ata

441
5

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Sub. Code:311302

Basic Mathematics
MSBTE - K
Scheme
-
FY Diploma SEM I (COMMON)

• Simplified & Conceptual Approach Written by Subject Expert

• More than 800 Solved Examples
• Sample Question Paper (As Per K Scheme Pattern)

first edition : sept. 2023

:
Price 450/
TECHNICAL Vitthal B. Shinde ISBN 978-93-5585-457-5

Vinayak K. Nirmale
PUBLICATIONS
SINCE 1993 An Up-Thrust for Knowledge
Sachin B. Yede

9l7 8 9 355 lg 5 4 57S|

 - April 1920). a selt
Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 26
contributions to
taught Indian Mathematician, made profound
fractions. His
number theorg. infinite series and continued
collaboration with G.H. Hardy in England led to groundbreaking
insights. including mock theta functions and advances in partition
theory. Despite his early passing at 32, Ramanujan's legacy endures
as an inspiration, leaving an indelible mark on Mathematics with his
prolific theorems and enduring unsolved problems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit-|

(1 - 1) to (1- 26)
Logarithms
Chapter -1 .1-2
1.1 Types of Logarithm ..
1 -3
1.2 Laws of Logarithm (Without Proof)....
-
(2 - 1) to (2 86)
Chapter - 2 Matrices
...2-1
2.1 Introduction.
...... s...2-2
2.2 Types of Matrices .... -4
2

2.3 Algebra of Matrices....

.2- 30
2.4 Transpose of Matrix...
44
2.5 Minor, Co-factor of an Element of
a Matrix. ...2-
... .2- 45
2.6 Adjoint of a Square Matrix
2.7 Inverse of Matrix...... .2-56
-
2.8 Solution of Simultaneous Equation by Matrix Inversion Method ......2 66

2.9 Algebra in Indian Knowledge System: Solution of Simultaneous

Equations (Indian Mathematics)
. ....2 - 82

1) to (3- 74)
Chapter -3 Partial Fraction (3-
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Case 1:Non-Repeated Linear Factorinthe Denominator ..3-2
3.2.1 Problem Reducible to Case I
after Suitable Substitution... 3$r2

3.3 Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors in the Denominator.... .3- 27

3.4 Case 3 : Non Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor in Denominator. 3 - 42
3.5 Convert Improper Fraction to Proper Fraction 3-63

(viii)
 Ünit - 1|

Chapter -4 Trigonometric Ratio of Allied,

Compound, Multiple & Submultiple Angles
(4- 1) to (4- 72)
4.1 Compound Angle ...
4-1
4.2 Allied Angles... ..... 4 -
27
4.3 Multiple Angles and Submultiple Angles.. ......4 - 41

Chapter -5 Factorization and Defactorization

(5- 1) to (5 - 60)
5.1 Defactorization ......5 - 1
-
5.2 Factorization ..5 22

Chapter -6 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios (6- 1) to (6 - 64)

6.1 Introduction ...6 - 1
6.2 Definition .6-2
6.3 Principal Values of Inverse Functions.... .6- 4
6.4 Properties of Inverse Function OR Relation between Inverse
Trigonometric Functions.. .6-4
:
6.5 Trigonometry in Indian Knowledge System
The Evolution of Sine Function in India. .6-54
-
6.6 Indian Trigonometry :Basic Indian Trigonometry Introduction and
Terminology (From Ancient Beginnings to Nilakantha)..............6-56
:
6.7 Trigonometry in Indian Knowledge System
Pythagorean Triples in Sulabasutras. ..6 - 58

Unit -IIi
Chapter -7 Straight Line (7- 1) to (7-90)
..... -
7.1 Introduction to Straight Line 7 1

7.2 Inclination of a Line... .s...7 - 1

(ix)
7.3 Slope of a Line......
7.3.1 Slope of a Line Passing through
Two Point. ..-2
...7-2
+ + C=0
7.3.2 Slope of General Form of a Line Ax By
..7-3
Lines.
Condition for Parallel and Perpendicular
7.4 ..7- 4
7.5 Intercept of a Line. ..7-4
7.6 Equations ofa Lines ..7-5
Lines
7.6.1 Standard Forms of Equations of ..7-5
7.6.2 Equations of Co-ordinate Axes..
..... - 11
7.6.3 Equations of Lines Parallelto Co-ordinate Axes
- 11
...7
7.7 Point of Intersection of Two Lines

