Waghe D et al.
Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research
@Society of Scientific Research and Studies NLM ID: 101716117
Journal home page: www.jamdsr.comdoi: 10.21276/jamdsr Indian Citation Index (ICI) Index Copernicus value = 100
(e) ISSN Online: 2321-9599; (p) ISSN Print: 2348-6805
Review Article
Bioemulation in restorative dentistry: A review
Dhairya Waghe1, Kavita Dube2, Shivkumar Mantri3, Bonny Paul4, Pallavi Sinha5, Swati Singh6
1,5,6
Postgraduate students,2,4Professor,3Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and
Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT:
Biomimetics is a branch of science that cues from or explores the technical beauty of nature. It is based on the concept that
nature is the best model for creating anything new and has created exceptional productivity and function. Biomimetics in
dentistry serves as a concept to conserve the tooth structure and increase the longitivity of restorative dental treatment and
also it enhances the future retreatment cycles. Biomimetics dental materials are biocompatible and with excellent physico-
chemical properties. Till date these materials have been used in dentistry providing advantages of enhanced strength and
antibacterial abilities. This review aims at some recent development in emerging field of biomimetics especially restorative
dentistry. In addition, various such materials are discussed.
Keywords: Biomimetic dentistry, restorative approach, restorative material
Received: 23 May, 2024 Accepted: 27 June, 2024
Corresponding author: Dhairya Waghe, Postgraduate student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics,
Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
This article may be cited as: Waghe D, Dube K, Mantri S, Paul B, Sinha P, Singh S. Bioemulation in restorative dentistry:
A review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res 2024;12(7):58-61.
INTRODUCTION tissues.[3]A main goal of biomimetics in dentistry is
In dentistry recreating the optical characteristics of a to create restorative materials that emulate various
complete tooth is quite challenging in modern mechanical characteristics of a natural tooth.
dentistry because enamel, the dentinoenamel complex
(DEC), and dentin are all inherently translucent [1]. Biomimetics In Restorative Dentistry
The colour measurement of translucent material Restorative Approach
presents a significant challenge due to their complex a. In the conventional approach to prevention, not
interaction with light, which differ from that of most only the damaged tooth structure is eliminated
other material the coronal structure like enamel, but also the intact, healthy tooth structure is
dentin and DEC, exhibit various degree of removed and substituted with unresponsive
translucency, transparency, and opacity when material. This method often leads to the
compared to each other, despite their inherent weakening of the tooth portion remaining and
translucency. Additional details about the definition of results in a restoration that has a short lifespan
surface texture, gloss, and luster (S/G/L) should be [4].
evaluated together with translucency, opalescence, b. In this approach, the idea of minimally invasive
and fluorescence (T/O/F) as part of the visual dentistry is considered the ideal approach. It
assessment process.[1] approaches to, concentrating exclusively on
Biomimetic dentistry combines the creative and repairing the teeth and striving to replicate the
scientific techniques of fixing destroyed teeth with natural tooth arrangement as closely as possible.
materials that closely resembles the appearance, Cavities and other harms are fastidiously repaired
function, and durability of natural body parts like with cutting-edge materials and cements to
enamel, dentin, bone, and cementum. [2] There has protect the tooth characteristics [4]. The bio-
been considerable attention given to the molecular inspired approaches to dental repair strive to
level feasibility of biomimetic approaches in aiding in reach these results by utilizing methods that
the healing and regeneration of both soft and hard reduce stress and improve the strength of bonds.
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Waghe D et al.
Biomimetic Advances - Restorative Materials their appealing appearance, high compatibility with
a. Glass ionomer cement biological systems, and simplicity of application.
The term “Glass Ionomer" (GIC) describes a group of At the molecular level self-repair occurs, and
substances that contain silicate glass powder and additional source of energy is needed to guide the
water based polyacrylic acid solution. GICs are chemical interaction of the substances involved [10].
acknowledged as cements that mimic biological Conversely, materials designed to heal from the
features because they share a similar rate of thermal outside often depends on polymer-filled capsule,
expansion like tooth structure, their capacity of which burst close to the crack, releasing the resin
enamel and dentin adherence, and their extended which reacts with a current catalyst, leading to the
dispensing of fluoride over time. [5] These materials development of the resin and the healing cracks[11,12].
experience a significant acid—base reaction during Additionally, the appearance of the damage can be
their setting process and exhibit a sustained release of improved by the leaking of a brightly colored
fluoride solution, like a fluorescent dye, [11, 12].
