Chapter 1 Operating system

Here are the details about Operating Systems and their types:

*What is an Operating System (OS)?*

An Operating System is a software that manages computer hardware resources and

provides common services to computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between
computer hardware and user-level applications.

*Types of Operating Systems:*

1. *Single-User Operating System*: Allows only one user to access the computer at a
time. (Example: MS-DOS)

2. *Multi-User Operating System*: Allows multiple users to access the computer

simultaneously. (Example: Unix, Linux)

3. *Single-Tasking Operating System*: Allows only one program to run at a time.

(Example: MS-DOS)

4. *Multi-Tasking Operating System*: Allows multiple programs to run concurrently.

(Example: Windows, Linux)

5. *Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)*: Guarantees a response within a specified

time limit. (Example: Embedded systems, Robotics)
6. *Distributed Operating System*: Manages a network of computers and allows
resources to be shared. (Example: Cluster computing, Cloud computing)

7. *Mobile Operating System*: Designed for mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets. (Example: Android, iOS)

8. *Embedded Operating System*: Designed for embedded systems, such as traffic

lights, appliances, and robots.

9. *Batch Operating System*: Executes jobs in batches, without user interaction.

(Example: Mainframe systems)

10. *Network Operating System*: Manages network resources and provides network
services. (Example: Windows Server, Linux Server)

❖ Types of Operating Systems

There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned below.

❖ Batch Operating System

❖ Multi-Programming System
❖ Multi-Processing System
❖ Multi-Tasking Operating System
❖ Time-Sharing Operating System
❖ Distributed Operating System
❖ Network Operating System
❖ Real-Time Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is
an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs. Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large number
of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.

Advantages of Batch Operating System

❖ Multiple users can share the batch systems.
❖ The idle time for the batch system is very less.
❖ It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
❖ Batch systems are hard to debug.
❖ It is sometimes costly.
❖ The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
❖ In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult
to accurately predict while they are in the queue.

Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements,

etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than
one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept
in execution. This is basically used for better execution of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

❖ Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
❖ It helps in reducing the response time.
Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
 ❖ There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with
the system.

3. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which
more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

❖ It increases the throughput of the system.
❖ As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can
proceed with another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
❖ Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow
difficult to understand.
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System :- Multitasking Operating System is simply a
multiprogramming Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin
Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

❖ Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking
Operating System.
❖ It comes with proper memory management.
Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
❖ The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single
system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The
task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that
each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is
over OS switches over to the next task.
 Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
❖ Each task gets an equal opportunity.
❖ Fewer chances of duplication of software.
❖ CPU idle time can be reduced.
❖ Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share
hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals,
reducing the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS

❖ Reliability problem.
❖ One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
❖ Data communication problem.

6. Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer
technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great
pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their
own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The
major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always
possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually
present on his system but some other system connected within this network

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

❖ Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent of each other.
❖ Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
❖ Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
❖ Load on host computer reduces

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

❖ Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
❖ To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.

7. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These
types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security,
applications, and other networking functions over a small private network.
One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the
users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within
the network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s why these
computers are popularly known as tightly coupled system
❖ Advantages of Network Operating System
❖ Highly stable centralized servers.
❖ Security concerns are handled through servers.
❖ New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated
into the system.
❖ Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types
of systems.
❖ Disadvantages of Network Operating System
❖ Servers are costly.
❖ User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
❖ Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
 8. Real-Time Operating System
These types of Oss serve real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called
response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots, etc.

❖ Advantages of RTOS
❖ Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and
systems, thus more output from all the resources.
❖ Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is
very less.
❖ Disadvantages of RTOS
❖ Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid errors.
❖ Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are
not so good and they are expensive as well.

Structure of Operating system

9. SIMPLE STRUCTURE

It is the most straightforward operating system structure, but it lacks definition

and is only appropriate for usage with tiny and restricted systems. Since the
interfaces and degrees of functionality in this structure are clearly defined,
 programs are able to access I/O routines, which may result in unauthorized
access to I/O procedures.