7.8 Angle between Two Straight Lines.... .7-60

7.9 Perpendicular Distance from a Point on the Line ...7-71
7.10 Perpendicular Distance between Two Parallel Lines. 7-80
7.11 Geometry in Sulabasutras in Indian Knowledge System (Construction of
Square, Circling the Square) (Indian Mathematics).. .7-85

Unit-V
- -
Chapter 8 Function (8- 1) to (8 56)
8.1 Introduction. 8-1
8.2 Interval. 8-1
8.3 Definition of a Function ....... 8-2
8.4 Value of Function..
8-2
8.5 Range and Domain of a Function.
8-2
8.6 Types of Functions
8-3
8.7 Solved Examples
8-5
Chapter -9 Limit (9- 1) to (9- 2)
9.1 Concept of Limit without
Example.... 9-1
Chapter - 10 Derivatives (10- 1) to (10- 152)
10.1 Introduction
10-1
 10.2 Incrementary Ratio
10- 1

10.2.1 Rule of Derivatives

10-5
10.2.1.1 Derivative of Product 10- 12
10.2.1.2 Derivative of Quotient 10- 21
10.2.2 Derivative of Composite Function
10- 31
10.2.3 Derivatives of lnverse Trigonometric 10 - 57
Functions........*
10.2.4 Derivative of Implicit Functions 10- 79
10.3 Logarithmic Differentiation 10- 102
10.4 Derivative of Parametric Functions 10- 132
10.5 Second Order Differentiation 10- 151

- - -
Chapter 11 Application of Derivative (11 1) to (11 130)
11.1 Introduction. 11 -1
11.1.1 Tangent and Normal 11 -1

11.1.1.1 Equation of Tangent and Normal.. 11 - 18

11.1.2 Maxima and Minima 11 - 48
11.1.3 Radius of Curvature.... 11 - 89
11.2 Calculus in Indian Knowledge System: The Discovery of Calculus
by Indian Astronomers.(Indian Mathematics) .......... 1-123
Unit -V

- - 1 )
Chapter 12 Statistics (12 to (12 - 60)
12.1 Introduction .12 - 1
12.2 Range .12-2
12.3 Mean Deviation.... .12- 10
-
12.4 Standard Deviation (S.D.)... .12 21
...... 12 -39
12.5 Variance
12.6 Comparision of Two Sets of Observations .12- 52

Sample Question Paper (M- 1) to (M - 4)

(xi)
 -
Unit I

1| Logarithms

Syllabus:
Logarithn: Concept and laws of logarithm.
:
Introduction
While solving crucial engineering problems logarithm is one of the
best tool to simplify the given engineering problems.

Definition :

Broadly logarithm is nothing but a equivalent form of an

exponential expressions.
i.e. if y = a > 0, a
a, 1, a E R, then same expression can be
as x is
expressed in equivalent logarithmic form as x= log, y and read
a.
called logarithm ofy to the base
For example,
1) If32 = 2° then 5=log, 32
1

2) If 10 = 100'? then = logo l0

Note the definition of logarithm a = y is called exponontial

:
In
=
form or Index form and X log, y is called Logarithmic form.

If one is given we can write the other.

-
(| )
 1-2
Basic Mathenatics Logarithms

LOgarithmic torm Exponential form OR Index for

2 = log, 9 9 = 3

1/2 = lg64 4 = (16)2

= log.
1
- (5)
-2 Bs25) 25
a
0= log,l 1=
-2 =
log, 0.01 0.01 = 10
1.1| Types of Logarithm

i) Natural logarithm:

If base of the logarithm is a number e then it is called a natural

1 1 1
=
logarithm where e 2.718281 or
e=1+T3i
1! 2! 3!
For example log.7, log,2 etc.
Note For natural logarithn it is not necessary to write base i.e.
log. 7 can be written as log 7

:
ii) Common logarithm
If base of the logarithm is 10 number then it is called common
logarithm.
For example log,,3, log,7 etc.
Example : Which of the following are common logarithm and natural
logarithm
1) log% 2) log,x 3) log,5 4) log,3
Ans. : 1) log,çx is common logarithm.
2) log,x is natural logarithm.
3) log,5 is naturallogarithm.
4) log,3 is common logarithm.
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 Navic Mathematics
Logarithns
Deduction from the definition
) We know that
1 then log, 1
=0
Logarithnof nunmber lto any base is zero.
log, i = 0, log, l =0, log,o00 1=0 etc.
2) We know that

then log, a = 1

Logarithuu of'a number to the same base is equal to one.

c.g. log, 4 = 1, log,, 29 = 1, log, 73
=l etc.
3) We know that

a= y then X = log, y
a= y
=y
= 7, s°s=3, 25 °82549 = 49 etc.

