ICSE-10 QB Enligsh Paper-2 Revision Notes

UNIT – I: DRAMA
DRAMA-1
JULIUS CAESAR (Act III, IV & V)
— William Shakespeare
About the Author

We widely regard William Shakespeare as the greatest playwright in the English language and one of the most
important figures in the history of Western literature. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564, and
died there in 1616. People have performed Shakespeare's plays countless times and translated them into many
languages.
Shakespeare’s early life is somewhat of a mystery, but it is known that he attended grammar school in Stratford-
upon-Avon and married Anne Hathaway in 1582. He moved to London around 1590, where he became an actor
and playwright. His early plays, such as “Romeo and Juliet” and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream", were performed
at the Globe Theatre, which was one of the most famous theatres of the time.
Shakespeare’s plays are known for their complex characters, intricate plots, and beautiful language. He wrote
tragedies, comedies, and histories, including “Hamlet", “Macbeth", “Othello", “King Lear", “The Tempest", and
“Henry V". His works are still performed today and have had a profound influence on literature, theatre, and
culture.
In addition to his plays, Shakespeare also wrote sonnets, which are 14- line poems with a specific rhyme scheme.
His sonnets are considered as some of the most beautiful and profound in the English language. They explore
themes of love, beauty, and mortality.
Shakespeare’s legacy continues to live on, and his works are studied and celebrated all over the world. He is
widely considered as one of the greatest writers in the English language, and his influence on literature, theatre,
and culture is immeasurable.
About the Play

Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays, a historical tragedy that explores themes of power,
ambition, loyalty, betrayal, and friendship. The play is set in ancient Rome during the time of Julius Caesar’s rise
to power and subsequent assassination in 44 BC. It was first performed in 1599 and has since become a classic
work of literature, studied and performed around the world.
The plot revolves around the events leading up to Caesar’s death, including the conspiracies to overthrow him,
the political and personal conflicts among the characters, and the consequences of their actions. The play begins
with a series of portentous omens that foretell Caesar’s downfall, including a thunderstorm and a warning from
a soothsayer. Meanwhile, a group of senators, led by Cassius, plot to assassinate Caesar out of fear that he will
become a tyrant. They recruit the noble Brutus to their cause, appealing his sense of duty to the Roman Republic.
Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar, whom he respects as a friend and a mentor, and his duty to the
Roman people, whom he believes will suffer under Caesar’s rule. He ultimately joins the conspiracy against
Caesar, believing that it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny. However, he is plagued by doubts and guilt
throughout the play, and ultimately meets a tragic end.
The character analysis of the play is a central element of its enduring appeal. The contrast between the noble
Brutus and the ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and
Brutus. Caesar is portrayed as a charismatic and powerful leader, who is ultimately brought down by his own
hubris and overconfidence. Brutus, on the other hand, is a principled and honourable man, who is ultimately
undone by his own doubts and insecurities.
The play also features a number of memorable supporting characters, including the fiery orator Mark Antony, the
scheming Decius Brutus, and the noble but doomed Portia. Each character serves to illuminate different aspects
of the play’s themes and adds depth to its story.
2 Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X
The story of the play is a timeless tale of political intrigue, betrayal, and the consequences of taking power into
one’s own hands. It raises important questions about the nature of leadership, the role of individual in the society,
and the corrupting influence of power. It shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty
can be betrayed, and raises important ethical and philosophical questions that continue to resonate today.
The themes explored in the play are also a subject of intense interest for literary critics. Harold Bloom, for example,
argues that Julius Caesar is a play that delves into the psychology of power and ambition, exploring the human
nature of those who seek to wield it. He suggests that the play is a warning against the dangers of unchecked
ambition and an exploration of the consequences of taking power into one’s own hands.
A. C. Bradley, on the other hand, argues that the play is a masterpiece of characterisation, with each character
representing a different aspect of human nature. He notes that the contrast between the noble Brutus and the
ambitious Caesar is particularly striking, as is the complex relationship between Cassius and Brutus.
T. S. Eliot suggests that Julius Caesar is a play that explores the nature of tragedy and the human condition.
He argues that the characters are flawed and complex, and that their actions have far-reaching consequences
that ultimately lead to their downfall. He notes that the play raises important questions about the relationship
between the individual and society, and the nature of power and authority.
Jan Kott, meanwhile, argues that the play is a commentary on the corrupting influence of power and the dangers
of political ambition. He suggests that it shows how easily people can be manipulated and how quickly loyalty can
be betrayed, and offers a damning critique of the political systems and institutions that enable such corruption.
Finally, Northrop Frye offers a unique perspective on the play, suggesting that it is a work of literature that offers
insight into the collective consciousness of its time. He notes that the play reflects the anxieties and uncertainties
of a society in transition, and speaks to the hopes and fears of its audience in a way that is both timeless and
deeply rooted in its historical context.
In terms of character analysis, the play offers a complex portrait of its central figures. It portrays Julius Caesar
as a charismatic and powerful leader who, is nevertheless flawed by his own hubris and arrogance. A cast of
ambitious and often duplicitous figures surrounds him, including Cassius, who plots to overthrow him, and
Mark Antony, who seeks to avenge his death. Meanwhile, the noble Brutus is torn between his loyalty to Caesar
and his sense of duty to the Roman Republic, ultimately joining the conspiracy against Caesar out of a belief that
it is the only way to save Rome from tyranny.
The story of the play is both tragic and cautionary, showing the dangers of political ambition and the consequences
of taking power into one’s own hands. It explores the complexities of human nature and the competing desires
for power, loyalty, and honour. It raises important ethical and philosophical questions about leadership, the role
of the individual in society, and the corrupting influence of power.
In conclusion, ‘Julius Caesar’ is a timeless masterpiece of literature that continues to captivate audiences around
the world. It offers a complex and nuanced portrait of human nature and the complexities of political power,
exploring themes of loyalty, betrayal, ambition, and the consequences of taking power into one’s own hands. The
play’s enduring appeal is a testament to its rich and enduring themes, and its ability to speak to the hopes and
fears of audiences in any age.
Summary of the Play

In a Roman street, two tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, scold the commoners for abandoning their work to watch
Caesar's triumphal parade. Marullus talks to a cobbler, who is taking a day off from work to watch the procession.
He grows angry with the cobbler's punning replies and tries to diminish the significance of Caesar's victory over
Pompey. Marullus reminds the commoners of the days when they used to gather to cheer for Pompey, but now
they celebrate downfall due to a mere twist of fate. Flavius instructs Marullus to remove any crowns placed on the
statues of Caesar in the Capitol, and to thin the crowds of commoners observing the triumph. Flavius says that if
they can regulate Caesar's popular support, they will be able to regulate his power.
The commoners leave, and the tribunes set to work, removing the decorations from Caesar's statues. The military
and political figures, Brutus, Cassius, and Antony, along with Caesar, enter the street. A soothsayer warns Caesar
to "beware the Ides of March", but Caesar ignores him and continues with his victory celebration. The tribunes'
actions foreshadow the conflict that will arise between Caesar and the Roman Senate, as well as between Caesar's
supporters and his opponents.
Oswaal ICSE Revision Notes Chapterwise & Topicwise, ENGLISH PAPER-2 (LITERATURE), Class-X 3
Caesar enters a public square with Antony, Calpurnia, Portia, Decius, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, Casca, and a
soothsayer, followed by a throng of citizens, and then by Flavius and Marullus. The soothsayer warns Caesar
to beware the Ides of March, but Caesar dismisses the warning. Brutus and Cassius speak together, and Cassius
declares that Brutus is unable to see what everyone else does, namely, that Brutus is widely respected. Cassius
offers to serve as a human mirror so that Brutus may discover himself and conceive himself in new ways. Caesar
stands like a colossus over the world, Cassius continues, while Cassius and Brutus creep about under his legs.
Cassius questions the difference between the name "Caesar" and the name "Brutus". Meanwhile, Caesar and his
train return, and Caesar comments that Cassius looks like a man who thinks too much. Cassius decides to forge
letters from Roman citizens, declaring their support for Brutus and their fear of Caesar's ascent to power.
Casca and Cicero meet at a Roman street during a violent storm. Casca is disturbed by the strange and unnatural
occurrences he has witnessed, including a man with his hands on fire, who did not burn, a lion walking through
the streets, and an owl sitting in the marketplace during the day. Casca believes these are ominous signs of danger
ahead. Cicero, on the other hand, believes that men interpret things according to their own beliefs and that
strange occurrences may have no significance.
Cassius joins them, and they discuss Caesar's upcoming coronation as king. Cassius is convinced that the God's
are warning the Romans of a monstrous government and compares Caesar to a violent storm. Cassius reveals his
plan to convince Brutus, a respected and influential Roman, to join their resistance movement. He gives Cinna
letters to plant in Brutus' chair in the Senate and to throw them through Brutus' window.
Casca and Cassius agree that Brutus' involvement in their plot will add legitimacy to their cause, as he is highly
regarded by the people of Rome. The scene highlights the political tension in Rome and sets the stage for the
conspirators' plan to assassinate Caesar.
Brutus is in his garden and has decided that Caesar must be killed due to the abuse of his power and the rapidity
of his ascent. Lucius, Brutus' servant, brings him the letter, planted by Cassius, he found in Brutus' private room.
Brutus interprets the letter as a request from all of Rome to slay Caesar and restore the republic. A knock sounds
on the door and Lucius leaves to answer it. Brutus shakes hands with the conspirators, agreeing to join them in
their quest to kill Caesar. The group plans to commit Caesar's murder at the Senate, and Decius assures them that
he knows how to flatter Caesar and will convince him to attend the Senate.
Brutus' wife, Portia, arrives and asks him why he has been so upset. He lies and tells her that he is sick, and she
begs him to tell her what is wrong. He sends her away before he can explain due to another knock on the door.
Ligarius enters, pretending to be sick, and pledges to follow Brutus on whatever task he leads him to.
Caesar is frightened by a dream his wife Calpurnia had, in which she cried out, "Help, ho! They murder Caesar!"
He orders a servant to go to the priests and have them sacrifice an animal to read the entrails for predictions
of the future. Calpurnia arrives and tells him that he dare not leave the house that day. Caesar tells her that he
fears nothing, and that he will die when it is necessary for him to die. The servant returns and tells him that the
sacrificed animal did not have a heart very bad omen. Caesar insists on misinterpreting the omens, but Calpurnia
begs him to blame her for his absence from the Senate, to which he finally agrees. However, Decius soon arrives
to fetch Caesar to the Senate House.
Portia orders the servant Lucius to go to the Senate House. She is unwilling to keep the secret of Brutus' plan to
kill Caesar. The soothsayer, who previously warned Caesar, speaks with her, informing Portia that he will try to
warn Caesar about his fate again.
Brutus and Cassius, along with Casca, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber, and Cinna, plot to
assassinate Julius Caesar. On the day of Caesar's death, he is warned by a soothsayer that the Ides of March
have come. Despite being given a letter by a man named Artemidorus, Caesar enters the Senate and refuses
to lift a banishment, prompting Brutus to unexpectedly step forward to plead the petitioner's case. As other
conspirators kneel before Caesar, they suddenly attack him, resulting in his death. The conspirators leave the
Senate, proclaiming their actions as liberating Rome from tyranny.
Mark Antony arrives and questions why Caesar was killed, and the conspirators provide a rationale. However,
Antony goes back on his word and plans to incite the people against the conspirators. Along with Octavius,
Caesar's adopted son, Antony prepares for war against Brutus and Cassius.
The conspirators gather to discuss their next steps. Brutus agrees to let Cassius send their army to Philippi to
face Antony and Octavius's forces. Meanwhile, Antony and Octavius prepare for battle and hear that Brutus and
Cassius are amassing an army. Antony sends his servant to offer a truce to Brutus and Cassius, but they decline.
The two armies meet on the battlefield, and both sides give speeches to rally their troops. During the fight,
Cassius mistakenly believes that his side is losing, and he orders his servant to kill him. Brutus learns of Cassius's
death and decides to continue fighting despite the odds. He meets with one of his soldiers, Strato, and asks him
to hold his sword while he falls on it. Strato agrees, and Brutus dies by suicide.
Antony and Octavius discover Brutus' body and speak highly of him, proclaiming him to have been "the noblest
Roman of them all". They then agree to bury Brutus with full honours and to make peace with any remaining
foes.
The play ends with Antony's famous line, "This was a man".
Throughout the play, themes of power, loyalty, and the consequences of ambition are explored. The actions of
the conspirators and their subsequent downfall serve as a warning about the dangers of trying to seize power
through violence. Despite their differences and their ultimate conflict, the respect shown by Antony and Octavius
towards Brutus after his death highlights the importance of honour and integrity, even in the face of opposition.
Major Characters of the Play

