.
When BECs are fashioned into a beam, they are like a laser in their coherence.
That is to say, both a laser and a BEC beam run "in lock step," guaranteeing that an
experimenter can know how a part of the beam will behave at every single location. This
property of lasers has been used in the past for etching purposes. A BEC beam would
have greater precision and energy than a laser because even at their low kinetic energy
state, the massive particles would be more energetic than the massless photons.
FERMIONIC CONDENSATE (Fermions)
Atoms behave very differently at temperatures near Fermionic Condensate
absolute zero depending on the value of their
intrinsic angular momentum or “spin”. Bosons have
spins with integer values in units of the Planck
constant divided by 2π, while fermions have spins of
1/2, 3/2, 5/2 and so on. Fermions obey the Pauli
exclusion principle, which means that they cannot
occupy the same quantum state. However, there are
no such restrictions on bosons, so they can all
collapse into the same quantum ground state. This
process, known as Bose-Einstein condensation, is at
the heart of superconductivity - the flow of electric
current without any resistance.
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
WATER AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE THREE STATES OF MATTER
GAS LIQUID SOLID
Water as an Gaseous water Liquid Water Solid water
example - STEAM - ICE
Shape Variable – same as Variable – same as Constant – rigid,
a closed container the bottom of the fixed
container
Volume Variable – same as Constant Constant
a closed container
Particle Completely Independent Vibration in fixed
movement independent beneath the position
(random); each surface, limited to
particle may go the volume of the
anyplace in closed liquid and the shape
container of the bottom of the
container
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
One way by which materials are classified is based on the distribution of their
properties and composition throughout the material. If the composition and properties are
uniform throughout, the material is said to be homogeneous. If not, the material is said to
be heterogeneous.
An important classification of materials in chemistry is in terms of their composition.
It makes a distinction between one material that is made up of only one substance and
another material that contains two or more substances with their own distinct properties.
the former is called a pure substance and the latter, a mixture.
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Pure Substance and Mixtures
Substance - a general term used to denote any variety of matter.
Pure Substance - a single chemical with distinct set of physical and chemical properties;
cannot be separated by physical changes.
Ex: pure water, pure sucrose (table sugar)
Mixtures - two or more pure substance; properties vary, depending on relative amounts
of pure substances; components can be separated by physical changes.
Ex: salt & pepper, iron and sulfur
Elements and Compounds
Elements are substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances. Salt is
made up of the elements sodium and chloride. Water is made up of the elements
hydrogen and oxygen.
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, water and atmosphere
followed by silicon and aluminum. It is also the major component (65%) of the human
body, followed by carbon (18%).
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically
joined. Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds. When the elements are
joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and have different properties from the
elements they are composed of.
A chemical formula is used a quick way to show the composition of compounds.
Letters, numbers, and symbols are used to represent elements and the number of
elements in each compound.
Chemists use symbols to represent elements. A symbol is a letter or picture used
to represent something. Chemists use one or two letters to represent elements. The
symbol for aluminum is Al. The symbol for oxygen is O.
A chemical formula is a notation used by scientists to show the number and type of
atoms present in a molecule, using the atomic symbols and numerical subscripts. A
chemical formula is a simple representation, in writing, of a three dimensional molecule
that exists. A chemical formula describes a substance, down to the exact atoms which
make it up.
Ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
The Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-
1848) was one of the first European scientists to accept
John Dalton's atomic theory and to recognize the need
for a new system of chemical symbols. He was a
dominant figure in chemical science.
Atomic Level View of Elements and Compounds
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically
united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are
mixtures.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform
throughout the mixture. The salt and water is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is
evenly distributed throughout the entire salt water sample. Often it is easy to confuse a
homogeneous mixture with a pure substance because they are both uniform. The
difference is that the composition of the substance is always the same. The amount of
salt in the salt water can vary from one sample to another. All solutions would be
considered homogeneous because the dissolved material is present in the same amount
throughout the solution.
Examples: saline solution, juices, milk, vinegar
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform
throughout the mixture. Vegetable soup is a heterogeneous mixture. Any given spoonful
of soup will contain varying amounts of the different vegetables and other components of
the soup.
A phase is any part of a sample that has a uniform composition and properties. By
definition, a pure substance or a homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase. A
heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases. When oil and water are
combined, they do not mix evenly, but instead form two separate layers. Each of the
layers is called a phase.
Examples: sand, oil and water, chicken noodle soup, spaghetti, pizza
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES IN MATTER
Properties are the distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify different
samples of matter. We can recognize our own house among other houses on the same
street by characteristics, such as paint, make, and design. In the same way, we can
recognize different substances by their characteristics or properties. Matter has two main
kinds of properties --- physical and chemical.
Changes in matter occur all the time in the natural world --- iron rusts, leaves on
trees change color, wood undergoes combustion in a forest fire, food in our stomach gets
digested, rain dissolves limestone rocks, and dead bodies decompose. Well before the
beginning or recorded history, natural substances have been purposely changed into new
products. The changes brought about by humans for their own use include conversion of
natural clays into pottery, limestone rock into building materials, and metals like silver and
gold into jewelry pieces.
Controlled chemical change is a major factor in addressing our present needs.
The raw materials are purposefully made to undergo chemical changes. For example,
chemical changes convert pineapple juice or buco juice into vinegar, and grape juice into
wine through the process of fermentation.
Basically, there are two types of changes that matter may go through --- physical
and chemical.
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
CHEMICAL VS. PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL PHYSICAL
Change Old substances destroyed New form of old substance
New substances formed No new substances formed
Ex: rusting of metal, burning of Ex: melting of butter, solid iron
sulfur in air forming sulfur dioxide melting in a blast furnace, ice
cube changing to liquid water in a
glass
Properties List of chemical changes possible Description by senses – color,
Ex: iron combines with oxygen to shape, odor, etc.
form ferric oxide; Measurable properties – density,
carbon burns to form carbon boiling point, etc.
dioxide
Evidence of a Chemical Change
EXTENSIVE ND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a
sample. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an object
contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a small mass, while a larger
sample will have a greater mass. Another extensive property is volume . The volume of
an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by that object mass.
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION POLYTECHNIC
Senior High School
Marian Road, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan
An intensive property is a property of matter that depends only on the type of
matter in a sample and not on the amount.
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References:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. Chemistry 12th ed. McGraw-Hill. New York, 2016.
Nucum, Z., General Chemistry 1 for SHS. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City,
2017.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_5th_6th_7th_states_of_matter
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Prepared by: Prof. Yolanda A. Bella
STEM Strand Head
