Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts (Quick-notes)
About Acids:
Acids are substances which can easily release or donate hydrogen ions.
They are sour in taste and change blue litmus to red. Example- HCl, H₂SO₄ etc.
About Bases:
Bases are substances which release OH- ions (Hydroxide ions) easily in water.
They are bitter in taste and change red litmus to blue. Example- NaOH, CaCO₃ etc.
About Salts:
Salts are ionic compounds formed as a result of neutralisation reaction between
acid and base. Example- NaCl etc.
About Alkalis:
Bases which are soluble in water are known as alkalis. Example: NaOH(aq)etc.
Olfactory Indicators
These are certain substances whose odour changes in acidic and basic media.
Example- onion, vanilla extract etc.
Different Reactions and Products (Properties)
Acid + Metal ➔ Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Example : Zn (s) + H₂SO₄(aq) ➔ ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)
Base + Metal ➔ Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Example : 2NaOH(aq) + Zn(S) ➔ Na₂ZnO₂(s) + H₂(g)
✯ Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates are basic in nature.
Metal Carbonate + Acid ➔ Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Example: Na₂CO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) ➔ 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)
Metal Hydrogencarbonate + Acid ➔ Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Example: NaHCO₃(s) + HCl(aq) ➔ NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)
Upon Passing CO₂ through lime water:
Ca(OH)₂(aq) + CO₂(g) ➔ CaCO₃(s) + H₂O(l)
(Lime Water) (White Precipitate)
Upon passing excess CO₂:
CaCO₃(s) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g) ➔ Ca(HCO₃)₂(aq)
(Soluble in water)
Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of Calcium Carbonate(CaCO₃)
Acid + Base ➔ Salt + Water
Example: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ➔ NaCl(aq)+H₂O(l)
This reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water is known as
neutralisation reaction.
✯ The nature of metallic oxides is basic and are also called basic oxides,
non-mettalic oxides are acidic in nature.
Metal Oxide + Acid ➔ Salt + Water
Non-Metal Oxide + Base ➔ Salt + Water
Dilution
Dilution is adding water to a liquid(acid/base) to decrease the concentration of
ions(H₃O⁺/OH⁻) per unit volume.
General Information
➔ Substances like curd and other products which release acids should not be
kept in metal vessels , else they may react to form poisonous substances.
➔ Person having acidity must be given bases like milk of magnesia or soda
solution as a remedy to reduce the effect of excess HCl in the stomatch.