This organizational structure is used by the MS-DOS operating system:

There are four layers that make up the MS-DOS operating system, and each has
its own set of features.

• These layers include ROM BIOS device drivers, MS-DOS device drivers,
application programs, and system programs.
• The MS-DOS operating system benefits from layering because each level can be
defined independently and, when necessary, can interact with one another.
• If the system is built in layers, it will be simpler to design, manage, and update.
Because of this, simple structures can be used to build constrained systems
that are less complex.
• When a user program fails, the operating system as whole crashes.
• Because MS-DOS systems have a low level of abstraction, programs and I/O
procedures are visible to end users, giving them the potential for unwanted
access.

Advantages of Simple Structure:

• Because there are only a few interfaces and levels, it is simple to develop.
• Because there are fewer layers between the hardware and the applications, it
offers superior performance

Disadvantages of Simple Structure:

• The entire operating system breaks if just one user program malfunctions.
• Since the layers are interconnected, and in communication with one another,
there is no abstraction or data hiding.
• The operating system’s operations are accessible to layers, which can result in
data tampering and system failure

10. MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE

The monolithic operating system controls all aspects of the operating system’s
operation, including file management, memory management, device
management, and operational operations.
The core of an operating system for computers is called the kernel (OS). All
other System components are provided with fundamental services by the
kernel. The operating system and the hardware use it as their main interface.
When an operating system is built into a single piece of hardware, such as a
keyboard or mouse, the kernel can directly access all of its resources.
• Note :- Diagram Refer From Textbook For this Structure
• Advantages of Monolithic Structure:
• Because layering is unnecessary and the kernel alone is responsible for
managing all operations, it is easy to design and execute.
• Due to the fact that functions like memory management, file
management, process scheduling, etc., are implemented in the same
address area, the monolithic kernel runs rather quickly when compared
to other systems. Utilizing the same address speeds up and reduces the
time required for address allocation for new processes.

• Disadvantages of Monolithic Structure:

• The monolithic kernel’s services are interconnected in address space

and have an impact on one another, so if any of them malfunctions, the
entire system does as well.
• It is not adaptable. Therefore, launching a new service is difficult.

11. LAYERED STRUCTURE

The OS is separated into layers or levels in this kind of arrangement. Layer 0

(the lowest layer) contains the hardware, and layer 1 (the highest layer)
contains the user interface (layer N).

These layers are organized hierarchically, with the top-level layers making
use of the capabilities of the lower-level ones.

• Advantages of Layered Structure:

• Work duties are separated since each layer has its own functionality,
and there is some amount of abstraction.
• Debugging is simpler because the lower layers are examined first,
followed by the top layers.
• Disadvantages of Layered Structure:

• Performance is compromised in layered structures due to layering.

• Construction of the layers requires careful design because upper
layers only make use of lower layers’ capabilities.

• Note :- Diagram Refer From Textbook For this Structure

4 . MICRO-KERNEL STRUCTURE

The operating system is created using a micro-kernel framework that strips

the kernel of any unnecessary parts. Systems and user applications are
used to implement these optional kernel components. So, Micro-Kernels is
the name given to these systems that have been developed.

Each Micro-Kernel is created separately and is kept apart from the others.
As a result, the system is now more trustworthy and secure. If one Micro-
Kernel malfunctions, the remaining operating system is unaffected and
continues to function normally.
The image below shows Micro-Kernel Operating System Structure:

• Advantages of Micro-Kernel Structure:

• It enables portability of the operating system across platforms.

• Due to the isolation of each Micro-Kernel, it is reliable and secure.
• The reduced size of Micro-Kernels allows for successful testing.
• The remaining operating system remains unaffected and keeps
running properly even if a component or Micro-Kernel fails.

• Disadvantages of Micro-Kernel Structure:

• The performance of the system is decreased by increased inter-

module communication.
• The construction of a system is complicated.
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