2916/201 BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS Oct/Nov. 2021 Time: 3 hours ‘THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL DIPLOMA IN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS MODULE I BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This paper consists of TWO sections; A and B. Answer ALL the questions in section A and any THREE questions from section B in the answer booklet provided. Each question in section A carries 4 marks, while each question in section B carries 20 marks. Maximum marks for each part of a question are indicated. Candidates should answer the questions in English. This paper consists of 8 printed pages. ‘Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are © 2021 The Kenya National Examinations Council Turn overSECTION A (40 marks) Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1. Figure 1 shows part of a DNA molecule. Fig. 1 (@) State the evidence from Figure 1 that shows DNA is a polymer. (1 mark) (6) Name the parts of the diagram labelled C, D and E. GB marks) 2. (a) __ Define the term balanced diet. : (mark) (b) Figure 2 represents a triglyceride molecule. A B — ee Fig. 2 Identify the parts labelled A, C and D. (3 marks) 2916/201 2 ct/Now. 2021Figure 3 is a drawing that represents the molecules of DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA). \ DNA mRNA Fig. 3 ‘The mRNA molecule is shorter than the DNA molecule: (@) Using only the information in Fig. 3, state two other differences between DNA and RNA. (2 marks) (b) Give any other two differences in structure between DNA and RNA. (2 marks) 4, Enzymes are globular proteins with a specific three dimensional shape. ‘The shape is determined by the primary structure. = (a) State the meaning of the term ‘primary structure’. (1 mark) (b) Figure 4 shows some of the chemical bonds that hold the tertiary structure of an enzyme protein together. Fig. 4 ‘Name the bonds labelled A, B and C. (3 marks) 2916/201 3 ‘Turn over Qcu/Now. 20215. Identify the substances W, X, ¥ and Z in each of the following metabolic reactions. (a) — Glucose + ATP —““"“ glucose-o -phosphate + W. (1 mark) (o) |X —“~ phosphoenolpyruvate + water. (1 mark) (©) _3-phosphoglycerate + 2-phosphoglycerate. (1 mark) Papp (4) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + Z, 3 phosphoglycerate + ATP. (1 mark) 6, The amount of cooking oil (X in grams) used for making pilau is directly proportional to the amount of rice (y in kilograms). 150 grams of cooking oil was used together with 2 kg of rice to make pilau. (@) Derive an equation relating y to x. (2 marks) (b) Use the equation in (a) above to determine the amount of rice used for 3 kg of oi. (2 marks) 7. Difference between the following: (a) descriptive statistics and inductive statistics; (2 marks) (b) qualitative variable and quantitative variable. (2 marks) 8. Figure 5 represents the amount of milk produced by four dairy farms A, B, C and D per day. Fig. 5 Farm A produced 0.9 tonnes of milk on that particular day. Determine the number of cows in Farm C, if a cow produces an average of 20 kg of milk per day. (4 marks) 9. bag contains 8 green balls, 10 white balls and 6 red balls. The balls are similar in all aspects ‘except the colour. Two balls are picked from the bag, one after another without replacement. Using a tree diagram, determine the probability that the two balls are of same colour. (4 marks) 2916/201 4 ct/Now 202110. — Acompany produces tomato paste in 120 g sachets with a standard deviation of 5 g. Samples of 30 sachets were taken for verification and found to have a normal distribution. Determine: (@) mean of samples; (1 mark) (b) standard error; (1 mark) (©) expected upper and lower limit of sample mean. marks) SECTION B (60 marks) Answer any THREE questions from this section. 