MATH ANALYSIS 2

Definite Integrals

JONJIE M. CATIBOG
 Definite Integrals

If a function 𝑓 is defined on the closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 , then the definite integral

𝑏
of 𝑓 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is denoted by ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬.

To find the exact value of a definite integral, we need to use the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus which states that:

If a function 𝑓 is continuous on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝐹 is any antiderivative of 𝑓, then

𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 ቮ =𝐹 𝑏 −𝐹 𝑎 .
𝑎 𝑎
Properties of the Definite Integral
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
𝟏. න 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟒. න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ
𝑏 𝑎
𝟓. න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝟐. න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 where 𝑎 > 𝑏

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝟑. න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

Examples
1
1. Evaluate න 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
−1

1 1 1 Apply Property 2 by evaluating the definite integral of each term

2
න 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 3 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using the basic integration rules. In evaluating definite integrals,
−1 −1 −1 there is no need to include the constant 𝐶 of integration.

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, i.e.

𝑥3 1 𝑏
= 3𝑥 −
3 ቮ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
𝑎
−1

1 1 Simplify.
= 3− − −3 +
3 3

𝟏𝟔
=
𝟑
Examples
9
𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 5.
2. Evaluate න . 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
7 𝑥−5
9 𝑥=9
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 Apply the integration formula ‫׬‬
𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 + 𝐶. Express the integral
න =න 𝑥
7 𝑥−5 𝑥=7 𝑢 of the function in terms of 𝑥.

9 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, i.e.

= ln 𝑥 − 5 ቮ 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
7 𝑎
= ln 9 − 5 − ln 7 − 5
𝑥
Apply the logarithm law ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑦 to simplify the answer.
= ln 4 − ln 2

4
= ln
2

= 𝐥𝐧 𝟐
Examples
0
9𝑥 2 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1.
3. Evaluate න 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥3 + 1 3/2
3𝑑𝑢 = 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥=2
9𝑥 2 3𝑑𝑢 Apply Property 5. We may evaluate the definite integral in terms of
න 𝑑𝑥 = − න
𝑥3 + 1 3/2 𝑢3/2 𝑢. When 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑢 = 0 + 1 = 1. When 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑢 = 8 + 1 = 9.
2 𝑥=0

𝑢=9 3
= −3 න 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
Apply the power rule of integration.
𝑢=1

𝑢−1/2 9
= −3
1
−
2 1 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, i.e.
6 9 𝑏
= න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
𝑢1/2 ቮ 𝑎
1
6 6 Simplify the answer.
= 1/2 − 1/2 = −𝟒
9 1
Examples Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1.
2 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate න 2𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥.
0 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

2 𝑥=2 4
2 3 2
න 2𝑥 2
𝑥3 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 2 ቮ
0 𝑥=0 3 9 0

4 3 4 3
2 2 1 = 8+1 2 − 0+1 2
= න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 9 9
3 0
4
3 2 = 27 − 1
2 𝑥3 + 1 2 9
= ∙
3 3
2 0 𝟏𝟎𝟒
=
𝟗
Examples
𝜋/2 Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥.
3
5. Evaluate න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑥=𝜋/2 𝑢=1
When 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑢 = sin 0 = 0.
3
න sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 𝜋 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , then 𝑢 = sin 2 = 1.
𝑥=0 𝑢=0

𝑢4 1 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, i.e.

𝑏
= ቮ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
4 0 𝑎

1 0
= − Simplify.
4 4

𝟏
=
𝟒
Examples
4
− 𝑥+2 if 𝑥 < −2
6. Evaluate න 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥. By definition, 𝑥 + 2 = ቊ .
𝑥+2 if 𝑥 ≥ −2
−3

4 −2 4 Apply Property 3. Since − 𝑥 + 2 is only defined for 𝑥 < −2,

hence the integral of − 𝑥 + 2 = −𝑥 − 2 shall only be
න 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = න −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 evaluated from −3 to −2. Moreover, the integral of 𝑥 + 2
−3 −3 −2 shall be evaluated from −2 to 4.

𝑥2 −2 𝑥2 4 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, i.e.

= − − 2𝑥 ቮ + + 2𝑥 ቮ 𝑏
2 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 .
−3 −2 𝑎

9
= −2 + 4 − − + 6 + 8+8 − 2−4 Simplify.
2

𝟑𝟕
=
𝟐
Practice
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
1 𝜋/4
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
1. න 3 𝑑𝑥 4. න cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 4 −𝜋/4

1 3
𝑥3 + 1
2. න 𝑑𝑥 5. න 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥+1 0

4
3. න 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
Online References
The Definite Integral

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0RJkIBhfEM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paNqHnR3-aM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCWOdfQ3cwQ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS46GllBLMk