LECTURE 1
Chemical Processing
Chapter 1
in Shreve’s Chemical Industries
Course Books
• Textbook
– “Shreve’s Chemical Process
Industries” by George T.
Austin, 5th Edition
• Other useful books
– “A Textbook of Chemical
Technology” by Pandey G. N.,
Vol 1
– “Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology” by Kirk Othmer,
4th Edition, Vol 2
Shreve’s Chemical Process
Industries
• Outside of extremely expensive encyclopedias
covering the topic, this is the best reference for
discovering details about the most common
chemical processing industries. Usually, you'll
find just what you needed to know in this book.
Summary
• Shreve's takes a industry-segment approach to
describing the most common chemical processes.
• Each segment includes a nice amount of detail
regarding the processes.
• You won't find every process flow diagram for
every chemical produced (but there are many of
them), but you will find a nice overview of many
chemical process industries.
If you're curious about a particular chemical process industry, you should
be able to find out all you need to know from this book. Few books are
appropriate from both students and professional, but this is one of them.
Book Content
40 chapters covering:
Chemical Processing
Chemical Processing and the Work of the Chemical Engineer
Water Conditioning and Environmental Protection
Energy, Fuels, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Coal Chemicals
Fuel Gases
Industrial Gases
Industrial Carbon
Ceramic Industries
Portland Cements, Calcium, and Magnesium Compounds
Glass Industries
Salt and Miscellaneous Sodium Compounds
Chlor-Alkali Industries: Soda Ash, Caustic Soda, and Chlorine
Electrolytic Industries
Electrothermal Industries
Phosphorus Industries
Potassium Industries
Nitrogen Industries
Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid
Book Content
Hydrochloric Acid and Miscellaneous Inorganic Chemicals
Nuclear Industries
Explosives, Propellants, and Toxic Chemical Agents
Photographic Products Industry
Surface Coating Industries
Food and Food By-Product Industries
Agrichemical Industries
Fragrances, Flavors, and Food Additives
Oils, Fats, and Waxes
Soap and Detergents
Fermentation Industries
Wood-Derived Chemicals
Pulp and Paper Industries
Plastic Industries
Manmade Fibers and Film Industries
Rubber Industries
Petroleum Processing
Petrochemicals
Cyclic Intermediates and Dyes
Pharmaceutical Industries
Appendix
Chapter 1
CHEMICAL PROCESSING
Chemical Processing
Chemical processing
Raw materials Useful & profitable products
Consumer goods Intermediates
A typical example is:
$ In Energy Out
Recycled Reactants
Raw Products Products
Materials Reactor Reactants
Separators
By-products
By-Products
(Wastes)
Energy In $$ Out 10
• Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry
– concerned with profit
• Chemical Eng. First appeared in 1910 by
MIT. They found that both Mechanical
Eng. and Chemistry does not provide
sound approaches for plant design
– At that time “ unit operations” was
introduced
Process:
Generally, a process is a series of actions or steps
taken in order to achieve a particular end.
In Science, a process is a sequence of changes of
a real object/body which is observable using
scientific methods
Chemical Process Industry
Unit Operation
• Physical operations necessary for manufacturing
chemicals.
Examples of Unit Operations Are:
• Fluid Flow Operations: Agitation, Mixing, Transportation,
etc.
• Heat Transfer Operation: Heat exchange, Evaporation,
Boiling, Condensation, etc.
• Mass Transfer Operation: Distillation, Extraction, Drying,
humidification, etc.
Unit Processes
• Unit processes are chemical operations necessary to
manufacture chemicals
– It was first suggested as a concept by Groggins in 1930.
Are the chemical operations or technical chemical changes under
such conditions to be profitable. This includes the machinery
needed and the economics involved as well as the physical and
chemical phases.
The principal unit processes listed in table 1.
Nitration, sulfonation, oxidation,… etc
See Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (Perry’s) for
more details about unit operations and processes.
Chemical Conversion
• Chemical reactions applied to industrial
processing.
– Sulfuric-nitric acid
Cooling coils
Nitrator
Chemical Conversion
• The same equipment may be used to nitrate
benzene, toluene, naphthalene, etc. to produce:
• Nitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, nitronaphthalene,
…etc.
• Same equipment used for different products by
means of a single type of chemical conversion
Information Sources
• Libraries are the best source of information
to study chemical processing.
• Chemical Abstracts & Engineering Index:
Indexes to almost all current periodicals.
• It is a short summary to more than 40000
journals for all literatures related to
chemistry.
• Internet
Periodicals
• Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)
• Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (Ind.
Eng. Chem.)
• Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data (J.
Chem. Eng. Data)
• Chemical Engineering catalog,
• Chemical Engineering
• Chemical Week
• Chemical Eng. news