4) We know that

If log, y
X, then y= a
...(i)
log, y = X

log, a = From (i)

C.g. log, 3* = 2, log, 4' = 3, logo 29* = 4 etc.

1.2 Laws of Logarithm (Without Proof)

1) Logarithm of product
a 1
If m, n, a are positive real number and # then
log,(m n) = log, m + log, n

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- an up-thrust for knowledge

 Logarlthus
Basic 3Mathematis
"The logarithm ofof
a
product is cqual to the sum of their
logarithms".
e.g. log, (2 x 3) = log, 2 + log,3
Corollary: log(mnp) = logm + logn + logp
2) Logarithm of quotient
a are a
If m, n, # 1

positive real number and

then log, = log, m

-log, n
"The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is cqual to the
difference between their logarithms".

C.g. log:() = log, 8 - log, 7

Corollary: log() =-log, X

e.g. 1) - log, 0.1l= log, 10

2) log, sec = -log, cos O

3) Logarithm of power

If'm' and 'a' are positive real numbers. a # l and n eR then

log,(m)" =n log,n
The logarithm of a power of a number is equal to the product of
the index by the logarithm of the number".
e.g. 1) log,(17)"=4 log, 17 2) log
X=-3 log x

log, 8 = log, (2)' =3 log,

3
3) 2
=3
m
Corollary 1: log,
log, m V log, m

log,
e.g.
71 =žlog,71

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS an up-thrust for knowiedge

 Basic Matlhematics 1
-5 Logurithns
:
Corollary 2 log, (m'• n") = p log, m+qlog, n
e.g. log, (144) = log, (2". 3) = 4 log, 2 + 2 log, 3
4) Change of base rule

If m, n, a are positive real numbers.

n# 1, a# 1

m
log,
log, m =
log, n

:
log, m
Deduction log, m = changing the base to m
log, n
m
log, 1

log, m = .:. log, m=

log, n log, n
log, m x logm n = 1

log, 5
e.g. 1) log, 5 = where new base is 2
log, 7
log,3
2) logs3 log, 8

Example 1.2.1 :Write the following term in Logarithmic form.

i) 5°= 125 i) 3= 81 ii) 7° = 1

iv) 1
5*=5 V)0.001 = 103 vi) x'= z

Solution:
i) We know if y =a
X
then x = log, y
5
=125 then 3 = log, 125
ii) 3 = 81 then 4 = log: 81
iii) 7=1 then 0 =log, 1

iv)
25
then -2 = logs25)

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- an up-thrust for knowie dge

 1
Basic Mathematics -6
Logariths
v)
10 =0.001 then -3 = log1o (0.001 )
vi) x=z then y = log, z

Example 1.2.2 :Write the following term in exponential form.

i) log, 27=3 ii) log, 81=4
iv) loga(76)=-2
i) log(aM2) 18 =2
v) logo ns0.0001 =2 vi) log,, 343 = 6
Solution:
i) log, 27 =3 then 3 = 27
ii) log, 81 = 4
then 3 = 81
2

ii) logw) 18 = 2 then (3/2) = 18

-
iv) log (i6
-2 then 4'
v) logoo 0.0001 =2 then (0.01) = 0.0001
vi) logy343 =6 then (Vi)' -343

Example 1.2.3 :Evaluate OR find the value of following

i) logs3 I MSBTE Dec, 85

i) log, 243 IS MSBTE: Nov. 86

ii) log3437 IG MSBTE: May 86

iv) log, (243) IG MSBTE May 87

1
v) log, 0.25 vi) log g728 MSBTE: May 93
IS
vi) log,o 1000
IS MSBTE: May 02
viii) Evaluate log, 81. MSBTE: Winter. 17
IS
 Basic MAathematics
1-7 Logarithuns

Solution:
i) Let, logs, 3 X (This can be written in index form)
81
=3
(3*) =3
3=3' From indices
4x = 1

ii) Let ivg, 243=x (This can be written in index form)