Research has demonstrated that ions can migrate from The use of a two-layered resin composite material is
the adhesive to the tooth and into the area where they seen as a novel approach to biomimetic repair,
meet, leading to the formation of a durable layer emulating the fibrillary structure of the enamel-dentin
known as an ion-exchange layer, which has been complex. This composite is structured with a core that
shown to be extremely stable in real-life applications. is made of glass fiber reinforced composite resin
[6]
The capability of glass ionomers to release ions (FRC) and a top layer featuring resistance to wear and
plays a crucial role polished resin composite. The purpose of the FRC
in forming lasting, sturdy connections at the point core within this composite filling material is to act as
where a tooth or a restoration meets the natural tooth a barrier that stops cracks from spreading, thereby
structure. providing a layer for protection [13].
Multiple modifications have been made for c. Giomers
improvising the characteristics of glass ionomers for A new category of materials is designed to blend the
their powder and liquid mixtures. Despite these superior attributes of composite resins and glass-
benefits, traditional glass ionomers experience ionomers: resistance to decay, strong durability, and
drawbacks including fast evaporation times, extended attractive appearance. Inquire
drying periods, fragility, poor resistance to cracking, about discoveries demonstrated that the post-
and a vulnerability to contamination by moisture or operative affectability, minimal adjustment, and
drying out at the beginning of the drying process. morphology are alike for both tar composites and
Particles of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) have been giomers.These materials are among the latest
mixed with GIC to create GIC- hydroxyapatite (HA) advancements in fluoride-releasing dental materials,
hybrids. These hybrids demonstrated better for their merging beauty with the ability to achieve a polished
property of fluoride ions release and enhanced finish and strong mechanical durability[14].
antibacterial and mechanical characteristics [7] The Self-healing material is a type of resin composite
.Additionally, Garoushi and collegues [8] conducted a used in dentistry that mimics natural healing
study to examine effects of incorporating both rigid processes. Numerous materials in nature are self-
and hollow, discrete glass fibers on the flexural healing, like natural bone, which has the remarkable
strength and fracture toughness of GIC and RMGICs. capacity to mend itself even after severe fractures.
The findings indicated a notable improvement in Self-healing systems can be categorized as either or
fracture toughness (increases of 280% and 200%) and extrinsic or intrinsic, depending on whether they
flexural strength (increases of 170% and 140%) in create new repair molecules in response to harm
GICs when 10 wt % of hollow, discrete glass fibers (intrinsic) or if these molecules are present already
were added. within the material (extrinsic). [15]
b. Dental composite resin (dcr) d. Compomers
Almost everything found in nature, like teeth, shells, In the early 1990s, Compomers entered the profession
corals, bones and pearl are made up of mixed of dentistry. These materials, known as polyacid-
inorganic and organic materials, with the arrangement modified resins, suggest that they are almost identical
of every constituent influencing the overall behavior to resin composites, though they have undergone
of these mixtures. Since the 1960s, dental composite some changes.
resins have been extensively used in dentistry for Changes occur when certain elements are added to
correcting damaged or decayed teeth due to their glass ionomer cements. This involves the fact that as
appealing appearance, high compatibility with they develop, they absorb a slight amount of moisture,
biological systems, and simplicity of application. which triggers an acid–base reaction. The primary
DCR represents a group of composite materials, advantage of this process is that it enables the cements
consists of a resin structure and inorganic particles. [9]. to gradually release a therapeutically effective
Since 1960s, dental composite resins are considerably quantity of fluoride.
used for correcting damaged or decayed teeth due to A distinctive characteristic of compomers is their
absence of water, with the majority of their
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Waghe D et al.
ingredients mirroring those found in composite resins. feldspathic ceramic matrix (comprising 75–80% of
The mixture is then populated with inorganic particles the total volume) that is expanded with polymer [24].
that are chemically inert, like quartz or silicate glass. Lately, scientists in material science have created
These are large molecular monomers, like Bis-GMA advanced PICNs known as functionally graded
mixed with substances that lower its viscosity, such as PICNs. These materials exhibit changes in
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Compomers also composition and structure over their length, resulting
incorporate extra monomers that set them apart from in a composite structure that closely resembles enamel
typical composites, which have acidic functional and dentin.
groups present.
Over time, as compounds have been introduced into CONCLUSION
the clinical scene, there has been a build-up of Biomimetic dentistry could herald a new golden age
evidence showing their high clinical efficacy. These through the effective rehabilitation of damaged dental
compounds are especially favored in the field of tissues. In the coming era of restorative dentistry,
pediatrics, particularly for Lesson II reclamations. treatments will no longer rely on passive materials
They've also proven useful as fissure sealants and as designed simply to fill cavities, but rather, they will
adhesives for orthodontic bands. For adults, they are primarily utilize bioactive substances capable of
mainly used in Class V restorations. In the 2 to 3-year regenerating dental tissues.
period following their use, clinical outcomes have
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