11. (a) __Lactose is a disaccharide which can be broken down by the enzyme lactase into two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. Lactose + water glucose + galactose (i) The formular for galactose is C,Hi:Ox. Write the formular for lactose. (1 mark) Gi) A solution containing the enzyme lactase was added to a lactose solution. It was incubated at 40°C for one hour. Sample A was removed from the tube before incubation, sample B was removed after one hour. Describe a chemical test that could be carried out on sample A to show that lactose is a reducing sugar. (2 marks) (ii) ‘This chemical test was carried out on samples A and B. All experimental variables were the same in the testing of the two samples. Both tubes were left for ten minutes to allow the precipitate to settle. Figure 6 shows the results. 2916/201 5 ‘Turn over (Oct/Now. 2021a Explain how the results in Figure 5 show galactose to be a reducing sugar or not. (2 marks) (iv) “Describe a biochemical test that can show that a solution such as sucrose contains a non-reducing sugar. (GB marks) =(b) The following is the structure of the amino acid serine. os H—C—H H oO Pie H | OH @ Copy the structure and draw a box around the R-group then label the box with the letter R, (1 mark) (i) Drawacircle around each of the parts of the serine molecule which would be removed when two other amino acid moleeules join directly to it. (2 marks) (©) Name: (@ two substances formed when two amino acid molecules join together. (2 marks) (ii) the type of bond formed between the joined pair of amino acid molecules. (1 mark) ii) the type of reaction by which amino acids join together. (1 mark) (@) Explain how a change in the primary structure of a globular protein may result in a different three dimensional structure (G marks) (©) Draw the structure of the zwitterion of alanine. (2 marks) 2916/201 6 Oct/Nov. 202112. (@) __Define the term ‘enzyme inhibitor’. (2 marks) (b) Enzymes are used in biological washing powders. (Describe how the presence of these enzymes may increase the efficiency of the washing powder in removing stains from clothes. (6 marks) (ii) Explain how the temperature of the wash needs to be carefully controlled. (5 marks) (© Some baby foods are manufactured by predigesting food stuffs containing carbohydrates, fats and proteins with enzymes. Describe the roles of different types of ‘enzymes in preparing these baby foods. (7 marks) 13-4 (a) Predict the function at each of the following enzymes: (i) cellulase; Gi) lactase dehydrogenase; (ii) L-amino acid oxidase; (iv) aspartate amino transferase; (v) maleate isomerase. (10 marks) (b) The effect of a new fertiliser on seedlings is to be determined. The seedlings are planted on plots A, B,C, D and E, with and without the fertiliser under similar conditions, The average mass of seedlings (in grams) in each plot after 2 weeks are shown in Table 1. Table 1 ae fame he fear] re fertiliser 10 (i) Determine the mean and standard deviation of the seedlings: 1 with fertiliser; I. _ without fertiliser. (8 marks) Gi) Comment on the effect of the new fertiliser on the seedlings. (2 marks) 2916/201 2 Turn over Oct/Nov. 202114. (a) __ The volume (v) of a gas produced with time (t) in a fermentation reaction is shown in Table 2. Table 2 vem) | 3 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 23 t(sec) [2 [ 4 [6 [ 8 [10 () Determine the regression line equation of v on t. (13 marks) (i) From the equation in (a)(i) determine v when t= 40 seconds. (2 marks) (b) Table 3 shows marks scored by students in a nutrition practical test. Table 3 Marks 40-44 | 45-49 | 50-54 | 55-59 | 60-64 | 65-69 No. of students [3 5 9 10 8 4 Calculate median mark of the students scores. (5 marks) 15. (@__Aclass is to make mango juice from ripe mangoes. The probability of getting ripe ‘mangoes from suppliers is +, 10 mangoes are supplied. Use binomial theorem to: (Calculate the probability that: 1. none is ripe; (6 marks) Tl. four mangoes are ripe; J (2 marks) ML. atmost one mango are ripe; (2 marks) IV. _ at least two mangoes are ripe. (2 marks) Gi) Determine mean and variance of ripe mangoes supplied. (4 marks) (b) State four advantages of sampling as a method of gathering data. (4 marks) ‘THIS IS THE LAST PRINTED PAGE. 29167201 8 Oct/Nov 2021