3 = 243
3 =3 ...
From indices
X=5
iii) Let log3437 x (This can be written in index form)
343* = 7
(T =7
... From indices
3x = 1

1
x =
3
iv) Let log: (2/3) = X (This can be written in index form)
12' = (2/3)
(2N3)
[(5]-
(2V3)
2x - (2V3)
From indices
2x = 5

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®.- an up-thrust for knowledge

 Basic Mfathematics -8
1
Logurithuns

5
x=
v) Let log, (0.25) = x
4 = 0.25
25
4= 100
1
4* =
4
4 = 4 ...
(From indices)
x=-1
vi) Let log 23-x =X
X 1
(V3)
729
X

(3)
32 =3-6 ...(From indices)
X
Ž--6
2

X=-12
vii) Let logo V 1000 = x
R 1000
10=
10" = (1000)"
1/3
10' -[(10)]" ... (a")"=am xn
10 = 10'
(From indices)
X=1
Basic Mathematics 1
-9 Logaritlns
viii) 81 = log,3* = 4log, 3 = 4(1) = 4
log 81 log 3* 4 log 3
OR log, 81 = =4
log 3 log 3 log 3

Example 1.2.4 :Evaluate without using log tables.

8
i) 255 ISS MSBTE Summer 01
35°92 5
ii) IG MSBTE: Winter 98
M) (625)°s7
IS MSBTEVWinter 97
JO9327
iv) (18) IS MSBTE: Summer 96
v) (12)°92/55
IT MSBTE AprilIMay 95, 87, 89
log, 3
vi) 8

Solution:
25o8g 8
i)

= 5 logs 64 ... (a =y)

= 64

ii)
- (2)T
s,lo8, 5

,log,s5 log, 3125

= 2
=2 =2
log, 5
32 = 3125
625 4, log, 7

ii)
4 logg7slogs
= 5
62s'g 7 = 2401
-
iv) (18)" [oÐ]
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- an up-thrust for knowledge
Basic Mathematics 1-10
Logarithms

- (312)2 lo85 -(32)

- (342) 1o8249
(18)"7 = 49
v)

- (243)2lo823
- (243) log/5)
- (2N3) lo2s25)
(12) =25
vi) 8 - (2)"* log, (3)
=2
3log, (3)

= 28, 27
log, 3 = 27
8
Exercise
1) Write the following terms in logarithmic form.
a) 2°= 64 b) 31
c) 6' =6 d) 10° =100000
12
e) (V3)"=729 f) m=n
[Ans. :
a) 6=log, 64 b) -5= log,43
c) 1= log, 6 d) 5= log,, 100000
12 = log,, 729 ) x=log,
m
e) ]

2) Write the following terms in exponential form.

a) log, 625 = 4 b) log, 32 = 5
c) log, 5=1 d) log,o 0.0001 =-4
Basic Mathematics
1- 11 Logarithms
e) logo 0.1 =-1 f) log, =b
m

[Ans. : a) (5)° = 625 b) 2° = 32

) 5' =5 d) 10=0.0001
e) 10 = 0.1

3) Evaluate without using log table.

1) log, 64 2) log,, 1000 3) log, 49 4) log, 625
5) logs 25 6) log,o 0.01 7) log, 1 8) log, y2
9) log, 9 10) log, 81 11)log, (log, 3)
LS MSBTE Summer 11
:
[Ans. 1) 6 2) 3 3) 2 4) 4 5) 1 6) -2
9) 2 10) 4 11) 0]
4) Evaluate without using the log table.
log, 25 1/3 log, 64 - 2 log, 5
1) 3 2) e 3) 2 4) 3

5) 6) 4
t2 log, 3
-log, 10
8) 2
3
log, 3 + 12y3o
7)3
: 1
[Ans. 1) 5 2) 25 3) 4 4) 5 5)2 6) 81 7)n 8) 127 ]

Example 1.2.5 :Simplify

i) (log, 4) (log, 81) ISS MSBTE: May 88

ii) log, 14- log,7 IS MSBTE Nov, 90

ii) log 145_3 log + log IS MSBTE Nov. 94

8
mlag 8 + 6 log
2-log () IG MSBTE Nov, 88

+ log
()-log )
ISS MSBTE: BTE : 85, Summer 01

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 Legarithms
Basic
luthematies

1N MSBTE: BTE:88

wi) Find the valuio of log (32)-lo9 (1) *log()

viii) Find
log
the value offI ()* os()-n)
UT MSBTE : Summer 18, 22

Solutlon:
i) Given (log, 4) (log, 81)
log 4
log 81
log 3 log 4
log 81 log 3
4
log 3 =
4
log 3 log 3 log 3

ii) log, 14 - log, 7

= log, (=log, (2) = 1

145 3
+ log 54
iii) log g-3 log, 29

= log
145 - log | + log 54
29

log2+ log
=
/-
- log + log 54 - log
29
- log
()-log? 27
8

=.(14S 54
log2g*29
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS-an up-thrust for knowledge
Basic MAathematics 1- 13 Logarithms
(7830
= log| 793=log 10 = 1

iv) log 8 + 6
log2 -log(
3

log (2) + 6 log (2)"

1/3

+žlog(4)
..logJ=-log a

2 (2)' + 6 log (2)" +; log (2'

-log
3 log 2 +
=
6log 2 +2 log 2
= 2
log 2+2 log 2 + log2
= (2+2+ 1) log 2 = 5 log 2

16 +
) 2 log
5 log los
-
= log 9 +log
G-log
= log 256 + log + log
225)
25
= log 256 =log (1) = 0
24

vi)
log(- log 15 + log 35
16 24

= log 4+log(19) +log )

16 35
= log
ia15
= log (1) =0

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Basic Mathematics 1- 14 Logarithmy

vi) log()-
(225 log + 64
log 729

= (225 64
log3+ + log(3++ log(8)
729
32
= log (225
32 X
81 64)
25729)
= log 2

vil) log( +
log-log()
- log()++
log(+log(
log 24 151
*8
= log 1 =0.

Exercise
Simplify
1)
log, 10 + log 10
S MSBTE:Winter 09

2) 3 log, 3 [Ans. :2|

22 ++12
12s243l0
IS MSBTE:B.T.E.:88

:
3) 2 log+6 81 [Ans. 127]
27
log 16-loB196
4)
[Ans. : log 12
log, 14 -log, 7
IT MSBTE Nov. 90

:
5) A
4l0g, - log, 0.01 [Ans. 1]
+2 :
[Ans. 6661|
6) (log, 64) -- (log, 8)
[Ans. : 3]

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an up-thrust for knowledge
Basic Mathematics 1- 15 Logariths
log, 25 log, 8
7) :
log, S log, 2 [Ans. -1]
log, 8 log, 9
8) [Ans. : 1]
log, 2 log, 3
1

9) 1 +
log, 24 log,, 24 log, 24 [Ans.: 2]

10) log 2 log + log 32-log 243 [Ans. :

log 2]

11) log G+ log(S-log()-log 5

MSBTE October / November 95

[Ans. : 0]
logoV1000 + log,8 + logo V27
12)
(logo 120)
S MSBTE:October I November 95
3
[Ans. 2

13) 2 log )* log13)+ log(7)

IS MSBTE December 09

[Ans. : 2log

Example 1.2.6 :Find x if

i) log, 27=x IS MSBTE January 94

ii) log, (x-3) =3 IT MSBTE Summer 97

ii) logs (x + 4) = 4 IS MSBTE

**********8** Summer 98
iv) log, (x + 6) = 2

DS MSBTE Summer96, 10, April/May 96, Winter 19

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 1- 16
Basic Mathematics Logarithmy

v)
=
log, (x´- 6x + 40) 5 r MSBTE
:Winter 96,9a
vi) log, (x + 5)= 4
IG MSBTE: Winter 01, 22, Summer
99

Solution:
i) Given log, 27 = X
(This can be written in index
form
3* = 27

3=3³ ...From indices

X = 3
ii) Given log, (x-3) = 3
= 2
X-3
x-3 = 8

X= 8+3
X= 11

iii) Given log, (x + 4) = 4

= 34
x+4
X + 4 = 81
X = 81
-4
X= 77
iv) Given log, (x + 6) = 2
3
X+6=
X+6 = 9

X=9-6
X=3
v)Given - +
log, (x 6x 40) =5
x-6x + 40 = 2°

- an up-thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
Basic Mathennatics 1-17 Logarithms

x“-6x + 40 = 32
x´- 6x + 40-32= 0
x*-6x +8 = 0
(x–4) (x-2) = 0
= 0
X–4 OR X-2 = 0
X= 4 OR X=2
vi) Given log, (x + 5) = 4
= 3
x+5
x +
5 81

X= 81-5
X = 76

Exercise
Find x in the following cases.
1) log 144=x [Ans. : x=4]
=
2) log,x [Ans. : x=2]

3) log, [Ans. : 3]

4) log! 8=x |Ans. :

5) log, (x´ - 8x) = 1

[ Ans. : x=9, -1]
6) logs X= 3 [Ans. : x=

7) log,o (x´ + 6x + 28)=2 [Ans. : x=6,-12 ]

8) log, (3x -5) =0 [Ans. : X=2]
9) log,x´-log,(5x-6) [Ans. : x=2,3 ]
10) log,(3x +4) = log, (4x–3) [Ans. : x=7]
11) log, (x´ + 7) = 0
2x- [Ans. : x=2, -4]

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 l-18
Basic Mathematics Logarithms

12) log. 0.008 =3 [Ans.

X
:X=0.2|
13) logo 1234= log.71g |Ans. : X=21.99
x = log, 5 [Ans. : x= 25, xed
14) i log, 25
2-s(2**1 + 16 = 0
15) |Ans.: X=3,1]
16) Find N if i) log,, N
=i IS MSBTE Nov. 88

) log, N= 4 SS MSBTE June 89

: =
|Ans. i)
N= i) N

Example 1.2.7 :Find x if

i) log, (x- 4) + log:(x-2) = 1

IS MSETE Winter 96, April-May 95, April 2000

i) log10 X + log1o (x- 3) = 1

IS MSBTE: Summer 99

i) log,(x+5) + log2 (x- 2) = 3

LS MSBTE Summer 97, May, 90]

log x
log 64
iv)
log 4 log 16 ISS MSBTE Summer 2

v) Find 'x' if log, [logs (log, x)] = 1

vi) log, X - log, (X - 1) =5 ISS MSBTE Winter 10

Solution:i) Given
-
log, (x 4) + log, (x -2) = 1

:.log, [(x-4) (x - 2)]=1

(x-4) (x -2) = 3
x“-2x -4x +8 =3
 Basic Mathem atics
1-19 Logarithms
x.
<-6x+8 = 3
x-6x +8-3 = 0
x*-6x +5 =0
(x- 5) (x- 1) = 0

X-5 = 0 OR X-]=0
X=5 OR X=1
ii) Given
logioX + log:o(x -3) = 1

log,o [x(x -3)] = 1

X(x– 3) = 10'

x´-3x = 10

x´-3x-10 = 0
(x-5) (x+ 2) = 0
= 0
X-5 OR x+2 = 0
X=$ CR X=-2
iiü)Given
log, (x + 5) + log, (x -2) = 3
.. log, [(x + 5)
(x- 2)] = 3
(x + 5) (x– 2) = 2

x*-2x + 5x– 10 = 8

x+ 3x - 10 = 8
x*+3x - 10–8 =0
x*+ 3x- 18 = 0
(x + 6) (x-3) = 0

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 1- 20 Logarithms
Basic Mathematics

x+6 0 OR X-3 =0
X=-6 OR X=3
log x log 64
=
iv) Given log 4 log 16
log 64
log x = log 16 log
4

log 64
= log 64
log 4 2log 4 log 4
log (4)
1
-jlog 64
log x = log (64)"
log x = 1log 8

X=8
v) Given log, [log, (log, x)] = 1

log, (log, x) = 2

log, (log, x) = 2
log, x = 3
log, x = 9
X = 2

X= 512
vi)Given
log, X-log, (x - 1) =5

log2\x-1)
X =2
X-1
X 32
X~1
X =32(x– 1)
Basic Mathematics l-21 Logurlthms

–
X=32X 32

X-32X =-32
-3lx =-32
31x = 32
32
X=
31

Exercise
Solve for x
1) -
log, (8x - 3) log, 4= 2 |Ans.
:
x=
:
x=4
|

2) log,0X + logo (6x+ 1)=2 |Ans.

3) i) log, x + log. 2 = 2 IS MSBTE: April 92

1/3
ii) log, x + log,
x
=2 [Ans. :
i) x=2 ii) x= (16) ]

: x=16]
4) log, x + log, x = 6 |Ans.
4 =
5) i) log,x + log, 625 =4 ii) logx+ log,

[ Ans. : i) x=25, ii) x = 2, 16]

log, x + log, x =
: x =
]
6) 6 [Ans. 81

(4 log (log3) x)

IS MSBTE:April 91
7) =log 27
log 9
[Ans. :
x= 33 ]
log x
log 25 [Ans. :x=
8) log 5 log 125
log x log 64 [Ans. : x=4]
9) log 8 log 512
:
10) log, 2 + log, 4 + log, 8 =6 [Ans. x=2]
1log, 64 = 12 [Ans. : x=2|
11) log, 4 + log, 16 +

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 1- 22
Logarithns
Basic Mathematics
, = 1
12) log, [log, (log x)] |Ans. : X=81|
–
13) log,[log,(5x 2)]=$ Ans. : X=261

= 1
|Ans. : 6561|
14) log, [log, (log, x)]
x
4 log 3· 1log = log 27 I MSBTE May 90
15) log 9

[ Ans. :x=y27=3NB1

log, x = 2(log,2 + 2) |Ans. : X=3241

16)
[ Ans. : x = 1
17) log, + x
1=2 log, 5

log,oX 1og,,9 [Ans. :x=3|

18) Solve for x, log,o3 logo 81

Example 1.2.8 :Prove that, =

+1-x) 0
i) log (Vx +1 +x) +log (V*
MSBTE:
1
1 1
il)
logab abc logbe abc logac abc =2
97
IS MSBTE: Summer

( og
HI) log
(rlog pg
)= 0

IS MSBTE ri 99,
Aprl
May 94.

1 1 1
iv) ioga8*logsa "log,
8 83
v) log (log x')- log (log x') = log (3)
MSBTE November 84 April 91
3
vi) log, x´ x log. y' x log,z'= 24
MSBTE November 77
DS
Basic Mathematics 1 - 23 Logarltlms

Solution: Given
i) L.H.S, = log(Vx + 1
+x) + log(vx +1-x)
log m + log n = log(mn)
- log[(Vx +1+x)(V*+1-x)]
(a+ b)(a - b) = a-5²
= log[(Vx +1)-*]
= log[x
+1-x]
= log 1
=0
1 1

ii) L.H.S. =
log,b abc log,, abe log,. abc
1 1 1

log abc log abc log abc

log ab log bc log ac
log ab log be log ac
+ +
log abc log abc log abc
+ ac
log ab +log bc log
log abc
log [ab x bc x ac]_ log (ab'c')
log abc log abc
2
log (abc)_2 log (abc)
log abc log abc =2

iii) L.H.S. = log + log + log

Wp/ pq
log qrppq
= log|Pgg.
Lqr rp
x=log [1] = 0

= R.H.S.

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Basic Mathematics 1-24 Logurithms
1 1

iv) L.H.S. = 1jog, 8 log 8log, 8

= 1 1

log 8 +
18 1 1

log log 8
log2 log 64 1log 4

log 64
log 2, log 64, 1og 4

log 8
log8log 8
+
log 2+ log 64 log4
log 8
x
log (2 64x4)_ log (512) log 8

log 8 log 8 log 8

3 8
log
log & =3

= R.H.S.
v) LH.S. = log (log x') - log (log x')
log m - log n = log m

- log (log x
=
x

log (m) =nlog m

log
- log/log
(3log x
x)

·.log ) =
R.H.S.

vi) L.H.S. = log,xx log, y' x log, z4

logxlog 3
log z y,
log y log z log x
2 log x3 log y 4
log y log z X
logz2x3x4= 24
log x
= R.H.S.
Basic Mathematics 1 - 25 Logarithms

Exercise
Prove that
1 1
1) 6+ IG MSBTE May 85, Summer 19
log, log, 6 log, 6

1 1 1

2)
log, abc log, abc log, abc =1 IG MSBTE: December 87

3) 7 log )-5 log

+3 log = log 2

IS MSBTE: Winter 96|

4) og(49+log(-log(-0 IS MSBTE:Winter 99

log, x log, y log, z=1

- ·
5) DT MSBTEWinter 2000
log, a' x log, b’ x 27
6) log,c=
1 1
11
I MSBTE: May
7)
1+log, be 1+ log, ca 1+ log. ab1

8) logy
1
log, (y) log.
1 1
7-1
9) +
log, 24 log,,24 log, 242

10) log + log + log =0

ab/
1 1

11) +
log, x log, x log, x log30X

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