1. Julius Caesar: A great general and a statesman of Rome, who returns to the city as a powerful dictator. He is
ambitious, confident, and egotistical, but also has a noble side that is admired by many.
2. Marcus Brutus: A senator of Rome, who joins the conspirators to assassinate Caesar out of his love for Rome and
his fear that Caesar will become a tyrant. He is an idealist, a man of principle, and a skilled orator.
3. Mark Antony: A loyal friend and supporter of Caesar, who becomes his successor after his assassination. He
is cunning, ambitious, and manipulative, and uses his charisma and public speaking skills to turn the Roman
citizens against the conspirators.
4. Cassius: A senator of Rome, who organises the conspiracy to kill Caesar. He is intelligent, cunning, and
manipulative, and is driven by his hatred of Caesar and his desire for power.
5. Octavius Caesar: Julius Caesar's adopted son and heir, who later becomes the first emperor of Rome. He is young,
ambitious, and determined, and is a skilled military commander.
6. Calpurnia: Caesar's wife, who has a premonition of his death, and tries to dissuade him from going to the Capitol.
7. Portia: Brutus' wife, who is supportive of his cause, but is worried about his well-being. She is strong-willed and
independent, and commits suicide after Brutus' death.
Minor Characters of the Play

1. Artemidorus: A Roman citizen, who attempts to warn Caesar of the conspiracy through a letter.
2. Cinna-the Poet: A poet, who is mistaken for one of the conspirators, and is killed by an angry mob.
3. Flavius and Marullus: Tribunes who are critical of Caesar and removed from their positions for removing
decorations from Caesar's statues.
4. Lucilius: A soldier who impersonates Brutus during the battle and is captured by Antony's army.
5. Portia: Brutus' wife, who dies by suicide after her husband leaves for battle.
6. Soothsayer: A fortune teller, who warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March".
7. Titinius: A friend of Cassius, who is mistakenly believed to be captured by the enemy, and causes Cassius to kill
himself.
8. Trebonius: A conspirator, who is tasked with taking Mark Antony away from Caesar's assassination.
ACT-III, SCENE-1
Summary
In Act III, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, the scene unfolds in Rome before the Capitol, with the Senate sitting above.
The atmosphere is tense, as a crowd gathers, including Artemidorus and the soothsayer. Julius Caesar, Brutus,
Cassius, and other senators enter, preparing for a critical moment. Caesar dismisses the soothsayer's warning
about the ides and proceeds to the Senate.
Artemidorus and a humble petitioner named Decius Brutus present Caesar with letters. Meanwhile, Cassius
and other conspirators express concerns about their plot being discovered. As Caesar takes his seat, Metellus
Cimber kneels and pleads for his banished brother's return. Caesar rejects the plea, leading to a series of intense
interactions.
In a pivotal moment, the conspirators, including Brutus, Casca, and Cassius, surround Caesar and brutally stab
him. The assassination unfolds, with Caesar's famous last words, "Et tu, Brute!" Mark Antony, witnessing the
gruesome scene, is initially allowed to live by the conspirators, unaware of their true intentions.
After Caesar's assassination, Brutus addresses the Roman people, justifying the act as a necessary sacrifice for the
greater good of Rome. Antony is then permitted to speak at Caesar's funeral, setting the stage for the political
turmoil and conflict that will follow. The scene sets the tone for the aftermath of the assassination and the
unfolding power struggle in Rome.
Word Meanings
 Et tu, Brute?—“You too, Brutus?” - Caesar’s final words uttered upon seeing Brutus join the assassination. This phrase
represents betrayal and deep personal pain.  Soothsayer—A person believed to be able to predict the future. He warns
Caesar of “danger” before the assassination.
Characters in the Scene

1. Julius Caesar: Driven by ambition, Caesar confidently strides into the Capital, ignoring warnings, showcasing his
desire for absolute power.
2. Blind to danger: Ignoring omens and pleas, he becomes a victim of his own arrogance, setting the stage for his
tragic downfall.
3. Artemidorus: Driven by fear and duty, haunted by visions of danger, he desperately attempts to warn Caesar,
representing the voice of conscience silenced by arrogance.
4. Decius Brutus: Torn between loyalty and ambition, he serves as Caesar's confidante while secretly shielding the
conspirators, revealing his internal conflict and complex motives.
5. Brutus: Idealistic and conflicted, grappling with duty to Rome and personal loyalty to Caesar, he leads the
assassination, struggling with guilt and the brutal reality of his actions.
6. Cassius: Pragmatic and suspicious, driven by a vision of Caesar's tyranny, he orchestrates the conspiracy,
prioritising control and manipulation over emotional attachments.
7. Casca: Impulsive and vengeful, fuelled by anger and resentment, he delivers the first blow, symbolising the raw
brutality of the act and its potentially uncontrollable consequences.
8. Cinna and Metellus Cimber: Supporting players; they serve as minor conspirators, adding to the scene's sense of
collective action and providing opportunities for dramatic interaction.
9. Antony: Grief-stricken but calculating, his outward sorrow for Caesar masks a hidden agenda, hinting at a thirst
for power and potential manipulation of the situation.
10. Octavius Caesar: Absent but ominous; though not present, his name hangs heavy in the air, foreshadowing
future conflicts and highlighting the uncertain power dynamics.
Other Characters
1. Soothsayer: Represents the ignored prophetic voice, symbolising the dangers of dismissing intuition and
underestimating potential threats.
2. Commoners: Their absence highlights the scene's focus on elite power struggles and their disconnect from the
ordinary populace.
Major Themes
1. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene explodes with betrayal, culminating in Caesar's death at the hands of his trusted
friend. Brutus' "Et tu, Brute?" is a devastating blow that echoes throughout the play, signifying the shattering of
trust and friendship.
This theme sets the stage for further betrayals and internal conflicts, driving the plot forward and exploring the
complexities of personal and political allegiances.
2. Power and Ambition: Caesar's arrogance and desire for absolute power fuel the conspirators' motivations,
highlighting the corrupting influence of ambition. Decius's duplicity and Cassius's manipulative tactics further
emphasise the ruthlessness of the pursuit of power.
This theme becomes a central driving force of the play, shaping the actions of various characters and ultimately
leading to the downfall of the Roman Republic.
3. Freedom and Tyranny: Brutus justifies the assassination as an act of liberation from Caesar's potential tyranny,
raising questions about who defines tyranny and how to achieve true freedom.
This theme sparks moral and political debates throughout the play, leaving the audience to grapple with the
consequences of violence and the complexities of achieving a just society.
4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and Calpurnia's dream introduces the concept of fate, while
the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of free will.
This complex interplay between destiny and human agency fuels the play's tragic arc, adding depth to the
characters' struggles and making their choices and sacrifices even more impactful.
5. Justice and Revenge: The brutal assassination raises questions about whether it delivers justice or simply fuels
a cycle of violence. Antony's veiled threats of vengeance hint at potential future conflicts, driven by a desire for
retribution.
This theme becomes a key driving force in the second half of the play, shaping the fates of characters and impacting
the ultimate outcome of the power struggle.
ACT-III, SCENE-2
Summary
Act III, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" is a crucial turning point in the play. This scene unfolds in the
Roman Forum and is marked by two significant speeches by Brutus and Mark Antony.
The scene commences with Brutus and Cassius making their way into the Forum, accompanied by a crowd of
plebeians. Brutus steps forward to address the crowd, appealing to their sense of reason and invoking respect for
his honour. He clarifies that his actions against Caesar were not driven by a lack of love for Caesar, but rather by a
greater love for Rome. He argues that Caesar's ambition was a threat to Roman liberty, which led him to eliminate
Caesar. He assures the crowd that he would willingly accept the same fate for the welfare of Rome, if necessary.
The crowd, influenced by Brutus' logical reasoning and apparent nobility, vocally expresses their approval.
After Brutus' speech, Mark Antony enters the scene with Caesar's body. Brutus leaves, allowing Antony to address
the crowd. Antony's speech, which famously begins with "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears", is
a brilliant display of rhetoric and persuasion. He subtly challenges Brutus' arguments, questioning the claim that
Caesar was ambitious. He reminds the crowd of Caesar's refusal of the crown and his compassion for the poor,
suggesting that these actions contradict the accusation of ambition. Antony's speech is emotionally charged, and
he even pauses to weep at one point, further influencing the crowd's sympathies.
Antony's speech effectively turns the crowd against Brutus and the conspirators. The crowd, initially swayed
by Brutus' reasoning, is now moved by Antony's emotional appeal, and begins to perceive the assassination of
Caesar as an act of treachery. The scene concludes with the crowd stirred into a frenzy, ready to revolt against
the conspirators.
This scene is a powerful demonstration of the influence of rhetoric and public opinion. Both Brutus and Antony
use their speeches to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. However, while Brutus appeals to reason and
logic, Antony appeals to emotion, proving to be more effective in influencing the crowd. The scene underscores
the volatile nature of public opinion, as the crowd's allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony.
Moreover, this scene sets the stage for the ensuing chaos and conflict in the play. The crowd's revolt marks the
beginning of the downfall of Brutus and the conspirators, leading to the tragic climax of the play. Essentially, Act
III, Scene 2 serves as a turning point in the play "Julius Caesar", marking the transition from political intrigue to
open conflict.
Word Meanings
 Ambition—A strong desire for power or achievement. In this context, it refers to Caesar’s alleged ambition to become
king, which Brutus presents as a threat to Roman liberty.  Plebeians—The common people of Rome, who form the
audience for Brutus and Antony’s speeches.

1. Brutus: Brutus is shown as a man of honour and integrity. He appeals to the crowd's reason, explaining that
he acted against Caesar out of love for Rome. His logical reasoning and apparent nobility earn him the crowd's
approval initially.
2. Mark Antony: Antony is a master of rhetoric and persuasion. He subtly undermines Brutus' arguments and
appeals to the crowd's emotions. His speech is emotionally charged and effectively turns the crowd against
Brutus and the conspirators.
3. Plebeians: The common people of Rome, they are swayed by the speeches of Brutus and Antony. Initially, they
approve of Brutus' actions, but later, Antony's emotional appeal turns them against the conspirators.
4. Cassius: Although not as prominent in this scene, Cassius is present at the beginning. He is seen as a co-conspirator
with Brutus in the assassination of Caesar.
Major Themes
1. Power of Rhetoric: This scene showcases the power of rhetoric and oratory. Brutus and Antony use their speeches
to manipulate the crowd to their advantage. The crowd’s allegiance shifts from Brutus to Antony, highlighting
the influence of words and the fickle nature of public opinion.
2. Loyalty: Brutus’ loyalty to Rome leads him to assassinate Caesar, while Antony’s loyalty to Caesar leads him
to turn the crowd against the conspirators. This theme explores the personal cost of political ambition and the
unpredictable nature of loyalty.
3. Ambition: Brutus accuses Caesar of being ambitious-a trait that he argues would have led to tyranny. Antony
refutes this claim, turning the crowd against the conspirators. This theme underscores the potential dangers of
unchecked ambition.
4. Fate and Free Will: The presence of the soothsayer and Calpurnia's dream introduces the concept of fate, while
the characters' choices and actions suggest an element of free will.
This complex interplay between destiny and human agency fuels the play's tragic arc, adding depth to the
characters' struggles, and making their choices and sacrifices even more impactful.
ACT-III, SCENE-3
Summary
Act III , Scene 3 of Julius Caesar is a short scene that takes place in the streets of Rome. Cinna the Poet is on his
way to attend Caesar’s funeral when he is accosted by a group of riotous citizens. They mistake him for Cinna the
conspirator, and despite his protests, they attack him. This scene serves as comic relief in the play and portrays the
plebeians as a mindless herd, swayed easily by the events around them.
This scene is significant, as it shows the chaos and mob mentality that has overtaken Rome following Caesar’s
assassination. The plebeians, who were once swayed by Brutus’ speech justifying Caesar’s murder, are now
easily incited to violence against an innocent man. The scene underscores the disintegration of order in society
and the dangerous power of mob mentality.
Word Meanings
 mob mentality—how people are influenced by their peers to feel a certain way about something.  accosted— to
approach and speak to (someone) in an often challenging or aggressive way. assassination—murder by sudden or
secret attack often for political reasons

1. Cinna the Poet: Cinna the Poet is an innocent bystander, who is mistaken for Cinna the conspirator, due to
their shared name. He is on his way to attend Caesar’s funeral, when he is accosted by the plebeians. Despite his
attempts to clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. His character represents the innocent victims of political
chaos and mob mentality.
2. The Plebeians: The plebeians are the common citizens of Rome, who have been stirred into a frenzy following
Caesar’s assassination. They are portrayed as a mindless mob, easily swayed and quick to violence. In this scene,
they mistake Cinna the Poet for Cinna the conspirator and attack him, despite his protest. Their actions highlight
the theme of chaos and disorder in the play.
Major Themes
1. Mob Mentality: This scene vividly portrays the way in which mob mentality has overtaken Rome. The
plebeians, once swayed by Brutus’ speech justifying Caesar’s murder, are now easily incited to violence against
an innocent man. Their actions underscore the theme of chaos and disorder in the play.
2. Mistaken Identity: The mistaken identity of Cinna the Poet for Cinna the conspirator is a common device used
by Shakespeare. Despite Cinna the Poet’s attempts to clarify his identity, he is attacked by the mob. This theme
highlights the irrationality and chaos that ensues in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination.
3. Role of the Artist: The attack on Cinna the Poet raises questions about the role of the artist in society. Despite
being innocent, Cinna the Poet is attacked for his bad verses. This theme invites the reader to examine the position
of the poet in society and the responsibility of the artist in making a good and well-ordered society.
4. Chaos and Disorder: The scene shows how far the ordered society has disintegrated following Caesar’s
assassination. The plebeians’ attack on Cinna the Poet symbolises the breakdown of rationality and justice in
Rome, setting the stage for the civil strife that follows.
ACT-IV, SCENE-1
Summary
In Act IV, Scene 1 of Julius Caesar, Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus meet to decide who among the conspirators
should be executed. They send Lepidus to fetch Caesar's will, intending to alter some of its provisions. Antony
expresses to Octavius that Lepidus is merely a tool to be used and discarded. The scene ends with Antony and
Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and Cassius.
This scene is crucial, as it reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus.
It shows Antony's manipulative side and his willingness to use others for his benefit. The scene also sets the stage
for the upcoming conflict with Brutus and Cassius.
The decisions made in this scene have significant consequences for the rest of the play. The power struggle within
the triumvirate foreshadows future conflicts. Antony's manipulative tactics hint at his transformation from a loyal
friend to a shrewd politician. The plan to fight Brutus and Cassius propels the plot towards the climactic battle in
the later acts. This scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, marking a shift from political intrigue in
Rome to the impending war.
Word Meanings
 Triumvirate—a group of three people working together, especially in leadership roles of some kind.  Shrewd—
cunning on tricky.

1. Antony: Antony is portrayed as a shrewd and a manipulative politician in this scene. He is willing to use others,
like Lepidus, for his own benefit. He is also shown to be a strategic planner, as he discusses with Octavius about
raising an army to fight Brutus and Cassius.
2. Octavius: Octavius is shown to be more sympathetic towards Lepidus, defending him as a good soldier.
However, he is also attentive and observant, taking note of Antony's manipulative tactics. He is willing to work
with Antony to raise an army against Brutus and Cassius.
3. Lepidus: Lepidus is portrayed as a tool or asset in this scene. He is sent on an errand to fetch Caesar's will and is
discussed by Antony and Octavius as someone to be used and discarded. His character is not given much depth
in this scene, and he is largely seen through the eyes of Antony and Octavius
Major Themes
1. Power and Manipulation: This scene reveals the power dynamics among the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius,
and Lepidus. Antony's manipulative tactics are on full display as he plans to use Lepidus for his own benefit and
then discard him. This theme is further emphasised by the strategic planning of Antony and Octavius to raise an
army against Brutus and Cassius.
2. Betrayal and Loyalty: The scene shows Antony and Octavius planning to alter Caesar's will, which can be seen as
a betrayal of Caesar's trust. However, they justify their actions as being for the greater good, showing a complex
interplay between personal loyalty and political expediency.
3. Public vs. Private Self: Antony's transformation from a loyal friend to a shrewd politician is evident in this scene.
His public persona is vastly different from his private self, highlighting the theme of the dichotomy between
public and private identities.
4. Fate vs. Free Will: The decisions made in this scene, such as who among the conspirators should be executed and
the plan to fight Brutus and Cassius, reflect the characters' exercise of free will. However, these decisions also set
the course for future events, suggesting the influence of fate.
5. War and Conflict: The scene ends with Antony and Octavius planning to raise an army to fight Brutus and
Cassius, introducing the theme of war and conflict, which becomes prominent in the later acts of the play.
ACT-IV, SCENE-2
Summary
In Act IV, Scene 2 of “Julius Caesar", Brutus, Lucius, Lucilius, and other soldiers are in an army camp near Sardis.
They meet Titinius and Pindarus, who bring news that Cassius is approaching. Brutus expresses his concerns
about Cassius to Lucilius, stating that Cassius seems insincere and overly polite, which makes him distrustful.
Cassius arrives and accuses Brutus of having wronged him. Surprised, Brutus respond that he does not even
wrong his enemies, so, how could he wrong a "brother?" Cassius reacts impatiently. They decide to withdraw to
Brutus' tent so that their argument will not be overheard by the army.
This scene is crucial, as it reveals the growing suspicion and tension between Brutus and Cassius. Their
deteriorating trust and the resulting conflict are significant plot developments. The scene also highlights Brutus'
integrity and his commitment to justice, even when dealing with a friend.
The scene is a powerful depiction of the strain that political strife can put on personal relationships. It shows how
suspicion and conflict can arise even among those who are supposedly on the same side. The dialogue between
Brutus and Cassius is particularly noteworthy for its exploration of themes such as trust, honour, and integrity.
The scene also serves to build tension and anticipation in the audience as they await the resolution of the conflict
between Brutus and Cassius.
Word Meanings
 distrustful—feeling or showing distrust of someone or something.  anticipation—excitement.

1. Brutus: He is the most complex character in the play and the tragic hero. In this scene, he is seen as a powerful
public figure, a husband, a master to his servants, a dignified military leader, and a loving friend.
2. Cassius: He is the most shrewd and active member of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. In this scene, he is
seen as a manipulator, striving to use Brutus to gain his ends.
3. Lucilius: He is an officer who impersonates Brutus at the second battle of Philippi and is captured by Antony's
soldiers. In this scene, he is seen as a loyal officer of Brutus.
4. Pindarus: He is the loyal servant of Cassius, having been made a slave after being defeated in battle and taken
prisoner in Parthia. In this scene, he is seen as a messenger bringing word that Cassius is approaching.
5. Titinius: He is an officer in the army commanded by Cassius and Brutus. In this scene, he is seen as a scout and
guard.
Major Themes
1. Distrust and Suspicion: The scene depicts growing suspicion and distrust between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus
finds Cassius' politeness excessive and insincere, which leads him to doubt Cassius' loyalty. This theme is
depicted through their dialogue and the tension between them.
2. Conflict between Personal and Public Life: Brutus and Cassius try to keep their personal conflict private and
away from the public eye, indicating a struggle between their personal feelings and public duties. This theme is
depicted when they decide to argue in Brutus' tent, away from their armies.
3. Decay of Friendship: The scene shows the deterioration of the friendship between Brutus and Cassius. Brutus
feels that Cassius is not the friend he used to be, indicating a decay in their relationship.
These themes develop in the scene through the interactions and dialogues between the characters. The growing
distrust between Brutus and Cassius escalates the tension in the scene. The conflict between personal and public
life is highlighted when they decide to argue privately. The decay of friendship is evident in Brutus' observations
about Cassius' changed behaviour.
ACT-IV, SCENE-3
Summary
The argument between Brutus and Cassius is a pivotal moment in their relationship. It reveals the cracks in their
alliance and foreshadows the eventual disintegration of the conspiracy against Caesar. The tension between them
also underscores the theme of friendship versus duty that runs throughout the play.
Portia’s suicide is a significant event that adds another layer of tragedy to the play. It symbolises the personal cost
of the political machinations in Rome. Brutus’ stoic reaction to her death further emphasises his commitment to
his principles over his personal feelings. This also foreshadows Brutus’ own tragic end, as he too will fall victim
to the violent world he has helped create. The appearance of Caesar’s ghost is a powerful symbol of guilt and
impending doom. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of Brutus’ actions and foreshadows his downfall.
The ghost’s prophecy of meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the stage for the final act of the play.
Shakespeare’s subversion of traditional gender roles is evident in Brutus’ encounter with the supernatural, a
realm often associated with the feminine in Elizabethan times. This encounter suggests that Brutus, despite his
attempts to suppress his emotions and adhere strictly to reason, cannot escape the influence of intuition and
emotion.
This scene sets the tone for the final act of the play. The disunity among the conspirators, Brutus’ personal grief,
and the haunting prophecy of Caesar’s ghost all contribute to the sense of impending tragedy. As the play moves
towards its climax at the Battle of Philippi, these elements come together to create a powerful commentary on the
destructive consequences of political ambition and the human cost of power.
Word Meanings
 impending doom—a feeling of knowing that something life-threatening or tragic is about to occur..  pivotal—of
crucial importance in relation to the development.

1. Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a man of principle and honour. He condemns Lucius Pella for taking
bribes and accuses Cassius of the same. Despite the heated argument, Brutus quickly reconciles with Cassius. His
stoic reaction to the news of his wife Portia’s death further emphasises his commitment to his principles over his
personal feelings. This scene shows Brutus’ transformation from that of a reluctant conspirator to a determined
leader, ready to face the consequences of his actions.
2. Cassius: Cassius is shown as a pragmatic and somewhat volatile character in this scene. He is upset with Brutus
for condemning Lucius Pella and accuses Brutus of being unfair. Cassius also reveals a dramatic side when he
offers his chest for Brutus to stab if he truly believes Cassius to be dishonourable. This scene highlights Cassius’
growing frustration and doubt, contrasting with his earlier confidence in the conspiracy.
3. Portia: Although Portia does not appear in this scene, the news of her suicide has a significant impact. Her death
symbolises the personal cost of the political machinations in Rome. It adds another layer of tragedy to the play
and foreshadows the tragic end that awaits Brutus.
4. Caesar’s Ghost: The ghost of Caesar appears at the end of the scene, serving as a reminder of the consequences
of Brutus’ actions and a prophecy of his downfall. The ghost’s prophecy of meeting Brutus at Philippi sets the
stage for the final act of the play.
Major Themes in the Scene

1. Conflict and Betrayal: The argument between Brutus and Cassius highlights the conflict within the conspirators'
camp. This conflict is not just about their current situation, but also about their betrayal of Caesar. Their
disagreement mirrors their earlier disagreement over whether to assassinate Antony, revealing a rift in their
alliance.
2. Honour and Principle vs Pragmatism: The conflict between Brutus and Cassius also brings out the theme of
honour and principle versus pragmatism. Brutus is driven by honour and principle, while Cassius is more
pragmatic. This difference in their characters leads to tension and disagreement.
3. Personal Tragedy and Stoicism: The news of Portia's suicide introduces the theme of personal tragedy. Brutus,
despite his personal loss, remains stoic and committed to his cause. This theme is a reflection of the larger tragedy
that is unfolding as a result of the conspirators' actions.
4. Guilt and Prophecy: The appearance of Caesar's ghost brings the themes of guilt and prophecy into the scene.
The ghost serves as a reminder of the guilt Brutus carries for his role in Caesar's assassination. It also prophesies
Brutus' downfall, adding a sense of impending doom to the scene.
5. Public vs Private Self: The characters in this scene grapple with their public and private selves. Brutus, for
instance, suppresses his private grief over Portia's death and presents a strong front to his men. This theme is
explored throughout the play, as characters strive to balance their personal feelings with their public duties.
These themes are intricately connected and they influence the events in the rest of the play. The conflict and
betrayal lead to disunity among the conspirators, the differing views on honour and pragmatism cause further
disagreements, the personal tragedies experienced by the characters add to the overall tragic tone of the play,
and the themes of guilt, prophecy, and the struggle between public and private selves-all contribute to the
characters' actions and the play's tragic outcome.
ACT-V, SCENE-1
Summary
The scene unfolds on "Plains of Philippi", where Octavius and Antony, along with their forces, are preparing for
the arrival of Brutus, Cassius and their armies. Antony suggests Octavius take the left side of the battlefield, but
Octavius, asserting his authority, insists on taking the right. As the opposing generals meet, a verbal confrontation
ensues. Antony accuses Brutus of hypocrisy for his role in Caesar’s assassination and criticises the conspirators
for their cowardly acts. Cassius, on the other hand, blames Antony for his deceit during the post-assassination
meeting with the conspirators. He expresses regret that they have to endure Antony’s insults, suggesting that
things would have been different had Antony been killed alongside Caesar.
Octavius, eager for battle, declares his intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors. He vows not to sheath his
sword until one of these outcomes is achieved. The exchange of words culminates in a poignant farewell between
Cassius and Brutus, who fear that this might be their last meeting. They part on a sombre note, with Cassius
saying, ‘Forever, and forever, Brutus! / If we do meet again, we’ll smile indeed; / If not, is true this parting was
well made’.
The opening of the final act with a battle of words is fitting, given the play’s emphasis on language, persuasion
and power. The power struggle between Octavius and Antony, and the verbal duel between the triumvirate and
the conspirators, underscore the importance and potential power of language. This was particularly relevant in
the Elizabethan era, where language was seen as deriving its authority from God’s Word.
However, in Act V, Shakespeare suggests that it’s too late for language to make a difference. Its impact has already
been felt, leading to violence and war. Yet, the scene concludes on a poignant note with the parting of Cassius
and Brutus, reminding the audience of the divine source of language. Brutus’ contemplation at the end of the
battle hints at a desire to understanding life’s purpose and the possibility of an end beyond this life, returning the
audience to the word, a concept deeply ingrained in Elizabethan consciousness.
This scene serves as a microcosm of the themes of the play—power, language, friendship and fate—and sets the
tone for the dramatic conclusion. The power dynamics, the tension, and the emotional depth of the scene are all
amplified, setting the stage for the climax of the play. The scene ends with a sense of foreboding, setting the stage
for the final confrontation. The parting words of Cassius and Brutus underscore the gravity of the situation and
the uncertainty of their fate, adding a layer of poignancy to the scene. The power of their friendship and their
shared cause is highlighted in their farewell, serving as a stark contrast to the animosity and conflict that pervade
the rest of the scene. This juxtaposition underscores the tragic nature of their predicament and the high stakes of
the impending battle. The scene ends on a note of suspense, leaving the audience in anticipation of the final act.
Word Meanings
 Hypocrisy—The practice of claiming to have higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case.  Juxtaposition—
The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

1. Octavius: He is Caesar’s nephew and adopted heir. In this scene, he asserts his authority by insisting on taking
the right side of the battlefield, despite Antony’s instructions to take the left. He is eager for battle and declares
his intent to either avenge Caesar or fall to traitors.
2. Antony: A friend of Caesar, Antony, is seen as a seasoned soldier in this scene. He accuses Brutus of hypocrisy
and Cassius of deceit, reflecting his antagonism towards the conspirators. Despite his initial instructions, he
respects Octavius’s decision to take the right side of the field.
3. Brutus: A high-ranking Roman, Brutus, is torn between his affection for Caesar and his political ideals. In this
scene, he is seen confronting Antony and Octavius, defending his actions and denying being a traitor. His parting
with Cassius reveals his fear of the impending battle and the possibility of never seeing his friend again.
4. Cassius: The instigator of the conspiracy against Caesar, Cassius, is seen expressing serious doubts about the
impending battle in this scene. His parting words with Brutus underscore the gravity of the situation and the
uncertainty of their fate.
Major Themes
1. Power Struggle: The scene opens with a power struggle between Octavius and Antony, reflecting the ongoing
conflict for control and dominance. This is further highlighted in the verbal duel between the triumvirate and
the conspirators.
2. Language and Persuasion: The exchange of insults and accusations underscores the power of language and its
role in persuasion. The characters use words as weapons, attempting to undermine each other’s authority and
resolve.
3. Fate vs. Free Will: Cassius, who previously dismissed omens as an Epicurean philosophy that believes that the
gods do not involve themselves directly in the fate of man, starts to believe in them due to the gravity of the
situation. This shift suggests a tension between fate and free will, a recurring theme in the play.
4. Friendship and Loyalty: The poignant parting between Cassius and Brutus highlights the theme of friendship
and loyalty. Despite the impending battle and their differing views, their bond remains strong.
5. Public Image vs. Private Perception: The characters grapple with their public roles and private emotions. Brutus,
for instance, suppresses his personal feelings for the perceived greater good of Rome.
6. Fear of Death: The characters’ contemplation of the impending battle and potential death brings forth the theme
of mortality. Their reactions vary, reflecting their personal philosophies and attitudes towards life and death.
These themes not only shape the actions and motivations of the characters in this scene but also contribute to the
overall narrative and message of the play. They provide a deeper understanding of the characters’ dilemmas and
the tragic consequences of their actions.
ACT-V, SCENE-2
Summary
During the early course of the Battle at Philippi, Brutus sends Messala a message, urging Cassius to engage
the enemy forces at once. Brutus believes that the forces under Octavius, which are positioned before him, are
currently unspirited and vulnerable to attack. This scene is a testament to Brutus’ hope and the rashness born
of having nothing more to lose. The scene’s brevity and the quickness of its language are meant to heighten the
tension of the battle for the audience. In an Elizabethan theatre, there was no scenery to shift—the action was fast
as actors left and came back on stage, sometimes in a matter of seconds. The battle, for the most part, takes place
offstage. The important action of this final act will lie in the fates of the characters, not in their swordplay. Thus,
this scene underscores the significance of the characters’ decisions and their impact on the unfolding events.
Word Meanings
 Swordplay—the activity or skill of fencing with swords or foils.  Heighten—to become or to make something greater
or stronger.
Character in the Scene

Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a strategic and decisive leader. He quickly assesses the situation on
the battlefield and decides to send Messala with orders for Cassius’s forces. Brutus is also shown to be hopeful and
somewhat rash, as he perceives a weakness in Octavius’s army and decides to exploit it. Despite the uncertainties
of war, Brutus remains determined and focused on his goal. His actions in this scene reflect his courage and his
willingness to take risks. However, his decision also reveals a certain level of desperation, indicating that he feels
he has nothing more to lose. Overall, Brutus emerges as a complex character with a blend of leadership, courage,
hope and desperation.

1. Leadership and Strategy: Brutus, as a leader, makes strategic decisions based on his observations of the battlefield.
His decision to attack Octavius’s forces demonstrates his role as a military strategist. This theme is significant as
it underscores the political and military aspects of the play.
2. Courage and Determination: Brutus’s determination to exploit the perceived weakness in Octavius’s forces,
despite the uncertainties of war, highlights his courage. This theme is central to the play as it explores the
personal qualities required in leadership roles.
3. Fear and Desperation: The scene also brings out the theme of fear and desperation. Brutus’s decision to attack,
despite the risks, suggests a sense of desperation. This theme adds a layer of complexity to Brutus’s character and
sets the stage for the tragic events that follow.
These themes not only add depth to the characters and the plot but also contribute to the tragic outcome of the
play. The decisions made in this scene have far-reaching consequences, leading to the eventual downfall of Brutus
and his allies. Thus, this scene plays a crucial role in advancing the plot and developing the tragic arc of the play.
ACT-V, SCENE-3
Summary
In Act V, Scene 3 of Julius Caesar, the battlefield becomes a site of miscommunication and tragic errors. Cassius,
seeing his men retreating and Brutus’ forces foraging for spoils, sends Titinius to identify distant soldiers and asks
Pindarus to observe from a hill. Pindarus misinterprets the scene, leading Cassius to believe that Titinius has been
captured. In despair, Cassius asks Pindarus to kill him, which he does, marking a tragic end to Cassius’ life, with
his last words being a tribute to Caesar.
However, Titinius was not captured but was hailed by Brutus’ troops. He returns with Messala, intending to
comfort Cassius with news of Octavius’ defeat by Brutus, only to find Cassius dead. Shocked, Titinius kills himself
with Cassius’ sword. Brutus arrives on the scene with Messala, Young Cato, Strato, Volumnius and Lucilius,
finding the bodies of Titinius and Cassius. He says a sad farewell to them, calling Cassius ‘the last of all the
Romans’, before leaving for another encounter with the enemy.
This scene is a poignant illustration of the tragic consequences of miscommunication. Cassius’ death is a result of
Pindarus’ misreading of the battle and Cassius’ own despair. The belief of Titinius and Messala that Cassius killed
himself due to a loss of faith in their cause and in Brutus’ abilities adds a layer of tragedy to his death.
The audience’s perception of Cassius and Brutus undergoes a significant shift in this scene. Cassius, initially
portrayed as a manipulative and emotionless character with unclear motives for killing Caesar, shows a deep love
for his friend at the end, albeit one that leads to his downfall. His melancholy becomes the ‘mother’ to his death,
and in contrast to Brutus’ virility in the face of his friend’s death, Cassius appears less manly.
Brutus, on the other hand, transforms from a passive character pursued by Cassius to a man of action. Any doubts
about his nobility are swept aside by the sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship with Cassius. This
scene, therefore, serves as a turning point in the play, highlighting the tragic consequences of miscommunication
and the evolving perceptions of its central characters.
Word Meanings
 Melancholy—a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.  Manipulative—exercising unscrupu-
lous control or influence over a person or situation.

1. Cassius: In this scene, Cassius is portrayed as a tragic figure who misinterprets the situation on the battlefield,
leading to his despair and eventual suicide. His death is a result of his miscommunication and despair, showing
a vulnerable side to his character that was not evident earlier in the play. His transformation from a manipulative
and emotionless character to one who shows a deep love for his friend, albeit leading to his downfall, significantly
impacts the rest of the play. His death marks a turning point in the battle and sets the stage for the tragic events
that follow.
2. Titinius: Titinius is shown as a loyal friend to Cassius. He is mistakenly believed to have been captured by the
enemy, which leads to Cassius’ suicide. Upon discovering Cassius’ body and realising the tragic misunderstanding,
Titinius is overcome with grief and kills himself with Cassius’ sword. His death further underscores the tragic
consequences of miscommunication and adds to the mounting losses for Brutus’ side.
3. Brutus: Brutus is portrayed as a noble and sympathetic character in this scene. He arrives to find the bodies
of his comrades and pays a sad farewell to them. His reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his
deep sense of loss and loyalty. Brutus’ transformation from a passive character to a man of action is evident in
this scene. His nobility and the sympathy he gains through his powerful friendship with Cassius significantly
influence the audience’s perception of him and set the stage for his own tragic end.
4. Pindarus: Pindarus is a minor character in this scene, but his role is crucial. As Cassius’ servant, he misinterprets
the situation on the battlefield, leading to Cassius’ despair and suicide. His miscommunication underscores the
tragic theme of the scene and his obedience to Cassius, even in carrying out the act of killing him, highlights the
rigid hierarchy and loyalty among the characters.
The development of these characters in this scene significantly impacts the rest of the play. The tragic deaths of
Cassius and Titinius set the stage for the final tragic events, while Brutus’ nobility and sense of loss further engage
the audience’s sympathy, setting the stage for his own tragic end. The theme of miscommunication, highlighted
through the characters of Cassius and Pindarus, continues to play a significant role in the unfolding tragedy.

1. Miscommunication and Misinterpretation: This theme is central to the scene. Cassius’ death is a direct result of
Pindarus’ misinterpretation of the situation on the battlefield. This tragic miscommunication leads to a series of
unfortunate events, including Titinius’ suicide. This theme has been developed in previous scenes, particularly in
the manipulation and misuse of language by characters like Cassius and Brutus. The impact of this theme is felt
throughout the play as it leads to the tragic end of several characters and, ultimately, the downfall of Brutus.
2. Despair and Suicide: Despair is a powerful theme in this scene. Cassius’ despair leads him to ask Pindarus to kill
him, and Titinius, upon discovering Cassius’ body, also kills himself. This theme is a continuation of earlier scenes
where Brutus contemplates suicide as an honourable way out. The impact of this theme is significant, as it leads
to the tragic end of the play with Brutus’ suicide.
3. Friendship and Loyalty: The deep friendship between Cassius and Brutus is evident in this scene. Cassius’ love
for his friend leads to his downfall, and Brutus’ reaction to the deaths of Cassius and Titinius reveals his deep sense
of loss and loyalty. This theme has been developed since the beginning of the play, with Cassius manipulating
Brutus’ trust to convince him to join the conspiracy against Caesar. The impact of this theme is felt throughout
the play as it influences the actions of the characters and ultimately leads to their tragic ends.
4. Transformation of Characters: The transformation of characters, particularly Cassius and Brutus, is a significant
theme in this scene. Cassius transforms from a manipulative character to one who shows a deep love for his
friend, while Brutus transforms from a passive character to a man of action. This theme has been developing since
the beginning of the play, and its impact is felt in the rest of the play as it influences the audience’s perception of
these characters and sets the stage for their tragic ends.
These themes, developed in this scene and previous ones, significantly impact the rest of the play, setting the
stage for the tragic events that follow. They highlight the tragic consequences of miscommunication, the despair
that leads to suicide, the power of friendship and loyalty, and the transformation of characters, all of which
contribute to the tragic end of the play.
ACT-V, SCENE-4
Summary
In the heat of battle, Brutus, accompanied by Young Cato, Lucilius and others, enters the scene. He encourages
them to remain steadfast and courageous before making their exit. Young Cato, in a display of loyalty to Rome
and Brutus, cries out his name, although some interpretations attribute these lines to Lucilius. The battle claims
the life of Young Cato, while Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus and captured by Antony’s soldiers. Believing they
have Brutus in their custody, one soldier rushes off to inform Antony.
Upon Antony’s arrival, he inquires about Brutus, only to be informed by Lucilius that Brutus is still alive and
will never be taken captive. Antony, recognising Lucilius’ loyalty, assigns guards to him and orders his soldiers to
continue their search for Brutus, reporting back to him at Octavius’ tent later.
This scene is marked by a series of errors, with Antony’s soldiers mistaking Lucilius for Brutus. Lucilius had
assumed Brutus’ identity in an attempt to protect him, hoping that the soldiers, believing they had captured
Brutus, would cease their search. However, Antony corrects their mistake, depriving Lucilius of a noble death.
Now a prisoner, Lucilius’ value as a friend is questioned. Despite being the least likely to switch sides, the play
leaves it unclear if he will. Antony’s belief that soldiers will always act in their own best interest, disregarding
principles and loyalty, hints at his future rule—one that is willing to abandon both principles and loyalties.
Antony’s views, while partially accurate, suggest that his rule, along with the triumvirate, will lack the nobility
of men like Brutus and Lucilius. This scene underscores the harsh realities of war, where loyalty is fleeting and
survival often necessitates changing sides.
Word Meanings
 depriving—prevent (a person or place) from having or using something.  steadfast—resolutely.

1. Brutus: In this scene, Brutus is portrayed as a leader who inspires courage and bravery in his men. He is also
shown to be highly valued, with Lucilius willing to risk his life to protect him. Despite the chaos on the battlefield,
Brutus remains a figure of respect and loyalty.
2. Young Cato: Young Cato is depicted as a loyal and brave soldier. His loyalty extends not only to Rome but also to
Brutus, whom he openly declares his allegiance to. His bravery is evident in his willingness to fight, even at the
cost of his life.
3. Lucilius: Lucilius is a loyal friend and soldier to Brutus. He willingly assumes Brutus’ identity to protect him from
capture, demonstrating his loyalty and selflessness. Even when captured, he maintains his loyalty, insisting that
Brutus will never be taken prisoner.
4. Antony: Antony is shown as a discerning and pragmatic leader. He quickly corrects his soldiers’ mistake of
capturing Lucilius instead of Brutus. His views on loyalty and principles suggest a more realistic, if somewhat
cynical, approach to war and leadership.
Major Themes
1. Loyalty: Loyalty is a major theme in this scene. Young Cato’s loyalty to Rome and Brutus is evident in his battle
cry, while Lucilius’ loyalty to Brutus is demonstrated when he assumes Brutus’ identity to protect him. Even
when captured, Lucilius maintains his loyalty, asserting that Brutus will never be taken prisoner.
2. Mistaken Identity: The theme of mistaken identity is prominent in this scene. Lucilius is mistaken for Brutus by
Antony’s soldiers, a mistake that Lucilius intentionally orchestrates to protect Brutus. This theme underscores the
chaos and confusion of the battlefield.
3. Realities of War: The harsh realities of war are highlighted in this scene. Antony’s views on loyalty and principles
reflect a more realistic, if somewhat cynical, approach to war. He believes that soldiers will always act in their own
best interest, even if it means abandoning their principles and loyalties.
4. Nobility and Sacrifice: The theme of nobility and sacrifice is embodied in the characters of Brutus, Young Cato,
and Lucilius. Their actions and decisions, driven by their principles and loyalties, stand in stark contrast to
Antony’s more pragmatic approach to war and leadership.
These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis.
They reflect the complexities of the characters and the intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the
play.
ACT-V, SCENE-5
Summary
In Act V, Scene 5, Brutus, worn out from battle, asks his comrades Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to end his
life, but they refuse. Brutus reveals that he has seen Caesar’s ghost again and believes his end is near. Despite
Volumnius’ disagreement, Brutus insists on dying, as the enemy has them cornered. He requests that Volumnius
hold his sword while he runs onto it, but Volumnius refuses, considering it an inappropriate act for a friend. As
the enemy approaches, signalled by an alarm, Clitus advises Brutus to flee. However, Brutus bids farewell to
his comrades, including Strato, who agrees to hold Brutus’ sword. They shake hands, and Brutus runs onto the
sword, ending his life.
Following the defeat of Brutus’ army, Octavius, Antony, Messala, Lucilius and others discover Strato with Brutus’
body. Octavius offers to employ all who served Brutus, and Antony delivers a famous oration over Brutus’ body,
praising him as the noblest Roman of all. Antony asserts that unlike the other conspirators who acted out of envy,
Brutus acted for the general good of Rome. Octavius promises a fitting funeral for Brutus and orders the cessation
of the battle, inviting his colleagues to celebrate their victory.
Analysing the scene, Brutus’ fear of voicing his desire to die could be attributed to his stoic philosophy, which
discourages suicide. His act of running onto his sword, however, portrays him as a heroic figure, ready to die
rather than be conquered. This act could be interpreted in multiple ways by the audience, viewing Brutus as either
a classical tragic hero or a Christian hero sacrificing his life for the people’s good. Despite Antony and Octavius
having the last word, Brutus’ narrative dominates the story. The ending leaves room for doubt, a common trait in
Shakespeare’s finales. While Caesar’s reputation may have been restored and Brutus’ faults glossed over, the play
ends as it began, with an uncertain future. This analysis underscores the complexity and depth of Shakespeare’s
characters and narrative.
Word Meanings
 trait—a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.  comrades—a colleague or a
fellow member of an organization.

1. Brutus: Brutus is portrayed as a noble and stoic character, who is weary from battle. Despite his stoic philosophy,
he expresses a desire to die, believing his end is near after seeing Caesar’s ghost. He is seen as a tragic hero,
choosing to run onto his sword rather than be conquered.
Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius: These characters are loyal comrades of Brutus. They refuse Brutus’ request to
end his life, demonstrating their respect and loyalty towards him. They are depicted as honourable soldiers who
value friendship and duty.
2. Strato: Strato is a faithful companion to Brutus. He agrees to hold Brutus’ sword, enabling Brutus to end his life.
His actions reflect his loyalty and willingness to fulfil Brutus’ final wish.
3. Octavius: Octavius is depicted as a generous and victorious leader. He offers to employ all who served Brutus and
promises a fitting funeral for Brutus. His actions reflect his respect for Brutus and his ability to unite and lead.
4. Antony: Antony is portrayed as an eloquent and respectful character. He delivers a famous oration over Brutus’
body, praising him as the noblest Roman of all. His words reveal his admiration for Brutus and his understanding
of Brutus’ intentions.
5. Messala and Lucilius: Messala and Lucilius are depicted as loyal followers of Octavius and Antony. They are
part of the victorious side and are present during Antony’s oration over Brutus’ body. Their characters add to the
victorious atmosphere of the scene.

1. Heroism and Honour: Brutus’ decision to end his life rather than be captured reflects the theme of heroism and
honour. He chooses death over dishonour, adhering to the Roman ideal of a noble death. His act of running onto
his sword portrays him as a tragic hero, embodying courage and nobility.
2. Loyalty and Friendship: The refusal of Clitus, Dardanius and Volumnius to assist Brutus in his suicide
underscores their loyalty and the sanctity of their friendship. Strato’s agreement to hold the sword for Brutus
further emphasises the theme of loyalty and the bonds of comradeship.
3. Fate and Supernatural: The appearance of Caesar’s ghost signifies the theme of fate and the supernatural. Brutus
interprets the ghost’s appearance as a sign of his impending death, indicating the influence of supernatural
elements on human actions and destiny.
4. Rhetoric and Power: Antony’s oration over Brutus’ body highlights the theme of rhetoric and power. His speech
not only praises Brutus but also subtly manipulates the narrative, demonstrating the power of rhetoric in shaping
perceptions and asserting authority.
5. Ambiguity and Uncertainty: The play ends on an ambiguous note, reflecting the theme of uncertainty. Despite
the victory of Octavius and Antony, the future remains uncertain, mirroring the unpredictable nature of power
and politics. This theme is a common trait in Shakespeare’s works, adding depth and complexity to the narrative.
6. Conflict Between Stoicism and Emotionalism: Brutus, a stoic character, is seen struggling with his emotions
in this scene. His desire for suicide goes against his stoic beliefs, highlighting the conflict between stoicism and
emotionalism. This internal conflict adds a layer of complexity to Brutus’ character and the overall narrative.
These themes contribute to the richness of the narrative, offering multiple layers of interpretation and analysis. They
reflect the complexities of the characters and the intricacies of the political and personal dynamics in the play.

TREASURE CHEST : PROSE

CHAPTER-1
WITH THE PHOTOGRAPHER
—Stephen Leacock
About the Author

Stephen Leacock (1869–1944) was a famous Canadian teacher, writer and humorist. He was born in England and
was educated at Toronto University, Canada. He earned a PhD in political science and economics from Chicago
University and taught political science at McGill University in Montreal. However, he took a flair for writing
and became well known for his humorous stories and writings. His stories earned him international fame and
recognition. His best-known works include ‘Literary Lapses’, ‘Nonsense Novels’ and ‘The Garden of Folly’. He
was awarded the Mark Twain Medal for humour.
Word Meanings
 studio—a room where an artist or photographer works. humiliation: the feeling of being ashamed or losing respect.
 disappointment—the state of being disappointed. annoyance: the act of annoying someone or of being annoyed. 
adjusted—to get used to new conditions or a new situation.  delphide—creates an intense nature with strong feelings
and emotional desires.
Summary
The story was written at a time when people were supposed to visit a studio to be photographed. The story
exposes the humiliation suffered by the author due to his unphotogenic facial appearance at the hands of a
drooping photographer.
The author is asked to wait in the studio for about an hour before being called in. He spends his time reading old
magazines and journals. The studio, to his disappointment, was an old-fashioned, dimly lit room without any
attractive appearance. The photographer finds his face ‘wrong’ and, to Leacock’s annoyance, begins ordering
him to alter his expressions and pose. The photo that he finally received was a distortion of his real face. The
photographer had touched, adjusted and made changes to his photograph using the latest delphide technique.
Leacock wanted his face as it was, and so he did not take the photo. The purpose of the photograph was thus
defeated.

CHAPTER-2
THE ELEVATOR
—William Sleator
About the Author

Sleator was born on February 13, 1945, in Havre de Grace, Maryland. He is a popular writer of fiction for children
and young adults. He is regarded as an imaginative author whose works utilise the genres of fantasy, mystery,
and science fiction to explore personal relationships and emotional growth.
He was an excellent student. He attended Harvard University, where his writing aptitude emerged. He graduated
in 1967 with a B. A. in English. The Angry Moon (1970) became Sleator’s first published work. It was recognised
as a Caldecott Honor Book. He became a full-time author in 1983. Sleator has since become a best-selling and
multiple award-winning author, receiving, among his many honours, Best Books for Young Adults citations from
the American Library Association for House of Stairs (1974) Interstellar Pig (1984), Singularity and The Boy Who
Reversed Himself (1986). Sleator died on 3 August, 2011 in Thailand at the age of 66.
Word Meanings
 bullied—to use your strength or power to hurt or frighten somebody who is weaker or to make him/her do some-
thing.  elevator—a moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight from one level to another, as in a
building.  aggravates—to make worse or more severe; intensify, as anything evil, disorderly, or troublesome.  cour-
age—mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.  desperately—in a way
that involves despair, extreme measures, or rashness.  stairs—a series of steps or flights of steps for passing from one
level to another.
Summary
The Elevator by William Sleator is a story that revolves around a twelve-year-old boy who is meek and is often
bullied at school. He is afraid of many things, rather everything, including the elevator of his complex. Martin
has no choice but to use the elevator, as his house is located on the seventeenth floor. Also, Martin is afraid of his
father, who scorns him when he uses the stairs. He convinces himself that he will eventually get used to it, just
like the bullying he faces in school.
As he struggles to cope with the situation, an old, obese lady enters his life, and she starts sharing the elevator
with him. This only aggravates the situation and one more element is added to the list of his fears. Martin still uses
the elevator because he desperately wants to show courage to his father.
One day, when Martin spots the plump lady already in the elevator, he runs down the stairs. In the process he
snaps his leg, and he is sadly on crutches now. In the end, Martin is abandoned by his father, and he is left alone
to face the lady in the elevator once again.

CHAPTER-3
THE GIRL WHO CAN
—Ama Ata Aidoo
About the Author

Ama Ata Aidoo, born on March 23, 1942, in Abeadzi Kyiakor, Gold Coast, is a Ghanaian writer whose work
emphasised the paradoxical position of modern African woman.
Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana. She won early recognition
with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost (1965). Aidoo won a fellowship at Stanford University in California
and returned to teach at Cape Coast, Ghana. She exposed the exploitation of women who, as unacknowledged
heads of households when war or unemployment leaves them husband-less, must support their children alone.
Her titles include The Eagle and the Chickens (1986), Birds and Other Poems (1987), the novel Changes (1991), The Girl
Who Can (1997) and Diplomatic Pounds (2012).
Word Meanings
 women-centric— something that is focused on or oriented towards women, often with an emphasis on women's
experiences, perspectives, and needs.  realisation—coming to understand something clearly and distinctly.  har-
bour—to keep feelings or thoughts secret in your mind for a long time.  perception—the act or faculty of perceiving,
or apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding.  criticise—to say what is bad or
wrong with somebody/something.
Summary
The story ‘The Girl Who Can’ highlights the importance of a women-centric society. Adjoa is a seven-year-
old African child whose mind is constantly engaged in issues and concerns for a girl, which leads to the three
generations in the story facing a conflict of opinions. Nana is authoritative and holds a firm view about a woman’s
role in society, i.e., to be physically fit to rear healthy children. Maami, on the other hand, is incapable of raising
her voice against her mother.
Adjoa harbours questions about the workings of society but opts to stay quiet. Nana looks down on Adjoa’s thin
legs coupled with her social movements. She constantly criticises Adjoa but Maami is seen to argue in support
of Adjoa.
A change of perceptions is visible when Adjoa reveals her selection for a district race. Nana’s behaviour suddenly
changes. When Adjoa wins the trophy, she shows it around the neighbourhood like a proud grandparent. The
story ends with a happy realisation that legs serve more purposes for a woman than just giving birth.

CHAPTER-4
PEDESTRIAN
—Ray Bradhury
About the Author

Ray Bradbury (1920–2012) was an American author best known for his highly imaginative short stories and
novels. In the mid- 1940s, Bradbury’s stories started to appear in major magazines such as The American Mercury,
Harper’s and McCall’s.
Bradbury was often considered a science fiction author, but he said that his only science fiction book was Fahrenheit
451. Much of his work was fantasy, horror or mystery.
Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, is regarded as his greatest work. He received many honours for his work,
including an Emmy for his animated adaptation of The Halloween Tree (1994) and the National Medal of Arts
(2004). In 2007, the Pulitzer Prize Board awarded Bradbury a Special Citation for his distinguished career.
Word Meanings
 pedestrian—a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go.  psychiatric—of or relating to the
study of mental illness.  deserted—abandoned; forsaken.  venture—to do something or go somewhere new and
dangerous, when you are not sure what will happen.  Tendency—an inclination to do something.  automated—
carried out by machines or computers without needing human control.
Summary
The story is set in a future world in which people sit mindlessly glued to their television sets every evening. The
pedestrian is the man in the city who refuses to sit inside in the evenings and doesn’t own a television either.
One night in November, a man named Leonard Mead is walking the deserted streets of the city. He is the only
person out on the street at night because everyone else is indoors, consuming hours of television. This practice of
not venturing out at night has now become law.
It is the habit of Leonard to stay outside until late at night. A police car stops him, and he is told to get in the back.
Strangely, the car is empty, and the voice speaking to him was automated. Leonard is told that he is being taken to
a psychiatric centre that researches ‘Regressive Tendencies’. His only ‘crime’, it seems, is refusing to plug himself
into the electronic brain-drainer as that has been done by his fellow citizens.

CHAPTER-5
THE LAST LESSON
—Alphonse Daudet
About the Author
Alphonse Daudet (1840–1897) was a French short-story writer and novelist. He wrote his first poems and his first
novel at age 14. His health was long undermined by poverty and by the venereal disease that eventually cost him
his life.
One of the most iconic writers, almost all his novels are rooted in his life experiences, once in a while deviating
into the realms of fantasy. His many works include the story collection Monday Tales (1873), the play L’Arlésienne
(1872), the novels The Nabob (1877) and Sappho (1884).
Word Meanings
 pedestrian—a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go.  psychiatric—of or relating to the
study of mental illness.  deserted—abandoned; forsaken.  venture—to do something or go somewhere new and
dangerous, when you are not sure what will happen.  Tendency—an inclination to do something.  automated—
carried out by machines or computers without needing human control.
Summary
The Last Lesson is a story about the last day of school in the district of Alsace during the Franco-Prussian war. The
author narrates events about the year 1870, when France was captured by Prussian forces led by Bismarck. There
was a discontinuation of teaching French in districts of Lorraine and Alsace. The French teachers were ordered
to leave.
The narration of this story is by a French boy, Franz. He hates his teacher M. Hamelin his school and has no interest
in studying French. When he learns one day that this shall be his last lesson as his teacher is supposed to leave, he
realises the importance of the subject which happens to be his mother tongue.
The school’s teacher, M. Hamel, makes his last lesson memorable, invoking patriotism in all the students and
village people present at the premises.


UNIT – III: TREASURE CHEST : COLLECTION OF POEMS

CHAPTER-1
HAUNTED HOUSES
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
About the Poet

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–82) is one of the most celebrated literary figures of the nineteenth century.
Born in Portland, Maine, New England, he developed a love for literature and languages. He began his career
as a professor of modern languages. He later held positions at Harvard University, where he taught modern
languages and literature. He was the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's ‘Divine Comedy’ into English.
Longfellow’s poetry gained international acclaim for its lyricism and themes of love, nature and American history.
Some of his famous works include ‘Paul Revere's Ride’, ‘The Song of Hiawatha’ and ‘Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie’,
which are living proofs of his uncanny ability to capture the spirit of the times and convey universal themes.
Longfellow received numerous honours during his lifetime. He is the first American poet to have a bust in Poet's
Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He also had a U.S. commemorative postage stamp issued in his honour.
About the Poem

‘Haunted Houses’ is a reflective poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It explores the idea that houses where

people have lived and died retain a sense of haunting. The poem suggests that these houses are inhabited by
‘harmless phantoms ’, intangible and quiet spirits that move through the spaces with a sense of purpose. Despite
the absence of human occupants, the houses continue to host a presence, and unseen forms seem to come and go
through the open doors and passages. These spirits represent the memories of those living in the house, thereby
establishing a connection between the past and the present.
Summary
Longfellow’s poem is reflective and affirms that all houses where people have lived and died are haunted. The
strangers in the house cannot perceive the spirits, but to those familiar with the place, the ghosts are visible.
The poem emphasises the continuity of life beyond the physical, with the spirits of those who once lived in the
house; even in death, these spirits retain a connection to the places they inhabit. These houses are not solely
the property of the living; instead, they hold a spiritual connection to the past, even in the absence of legal
ownership or titles to the property. The spirit-world, described as an atmosphere, surrounds the world of the
living. The poem concludes with a metaphorical image of a bridge of light connecting the two realms. This bridge
serves as a metaphor for the mysterious connection between the tangible and intangible aspects of existence.
In essence, ‘Haunted House’" reflects the coexistence of the living and the dead, suggesting that houses retain the
imprints and memories of past lives; the spiritual presence transcends time and connects different generations.
Explanation of the Poem
Stanzas 1 and 2
All houses wherein men have lived and died Words Meanings

Are haunted houses. Through the open doors  Guests—(here) ghosts  Illuminated hall—our sub-

The harmless phantoms on their errands glide, conscious mind  Thronged—crowded  Inoffensive—

With feet that make no sound upon the floors. harmless  Perceives—feels
We meet them at the door-way, on the stair, Explanation : The guests, in the form of quiet,
harmless invisible ghosts, are more in number than

Along the passages they come and go,
the hosts around the dining table. They are as silent
Impalpable impressions on the air, as the pictures on the wall. The stranger at the
A sense of something moving to and fro. fireside cannot see their forms or hear the sounds
made by them as the narrator does. However, he
can perceive their presence. He may be aware of
Words Meanings our current state but we are vividly aware of our
 Haunted—deeply influenced and replete with memo- history and the multitude of influences that lend us
added perceptions and feelings.
ries of the inhabitants of the past  Open doors—vulner-
Stanzas 5 and 6
ability or openness in our lives  Harmless phantoms:
ghostly figures who do not hurt anyone. They are mem- We have no title-deeds to house or lands;
ories and impressions  Errands—(here-the purposes Owners and occupants of earlier dates
or reasons for influencing our lives)  Glide—move From graves forgotten stretch their dusty hands,
smoothly and silently, Indicates the subtle influences And hold in mortmain still their old estates.
they have on the living  Impalpable—difficult to feel or The spirit-world around this world of sense
grasp. Elusive nature of memories. Floats like an atmosphere, and everywhere
Wafts through these earthly mists and vapours dense
Explanation: The poet of ‘Haunted Houses’ firmly
A vital breath of more ethereal air.
believes that all houses where men have lived and
died are haunted, not in the horrific sense but in
a gentle and intangible way. The harmless ghosts
Words Meanings
glide through the doorways, staircase and passages
without making any sound, intent on fulfilling  Title—deeds-claims or rights to ownership  Mort-
their errands. They are without substance and main—estate papers  Ethereal—pure
hence outside our grasp. However, we can feel
them moving to and fro, due to the imperceptible Explanation: The living survivors have no legal
movements of the air. They are, in fact, the indelible documents of ownership of the houses. They are
marks or influence left by the people whom held by the dead ancestors who are holding their
we interact with in life. They leave subtle but hands from their forgotten graves. They move
meaningful imprints on us. around like an atmosphere, and through it a vital
breath of purer air comes out. In other words, the
Stanzas 3 and 4
ethereal life breathes into our perceptions, a wider
There are more guests at table than the hosts understanding that enriches our experience.
Invited; the illuminated hall Is Stanzas 7 and 8
thronged with quiet, inoffensive ghosts, Our little lives are kept in equipoise
By opposite attractions and desires;
As silent as the pictures on the wall.
The struggle of the instinct that enjoys,
The stranger at my fireside cannot see And the more noble instinct that aspires.
The forms I see, nor hear the sounds I hear; These perturbations, this perpetual jar
He but perceives what is; while unto me Of earthly wants and aspirations high,
Come from the influence of an unseen star
All that has been is visible and clear.
An undiscovered planet in our sky.
A bridge of light, connecting it with this,

Words Meanings O'er whose unsteady floor, that sways and bends,
Wander our thoughts above the dark abyss.
 Equipoise—balance, equilibrium  Perturbations—
A floating bridge of light-connecting two worlds.
disturbances  Perpetual—long-lasting  Jar—a contain-
er of the memories and experiences of individuals Light stands for enlightenment.
Explanation: Our lives are balanced by equal Words Meanings

opposing forces of our desires and attractions.
They strike a balance between our basic instincts  Abyss—deep unchartered territory, deep unfathomed
and high aspirations. We are made of instincts of sea
mortal life, which give us enjoyment as well as
Explanation : The moon throws a bridge of light
higher aspirations of spirituality. Some people we
encounter may pull us into a world of material across the sea establishing a close connection with
pleasures whereas some may pull us into a higher the sky and the sea. Our imaginations haunt the
level of thinking and spiritual experiences. They area trying to unravel the dark mystery. Similarly,
may be unseen and mysterious but they guide our from the world of the spirit descends a bright
inner beings. light that binds us with the insubstantial forms of
Stanzas 9 and 10 the dead souls that surround us. The dead never
And as the moon from some dark gate of cloud really die; they live within and around us, as fond
Throws o’er the sea a floating bridge of light, memories and experiences. In short, past influences
Across whose trembling planks our fancies crowd are guiding lights that can shape our journey. As
Into the realm of mystery and night,— we navigate through our lives, our decisions and
So from the world of spirits there descends feelings are continuously marked by those who
have left an indelible impact on us.
Critical Appraisal
There are several figures of speech that contribute to the poem's vivid imagery and overall impact. Here are some
examples:
1. Metaphor:
• Haunted Houses: The entire poem is an extended metaphor. The houses themselves are not literally haunted
by ghosts; rather, they symbolise the lingering memories and impressions of past inhabitants. They are our
bodies, the containers of impressions of people from the past.
2. Personification:
• Harmless phantoms on their errands glide: The phantoms are personified by suggesting that they have
‘errands’, giving them a sense of purpose or direction.
3. Simile:

• Silent ghosts are compared to pictures on walls—as silent as
• Floats like an atmosphere: The spirit-world is likened to an atmosphere, using a simile to convey the idea that
it surrounds the tangible world like air surrounds the Earth.
4. Symbolism:
• Bridge of light: The bridge of light is a symbolic representation of the connection between the world of spirits
and the earthly realm. It symbolises a pathway or a link between the seen and the unseen.
5. Assonance:
• Above the dark abyss: The repetition of the short ‘a’ sound in ‘above’ and ‘abyss’ is an example of assonance,
creating a rhythmic and melodic quality.
6. Imagery:
• The stranger at my fireside cannot see/The forms I see: The use of visual imagery helps convey the idea that
the speaker perceives something that is invisible to others.
7. Metonymy:
• Bridge of light: The ‘bridge of light’ is a metonym for the connection or pathway between the spirit-world
and the world of the living.
These figures of speech contribute to the poem's richness and depth, helping to explore the themes of
memory, the spirit-world and the connections between different realms of existence.

CHAPTER-2
THE GLOVE AND THE LIONS
—Leigh Hunt
About The Poet

An English critic, essayist, poet and editor, Leigh Hunt (1784–1859) was a literary figure of the Romantic era. He is
known for his contributions to literature, criticism and journalism. He was associated with prominent Romantic
poets, including Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. He collaborated with Shelley on various literary projects.
In 1813, he was imprisoned for two years for criticising Prince Regent (the future King George IV). Although it
was a challenging experience, it established his popularity as a champion of free speech.
Leigh Hunt’s poetry, essays and critical works include ‘The Story of Rimini’, a narrative poem, and ‘Captain
Sword and Captain Pen’, a satirical work. His essays cover a wide range of topics, including literature, politics
and social issues.
About the Poem

The Glove and the Lions is a narrative poem, which takes us to the medieval times when games and bloody sports
were considered as a norm among royalty. Love, bravery and vanity are the main themes woven around this
masterpiece of storytelling. Vivid word pictures, surging emotions and a surprising twist at the end make it most
dramatic. The poem reflects the values and beliefs of the medieval society, emphasising the virtues of chivalry,
loyalty and honour. The poem is enriched with literary devices such as imagery, symbolic representations and
irony, which create a sense of drama and tension. Written in Ballad style, the poem has an aabbcc rhyme scheme.
Summary
‘The Glove and the Lions’ begins with the speaker describing King Francis and the courtiers that surround him.
The king is lively and good-natured and enjoys games and bloody sports, which were an accepted norm in those
times. When the poem begins, he is with the ‘royal… court’ watching one of his favourite sporting activities,
lion fighting. He is surrounded by aristocrats—lords and ‘ladies in their pride’. There is also present Count de
Lorge with one for whom he sighs. The lady wants to test the love of the count and throws her glove into the
arena posing a challenge to her admirer. The count jumps into the arena and alights quickly retrieving the glove.
However, he throws it on the face of the lady with scorn. King Francis approves of the act and pronounces that it
has not been love but pride and vanity which has prompted her to test her lover in such an unreasonable manner.

Stanza 1
Words Meanings
King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport,
And one day as his lions fought, sat looking on the court;  Hearty-king—natured, cheerful, vigorous  Gallant—
The nobles filled the benches, and the ladies in their pride, brave, chivalrous  Valour—bravery  royal beasts—
(here) the lions in the palace of the king
And 'mongst them sat the Count de Lorge, with one for
whom he sighed: Explanation: ‘The Glove and the Lions’ begins
with the speaker describing King Francis and the
And truly 't was a gallant thing to see that crowning show,
courtiers. The reader enters into a medieval time
Valour and love, and a king above, and the royal beasts below. setting, which may look outlandish to the modern
audience. The king is ‘hearty’ and good-natured De Lorge's love o'erheard the King, a beauteous lively dame
and enjoys games and bloody sports, which was an With smiling lips and sharp bright eyes, which always
accepted norm for the royalty. seemed the same;
When the poem begins, King Francis is watching one She thought, the Count my lover is brave as brave can be;
of his favourite sporting activities, the lions’ fight. He surely would do wondrous things to show his love of me;
He is surrounded by aristocrats, lords and ‘women King, ladies, lovers, all look on; the occasion is divine;
in their pride’. There is one couple amongst them
I'll drop my glove, to prove his love; great glory will be mine.
that draws special attention of the king, Count de
Lorge with his love, the one for whom the king had
sighed. Words Meanings
It was a brave act to see the show reach its climax.
 A beauteous lively dame—a woman of exceptional
It was indeed a royal event, not a show for
commoners. The whole stadium was filled with beauty and liveliness  Wondrous—wonderful, spec-
‘valour and love’. The ‘beasts’ here represent both tacular  Occasion is divine—godsend, right occasion,
the lions and the nobles who must fight amongst providential
themselves for the king’s favour. The ladies are Explanation: The lover of De Lorge overhears the
majestic and sitting in pride, an allusion to the pride comment. She turns and looks at him and smiles
of lions. temptingly with her beauty. She impulsively
Stanza 2 decides to test her lover, De Lorge. She wants to
Ramped and roared the lions, with horrid laughing jaws; be proven right that he is ‘brave as brave can be’
They bit, they glared, gave blows like beams, a wind went and that he would ‘do wondrous things to show
with their paws; his love’. She decides to drop her glove into the
With wallowing might and stifled roar they rolled on one pit with the hope that De Lorge would dive in and
another; retrieve it for her. Her vanity prompts her to think
that this opportunity to impress all is godsend.
Till all the pit with sand and mane was in a thunderous
smother; Stanza 4
The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at
air; him and smiled;
Said Francis then, "Faith, gentlemen, we're better here than He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild:
there." The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regained his place,
Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady's face.
Words Meanings "By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from where
he sat:
 Ramped—prowled  Wallowing might—immense, "No love," quoth’ he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that."
crushing power  Thunderous smother—deafening
roars  Whisking—spraying Words Meanings
Explanation: The second stanza of ‘The Glove
and the Lions’ describes the atmosphere of the  Regained—sat back in his seat  Quoth—archaic
fight itself. The lions, being quite ferocious, roar word for said  Vanity—pride, arrogance, a feeling of
by opening their mouths wide and baring their importance
horrible teeth. They begin to fight attempting to
Explanation: De Lorge does as she expected. He
tear at the other. Their ‘blows’ are so strong that
chivalrously bows and jumps headlong into the pit
the wind seems to gush along with their paws.
of death. He leaps in and leaps out, regaining ‘his
They are rolling around on the floor and causing a
place’ before anyone has the time to react. However,
chaotic situation. From where the king is sitting, he
the unexpected happens. Instead of expressing his
is impressed by the majesty of this moment. He is
love, he throws the glove on her face. The king feels
completely safe but is able to experience the ‘bloody
foam’ that comes spraying through the air. He the count has done right as what the lady had done
humorously states that he, and those around him, was due to her vanity to shine before others as the
are better off where they are than in the deadly pit beauty who inspires the brave, heroic count to risk
with the lions. his life. There has not been any love or concern in
her heart.
Stanza 3
Critical Appraisal
1. Alliteration: Repetition of the same sound or letters at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words to
provide a rhythm and auditory experience that helps in the movement of the poem—for example, ‘ramped and
roared the lions’.
2. Internal rhyme: Words sounding similar are used within the line to provide a musical quality—for example,
‘love and king above’ and ‘dropped her glove to prove his love’.
3. Simile: Comparison of unlike objects to create word pictures—for example, ‘gave blows like beams’ and ‘brave
as brave can be’.
4. Symbolism: Use of an object, person or situation to represent something else—for example, glove represents
test of chivalry, love and bravery.
Lions represent ferocity and pride as well as danger and unpredictability.
5. Personification: Attributing human qualities to non-human forms—for example, ‘horrid laughing jaws’. The
lions with open jaws looked as though they were laughing.
6. Repetition: Same word used for poetic effect—for example, ‘The leap was quick, return was quick’.
7. Hyperbole: For example, ‘The bloody foam above the bars came whisking through the air’.
8. Metaphor: Word used in place of another to suggest a likeness. For example, the sand and the tangle of mane
said to be a thunderous smother.
9. Irony: The retrieval of the glove is a chivalrous act to impress the lady love but throwing it on her face is an
ironical, unexpected gesture negating the code of the knights.

CHAPTER-3
WHEN GREAT TREES FALL
—Maya Angelou
About the Poet

Maya Angelou (1928–2014), an American poet, memoirist and civil rights activist, was also a prominent and
influential figure in literature and social justice. Her childhood was marked by instability and trauma. Due to her
childhood experiences, Angelou became mute for several years, finding solace in literature and poetry.
Being a prolific writer, she touched various genres. Her autobiographical works, including ‘I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings’, were critically acclaimed. Her poetry collections, such as ‘And Still I Rise" (1978), are celebrated
for their powerful and empowering themes. She taught at various universities. Maya Angelou received numerous
awards and honours for her contributions to literature and civil rights. In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.
About the Poem

‘When Great Trees Fall’ masterfully captures the complex emotions and far and wide consequences associated
with the death of great figures who influence our lives. The poem speaks about the pain of loss ‘while pointing
towards the enduring impact and legacy of those who have left their mark’. Just as those massive trees shake the
earth and make animals crouch in confusion and fear, the loss of great individuals sends shockwaves throughout
the world. As days pass, people's grief and despair give way to the invigorating knowledge that the world is a
better place because these ‘great souls’ once passed through it. ‘When Great Trees Fall’ is from Angelou's 1990
book of poems, ‘I Shall Not Be Moved’.
Summary
This reflective poem deals with the demise of inspirational figures through the extended metaphor of falling trees.
The poem vividly describes the impact of the fall of great trees, symbolising influential and admirable figures.
The imagery of rocks shuddering and animals seeking safety conveys the seismic effect of significant losses. The
poem explores the profound silence that follows the fall of great trees, both in nature and in human experience.
It delves into the silent, eroded senses of those left behind. The poem extends its reflection to the death of great
souls, emphasising the transformative effect on the world. It portrays the collective mourning and the temporary
emptiness that follows. Despite the sorrow, the poem hints at the eventual renewal and peace that follows the loss
of great souls. It suggests that the memory of these individuals contributes to a positive and soothing vibration
that gradually fills the spaces they once occupied.

Stanza 1 rich and vibrant. Air is rare and sterile, and we feel
When great trees fall, drained of spirit. Vision becomes clarified though
rocks on distant hills shudder, our eyes are filled with tears. This means grief can
sharpen recollection bringing in acute nostalgia.
lions hunker down
Sharpened memory takes us to all those words
in tall grasses, that remained unsaid and all those promises that
and even elephants remained unkept. Our minds get fixated on missed
lumber after safety. opportunities.
Stanza 4
Words Meanings Great souls die and our reality, bound to them,
takes leave of us. Our souls,
 Shudder—tremble or shiver in fear  Hunker— dependent upon their nurture,
crouch or cower  Lumber—move awkwardly, slowly
now shrink, wizened.
Explanation: When great trees fall, the impact sends Our minds, formed and informed by their radiance,
shockwaves that make even the distant hills shake fall away. We are not so much maddened
in resonance. There is a primal unease and fear as reduced to the unutterable ignorance of
among animals. Lions retreat into the tall grasses, dark, cold caves.  
and even the huge elephants with heavy steps
withdraw into shades. They react viscerally to the Words Meanings
fall of trees as the foundation of their world shakes.
Stanza 2  Nurture—care and protect, lend sustenance  Wiz-
When great trees fall in forests, ened—dried up  Radiance—brilliance
small things recoil into silence, Explanation : The loss of inspiring figures renders us
Their senses erode beyond fear unmoored, cast adrift. There is a sense of withering
within, and we become undernourished and
Words Meanings drained out. Their radiant influence deserts us, and
we lose our light. We become creatures condemned
 Recoil—flinch back in horror  Erode—wear away, to the dark caves and seem disoriented. We are
lose power ignorant of what struck us.
Explanation : When the trees fall in forests, the tiny Stanza 5
creatures withdraw into themselves with some And when great souls die,
grave emotion beyond fear. Their senses go numb, after a period peace blooms,
and they are stunned to mournful silence. This
slowly and always irregularly.
shows even the minutest of the natural world is
shocked to mournful silence. This emphasises the Spaces fill with a kind of soothing electric vibration.
totality of the loss. Our senses, restored, never
Stanza 3 to be the same, whisper to us.
When great souls die, They existed. They existed.
the air around us becomes light, We can be. Be and be better. For they existed.
rare, sterile. We breathe, briefly.
Our eyes, briefly, Words Meanings
see with a hurtful clarity.  Electric vibrations—(here) positive vibes or stimula-
Our memory, suddenly sharpened, tions.  Restored—brought back, re-established, return
examines, gnaws on kind words to former condition.  We can be—we exist, function, we
unsaid, promised walks never taken. are what we are.
Explanation : The poem now moves from despair
Words Meanings to bloom. Time brings peace and reconciliation with
the loss. Peace blooms slowly but surely. The sense
 Rare—rarefied, with little oxygen  Sterile—not fertile,
of void begins to fill with the spirit of upliftment
not fecund, missing essential nutrients  Hurtful clari- and understanding. The primordial energy starts
ty—a clear sense of hurt, acute pain  Gnaws—feeds on, resonating. Our lives move on but we are forever
plague, torment, torture, nags changed. We are more receptive because of the
Explanation: The effect on the people is much more shaking experience; the great souls whisper to us
elaborately described. Emotions take a back seat as and push us forward. The fact they existed and still
it takes time to get to terms with reality. Breathing exist makes our life fuller and more meaningful. We
becomes laboured because air seems no longer are better off having had them in our lives.
Critical Appraisal
1. Metaphor-a non-literal comparison between two unlike things. In the poem, falling of trees is compared to the
death of great, influential personalities. Peace blooms is another example.
2. Alliteration-repetition of consonant sounds in closely following words, for example, fall-forest: silence-senses:
breathe briefly: cold-caves: suddenly sharpened: sterile silence
3. Personification-the attribution of human characteristics to something non-human. For example, Our souls shrink,
wizened: our memory examines
4. Anaphora- repetition of expression in lines that follow. (Here) When great trees fall is repeated to enhance the
effect of loss.
5. Enjambment-the sense of a line overflowing to the next. This is to give an impression that the line is cut off before
its natural stopping point to lend a sense of speed or quickness.
6. Repetition: They existed. They existed: We can be. Be and be.

CHAPTER-4
THE POWER OF MUSIC
—Sukumar Ray
About the Poet

Sukumar Ray (1887–1923), a poet, writer, playwright and illustrator, is known primarily for his contributions to
Bengali literature and children's literature. Father of the famous Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, he belonged to a
prominent Bengali family. He enriched the world of literature during the early twentieth century and is regarded
as one of the pioneers of humorous and satirical writings in Bengali literature.
Sukumar Ray had a strong educational background. He studied at the Presidency College in Calcutta and later
pursued his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in England.
Sukumar Ray’s literary contributions were diverse, ranging from humorous and satirical writings to plays, poems
and essays. His most famous work is the collection of nonsense rhymes titled ‘Abol Tabol’, which is considered
a classic in Bengali literature for children. The book is known for its playful language, wordplay and interesting
illustrations. His most famous play is "Chalachittachanchari’ (The Intelligent Surrogate), which is a delightful
comedy.
About the Poem

The poem revolves around the power of music. It describes the effect of loud music on objects, animals, people
and elements of Nature. Loud music, imposed unconcernedly on others, affects negatively on their psyche as
well as physical well-being. By resorting to exaggeration, the poet succeeds in conveying his thoughts on this
matter in a humorous yet compelling manner. It comes under the genre of Nonsense Poems.
Summary
Bhisma Lochan is a singer who loves to belt out his song for his pleasure under the mistaken notion that others
also enjoy it in equal measure. When summer comes, his booming voice echoes in the streets from Delhi to
Burma. Bullock carts are upset, horses line on roads, fishes dive deep seeking silence and trees shake with fear.
His fellow beings request him to stop as they are gripped with illnesses and their daily life is upset. However, the
singer unaware of the havoc he makes, continues his vocal assault till a wise billy goat challenges him. He meets
Bhisma and bellows to bellows, screeches to screeches until the singer is subdued and gifts the precious gift of
silence to the world around.

Stanzas 1 Stanzas 4
1. When summer comes, we hear the hums 4. The wretched brutes resent the blare the hour
Bhisma Lochan Sharma. they hear it sounded,
You catch his strain on hill and plain from Delhi They whine and stare with feet in air or wonder
quite confounded.
down to Burma
The fishes dived below the lake in frantic search
He sings as though he's staked his life, he sings
for silence,
as though he's hell-bent;
Words Meanings
Words Meanings
 Wretched brutes—miserable animals,  Resent—
 Hums—sings,  Staked his life—invested everything
hate, Whine-cry,  Confounded—confused to the core,
in life,  Hell-bent—fiercely determined.
 Frantic—desperate.
Explanation: When summer comes, the loud
singing of Bhisma Lochan Sharma can be heard Explanation: The miserable animals hate the sound
the moment it begins. They cry in desperation as
echoing through hills and valleys ranging from
they are totally confused not knowing what has
Delhi to Burma. He sings as though he has given hit them. Fishes dive deep into the water seeking
everything in his life to his singing. He is fiercely silence.
determined to make his music heard. Stanzas 5
Stanzas 2 5. The very trees collapse and shake - you hear the
2. The people, dazed, retire amazed although they crash a mile hence -
know it's well-meant. And in the sky the feathered fly turn turtle while
They're trampled in the panic rout or languish they're winging,
pale and sickly,
And plead,' My friend, we're near our end, oh Words Meanings
stop your singing quickly
 Collapse—fall,  Feathered fly—birds,  Turn tur-
Words Meanings tle—turn upside down, somersault
Explanation: The trees are badly affected by the
 Dazed—disoriented, dizzy  Retire—withdraw 
song. They shiver and fall as though in fear. They
Trampled—trodden under  Panic rout—chaos caused crash to the ground with such a force that the
by anxiety  Languish—suffer  Plead—pray, humbly vibrations are heard miles away.
request Stanzas 6
Explanation: People go into panic attacks listening 6. Again we cry, 'We're going to die, oh won't you
to the loud song. They withdraw in sheer confusion stop your singing? '
though they know he means no harm. They suffer But Bhisma's soared beyond our reach, howe'er
immensely gripped with anxiety and health issues. we plead and grumble;
They haplessly plead for the singer to stop as they The welkin weeps to hear his screech, and mighty
feel they are dying under the vocal onslaught. mansions tumble.
Stanzas 3
3. The bullock-carts are overturned, and horses Words Meanings
line the roadside;
 Soared—moved ahead,  Plea—pray,  Grumble—
But Bhisma Lochan, unconcerned, goes complain,  Welkin—sky,  Mansions—big buildings.
booming out his broadside.
Explanation: Again, the people desperately plead
him to stop. They grumble that they are going to
Words Meanings die but Bhisma pushes along outside the range of
their pleadings. The sky cries in anguish, and giant
 Overturned—upside down,  Unconcerned—un- buildings fall unable to withstand the vibrations.
aware, not bothered.  Booming out his broadside— Stanzas 7
belting out his song mighty loudly and harshly 7. But now there comes a billy goat, a most
Explanation: The bullocks stop on their way sagacious fellow,
upsetting their carts, horses stop on the sides of He downs his horns and charges straight, with
the roads, too scared to move ahead but the singer bellow answ'ring bellow.
pushes along totally oblivious to the havoc he is The strains of song are tossed and whirled by
creating. blast of brutal violence,
And Bhisma Lochan grants the world the golden Explanation: Then comes the solace with the entry
gift of silence of a male goat. Wisely, he discerns the situation and
decides to take an aggressive stand. He downs his
Words Meanings head in an attacking posture and bleats his heart
out. The high decibel noise tosses the strains of the
 Billy goat—male goat, Sagacious-wise, discerning,
music of the singer. He admits defeat as he realises
shrewd,  Bellow answering bellow—answering in the the effect of uncontrolled music. He grants the
same kind, screech to screech,  Tossed and whirled— precious gift of silence to those around him.
thrown about,  Blast of brutal violence—scattered
around with merciless force.
Critical Appraisal
1. Alliteration-Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely situated words.
For example, ‘grants the world the golden gift of silence’, ‘welkin weeps’, ‘booming out his broadside’,
‘turn turtle’, ‘feathered fly’.
2. Repetition-‘Bellow answering bellow’
3 Personification-human qualities attributed to non-human things. For example, ‘welkin weeps’ ