Top 32 Node - Js Interview Questions (2023) - Javatpoint
Top 32 Node - Js Interview Questions (2023) - Javatpoint
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1) What is Node.js?
Node.js is Server-side scripting which is used to build scalable programs. It is a web application
framework built on Google Chrome's JavaScript Engine. It runs within the Node.js runtime on Mac
OS, Windows, and Linux with no changes. This runtime facilitates you to execute a JavaScript code
on any machine outside a browser.
Network applications
Distributed systems
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Node.js is asynchronous and event-driven. All API?s of Node.js library are non-blocking, and
its server doesn't wait for an API to return data. It moves to the next API after calling it, and a
notification mechanism of Events of Node.js responds to the server from the previous API
call.
Node.js is very fast because it builds on Google Chrome?s V8 JavaScript engine. Its library is
very fast in code execution.
Node.js provides a facility of no buffering. Its application never buffers any data. It outputs
the data in chunks.
Client Layer: The Client layer contains web browsers, mobile browsers or applications which
can make an HTTP request to the web server.
Server Layer: The Server layer contains the Web server which can intercept the request made
by clients and pass them the response.
Business Layer: The business layer contains application server which is utilized by the web
server to do required processing. This layer interacts with the data layer via database or some
external programs.
Data Layer: The Data layer contains databases or any source of data.
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The term I/O stands for input and output. It is used to access anything outside of your application.
The I/O describes any program, operation, or device that transfers data to or from a medium or
another medium. This medium can be a physical device, network, or files within a system.
I/O is loaded into the machine memory to run the program once the application starts.
When functions are treated like any other variable, then those functions are called first-class
functions. Apart from JavaScript, many other programming languages, such as Scala, Haskell, etc.
follow this pattern. The first class functions can be passed as a param to another function (callback),
or a function can return another function (higher-order function). Some examples of higher-order
functions that are popularly used are map() and filter().
The following table specifies the crucial differences between JavaScript and Node.js:
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Utility JavaScript is used for any client-side Node.js is used for accessing or
activity for a web application. performing any non-blocking
operation of any operating system.
Running Engine The running engine for JavaScript is The running engine for Node.js is
Spider monkey (Firefox), JavaScript Core V8 (Google Chrome).
(Safari), V8 (Google Chrome), etc.
Browser JavaScript can only be run in browsers. The Node.js code can be run
compatibility outside the browser.
Platform JavaScript is basically used on the client- Node.js is mostly used on the
dependency side and is used in frontend server-side and is used in server-
development. side development.
The workflow of a Node.js web server typically looks like the following diagram. Let us see the flow
of operations in detail:
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According to the above diagram, the clients send requests to the webserver to interact with
the web application. These requests can be non-blocking or blocking and used for querying
the data, deleting data, or updating the data.
js receives the incoming requests and adds those to the Event Queue.
After this step, the requests are passed one by one through the Event Loop. It checks if the
requests are simple enough not to require any external resources.
The event loop then processes the simple requests (non-blocking operations), such as I/O
Polling, and returns the responses to the corresponding clients.
A single thread from the Thread Pool is assigned to a single complex request. This thread is
responsible for completing a particular blocking request by accessing external resources,
such as computation, database, file system, etc.
Once the task is completed, the response is sent to the Event Loop that sends that response
back to the client.
12) How can you manage the packages in your Node.js project?
We can manage the packages in our Node.js project by using several package installers and their
configuration file accordingly. Most of them use npm or yarn. The npm and yarn both provide
almost all libraries of JavaScript with extended features of controlling environment-specific
configurations. We can use package.json and package-lock.json to maintain versions of libs being
installed in a project. So, there is no issue in porting that app to a different environment.
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Node.js is a single-threaded application with event looping for async processing. The biggest
advantage of doing async processing on a single thread under typical web loads is that you can
achieve more performance and scalability than the typical thread-based implementation.
Callback hell is a phenomenon that creates a lot of problems for a JavaScript developer when he
tries to execute multiple asynchronous operations one after the other. A function is called an
asynchronous function when some external activity must complete before processing a result. It is
called asynchronous because there is an unpredictable amount of time before a result becomes
available. These functions require a callback function to handle errors and process the result.
Example:
getData(function(a){
getMoreData(a, function(b){
getMoreData(b, function(c){
getMoreData(c, function(d){
getMoreData(d, function(e){
...
});
});
});
});
});
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Based on the following criteria, we can say that Node.js is better than other most popular
frameworks:
js makes development simple because of its non-blocking I/O and even-based model. This
simplicity results in short response time and concurrent processing, unlike other frameworks
where developers use thread management.
js runs on a chrome V8 engine which is written in C++. It enhances its performance highly
with constant improvement.
With Node.js, we will use JavaScript in both the frontend and backend development that will
be much faster.
Internet of Things
Real-time chats
Streaming applications
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nextTick: This timing feature sets the execution of code at the beginning of the next event
loop cycle.
Generally, a fork is used to spawn child processes. In Node.js, it is used to create a new instance of
the V8 engine to run multiple workers to execute the code.
19) Which is the best tool we can use to assure consistent code style in
Node.js?
ESLint tool is one of the best tools we can use with any IDE to ensure a consistent coding style. It
also helps in maintaining the codebase.
The following table specifies the key differences between a front-end and back-end development:
As the name specifies, the front-end As the name specifies, the back-end development
development is the part of a web consists of everything that happens behind the
application where users can see and scenes and users cannot see and interact with.
interact.
HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, jQuery, JavaScript, Java, PHP, Python, C++, Node.js, etc., are the
AngularJS, and React.js are essential front- technologies required for back-end development.
end development technologies.
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22) What are the modules in Node.js? Which are the different modules used
in Node.js?
In Node.js applications, modules are like JavaScript libraries and include a set of functions. To
include a module in a Node.js application, we must use the require() function with the parentheses
containing the module's name.
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Node.js has several modules which are used to provide the basic functionality needed for a web
application. Following is a list of some of them:
Core Description
Modules
HTTP: The HTTP module includes classes, methods, and events to create a Node.js
HTTP server.
util: The util module includes utility functions required in the application and is very
useful for developers.
url: The url module is used to include the methods for URL parsing.
fs: The fs module includes events, classes, and methods to handle the file I/O
operations.
stream: The stream module is used to include the methods to handle streaming data.
query string: The query string module is used to include the methods to work with a query
string.
zlib: The zlib module is used to include the methods to compress or decompress the
files used in an application.
In general, a buffer is a temporary memory mainly used by the stream to hold on to some data until
it is consumed. Buffers are used to represent a fixed-size chunk of memory allocated outside of the
V8 JavaScript engine. It can't be resized. It is like an array of integers, which each represents a byte
of data. It is implemented by the Node. js Buffer class. Buffers also support legacy encodings like
ASCII, utf-8, etc.
Error-first callbacks are used to pass errors and data. If something goes wrong, the programmer has
to check the first argument because it is always an error argument. Additional arguments are used
to pass data.
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All the API's of Node.js library are asynchronous means non-blocking. A Node.js based server never
waits for an API to return data. The Node.js server moves to the next API after calling it, and a
notification mechanism of Events of Node.js responds to the server for the previous API call.
To avoid callbacks, you can use any one of the following options:
Yes, Node.js provides a simple TCP based protocol and built-in debugging client. For debugging
your JavaScript file, you can use debug argument followed by the js file name you want to debug.
Syntax:
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Control flow function is a generic piece of code that runs in between several asynchronous function
calls.
Collect data
Limit concurrency
31) What types of tasks can be done asynchronously using the event loop?
I/O operations
Heavy computation
REPL stands for Read Eval Print Loop. It specifies a computer environment like a window console or
Unix/Linux shell where you can enter a command, and the computer responds with an output. It is
very useful in writing and debugging the codes. REPL environment incorporates Node.js.
$ node
> 100 + 200
300
> 100 + ( 200 * 300 ) - 400
59700
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>
Following are the terms used in REPL with their defined tasks:
Read: It reads user's input; parse the input into JavaScript data-structure and stores in memory.
Loop: It loops the above command until user press ctrl-c twice to terminate.
C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>node
> var x = 10
undefined
> var y = 20
undefined
>x+y
30
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Yes, Node.js Crypto module supports cryptography. It provides cryptographic functionality that
includes a set of wrappers for open SSL's hash HMAC, cipher, decipher, sign and verify functions. For
example:
npm stands for Node Package Manager. Following are the two main functionalities of npm:
Following is a list of tools that can be used in developing code in teams, to enforce a given style
guide and to catch common errors using static analysis.
JSLint
JSHint
ESLint
JSCS
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Operational errors are not bugs, but create problems with the system like request timeout or
hardware failure. On the other hand, programmer errors are actual bugs.
Globally deployed packages cannot be imported using require() in Node application directly.
On the other hand, locally deployed packages are accessible via require().
The Node.js provides Buffer class to store raw data similar to an array of integers but corresponds to
a raw memory allocation outside the V8 heap. It is a global class and can be accessed in an
application without importing a buffer module. Buffer class is used because pure JavaScript is not
compatible with binary data. So, when dealing with TCP streams or the file system, it's necessary to
handle octet streams.
The Node.js Assert is a way to write tests. It provides no feedback when running your test unless
one fails. The assert module provides a simple set of assertion tests that can be used to test
invariants. The module is intended for internal use by Node.js, but can be used in application code
via require ('assert'). For example:
The Streams are the objects that facilitate you to read data from a source and write data to a
destination. There are four types of streams in Node.js:
Duplex: This stream can be used for both reading and write operations.
Transform: It is a type of duplex stream where the output computes according to input.
In Node.js, event-driven programming means as soon as Node starts its server, it initiates its
variables, declares functions and then waits for an event to occur. It is one of the reasons why
Node.js is pretty fast compared to other similar technologies.
Although, Events and Callbacks look similar the differences lies in the fact that callback functions are
called when an asynchronous function returns its result whereas event handling works on the
observer pattern. Whenever an event gets fired, its listener function starts executing. Node.js has
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multiple in-built events available through the events module and EventEmitter class which is used to
bind events and event listeners.
The Punycode is an encoding syntax which is used to convert Unicode (UTF-8) string of characters
to ASCII string of characters. It is bundled with Node.js v0.6.2 and later versions. If you want to use it
with other Node.js versions, then use npm to install Punycode module first. You have to used
require ('Punycode') to access it.
Syntax:
punycode = require('punycode');
The Node.js TTY module contains tty.ReadStream and tty.WriteStream classes. In most cases, there is
no need to use this module directly. You have to used require ('tty') to access this module.
Syntax:
48) What are the key differences between Angular and Node.js?
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Angular Node.js
Angular is entirely written in TypeScript language. Node.js is written in C, C++, and JavaScript
languages.
Angular is used for building single-page, client- Node.js is used for building fast and scalable,
side web applications. client-side, and server-side networking
applications.
Angular is easy to use. The developers need to Node.js is slightly complicated to use. Here,
add the Angular file to use it in their applications. the developers need to install Node.js on
their computer system.
Angular split a web application into MVC Node.js generates database queries and uses
components. Here, the models and views are the event-driven nature of JavaScript to
much simpler than what is found in other support non-blocking operations, making
JavaScript client-side frameworks. the platform efficient.
Angular is ideal for creating highly active and Node.js is the best for developing small-size
interactive web apps. projects.
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49) What are the main differences between operational and programmer
errors?
The most crucial difference between operational and programmer errors is that the operational
errors are not bugs but problems with the system such as to request timeout or hardware failure.
On the other hand, the programmer errors are actual bugs in the application.
In Node.js, an EventEmitter is a class that includes all the objects capable of emitting events. This
can be achieved by attaching named events that are emitted by the object using an
eventEmitter.on() function. Thus whenever this object throws an event, the attached functions are
invoked synchronously.
Example:
In Node.js, there are two ways to read and execute files: readFile and CreateStream.
The readFile() process is a fully buffered process that returns the response only when the
complete file is pushed into the buffer and is read. This process is called a memory-intensive
process, and in the case of large files, the processing can be very slow.
On the other hand, the createReadStream() is a partially buffered process that treats the
entire process as an event series. The entire file is split into chunks and then processed and
sent back as a response one by one. After completing this step, they are finally removed from
the buffer. Unlike the readFile process, the createReadStream process is effective for the
processing of large files.
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In Node.js, the concept of Punycode is used for converting one type of string into another type.
Punycode is an encoding syntax used for converting Unicode (UTF-8) string of characters into a
basic ASCII string of characters. Now, the hostnames can only understand the ASCII characters so,
after the Node.js version 0.6.2 onwards, it was bundled up with the default Node package.
To use it with any previous versions, you have to use the following code:
Syntax:
punycode = require('punycode');
53) How can you enhance the Node.js performance through clustering?
Just because the Node.js applications run on a single processor, they don't take advantage of a
multiple-core system by default. Clustering is used to overcome this issue. The cluster mode is used
to start up multiple node.js processes, thereby having multiple instances of the event loop. When
we start using clusters in a Node.js app, it creates multiple node.js processes. But there is also a
parent process called the cluster manager, which is responsible for monitoring the health of the
individual instances of the application.
In Node.js, the libuv library is used to handle the Thread pool. The libuv library is a multi-platform C
library that supports asynchronous I/O-based operations such as file systems, networking, and
concurrency.
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