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Integration
• The inverse operation of differentiation is called antidifferentiation or
integration, denoted by the symbol ‫׬‬
Math 214: Calculus 2 Example:
Engr. Lalaine Jean A. Ballais
Given Operation Inverse Answer
Operation
9 9 + 3 = 12 12 − 3 9
4 4 8 = 32 32 4
8
5𝑥 (5𝑥)2 = 25𝑥 2 25𝑥 2 5𝑥

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Integration Indefinite Integral

• The inverse operation of differentiation is called antidifferentiation or Consider the following:
integration, denoted by the symbol ‫׬‬
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑 3𝑥 2 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given Operation Inverse Answer 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 100 𝑑 3𝑥 2 + 100 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Operation h 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3 𝑑 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 3 i 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑 3𝑥 2 + 5 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 3 𝑑 8𝑥 3 = 24𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 න 24𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
j 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑎 + 10 𝑑 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑎 + 10 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥
4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 න(8𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥

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Indefinite Integral
Therefore, The indefinite integral may be written as
න 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2

We get an infinite number

න 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 100 න 𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
of functions which differ by
න 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3 a constant only, hence,

where 𝐶 is a constant.
න 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5
Indefinite integral
න 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑎 + 10

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Examples
• Properties of Indefinite Integral 1. Evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬
Let 𝑎 be a constant.
1. ‫ 𝑢𝑑(׬‬+ 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑥) = ‫ 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝑣𝑑 ׬‬+ ⋯ + ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
2. ‫𝑢𝑑 ׬ 𝑎 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑎׬‬
1
3. ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑎׬ 𝑎 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬
2. Evaluate ‫ ׬‬2𝑑𝑧
• Definition of Indefinite Integral න 2𝑑𝑧 = 2 න 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑧 + 𝐶
‫ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬+ 𝐶
3. Evaluate ‫(׬‬3𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑧)
• Power Formula of Integration
𝑢𝑛+1 න(3𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑧) = 3 න 𝑑𝑥 + 2 න 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑧 + 𝐶
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 ; 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛 +1

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Examples Examples
4. Evaluate ‫(׬‬4𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧) 7. Evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
1 3 3
1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥2 2𝑥 2
න(4𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑧) = 4 න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑧 = 4𝑥 − 𝑧 + 𝐶 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
1 3 3
2+1 2
𝑑𝑧
5. Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 8. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑧 1 1
2
𝑥 2+1 𝑥3 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑧 −2+1 𝑧2 1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 න = න 𝑧 −2 𝑑𝑧 = + 𝐶 = + 𝐶 = 2𝑧 2 + 𝐶 = 2 𝑧 + 𝐶
2+1 3 𝑧 1 1
−2+1 2
6. Evaluate ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 9. Evaluate ‫(׬‬4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1 3𝑥 4 න(4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = න 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + න 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 = 4 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
න 3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 +𝐶 = +𝐶
3+1 4

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Examples Examples
3 𝑑𝑥
3
9. Evaluate ‫(׬‬4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 10. Evaluate ‫( ׬‬1−2𝑥)5
3 𝑑𝑥
න = 3 න(1 − 2𝑥)−5 𝑑𝑥
න(4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)5
Let 𝑛 = −5
𝑥 3+1 𝑥 1+1 3𝑥 2 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥
=4 +3 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥4 + −𝑥+𝐶
3+1 1+1 2 3
= න(1 − 2𝑥)−5 −2 𝑑𝑥
−2
3 1 − 2𝑥 −5+1
=− ∙ +𝐶
2 −5 + 1
3
= +𝐶
8 1 − 2𝑥 4

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Examples Examples
2𝑎
12. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
11. Evaluate ‫ 𝑥(׬‬3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑎−3𝑥
2𝑎 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 න(4𝑎 − 3𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
න(𝑥 3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 4𝑎 − 3𝑥
1
Let 𝑛= −2
𝑢 = 4𝑎 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑑𝑥
= න 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 − න 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑎 1
න(4𝑎 − 3𝑥)− 2 (−3) 𝑑𝑥
−3
𝑥 7 2𝑥 4 2𝑎 4𝑎 − 3𝑥 − 2+1
1

= − +𝑥+𝐶 =− ∙ +𝐶
7 7 44 3 1
− 2+1
𝑥 𝑥 1
= − +𝑥+𝐶 4𝑎 4𝑎 − 3𝑥 2
7 2 =− +𝐶
3

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Examples Examples
5
13. Evaluate ‫( 𝑦 𝑒 ׬‬4 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 14. Evaluate ‫(׬‬3 − 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
5 Let 𝑛=2
Let 𝑛=
2
𝑢 = 4 − 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 = 3 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑑𝑥
5 1
= −න 4 − 𝑒 𝑦 2 (−𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = − න 3 − 2𝑥 2 (−2)𝑑𝑥
2
5 1 3 − 2𝑥 2+1
4 − 𝑒 𝑦 2+1 =− ∙ +𝐶
=− +𝐶 2 2+1
5 3 − 2𝑥 3
+1 =− +𝐶
2 7 6
2 4 − 𝑒𝑦 2
=− +𝐶
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Examples
15. Evaluate ‫׬‬tan 𝑥 ln sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑛=1
𝑢 = ln sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න ln sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Thank you! Homework will be
=
(ln sec 𝑥)1+1
+𝐶
uploaded. See you next meeting.
1+1
(ln sec 𝑥)2
= +𝐶
2

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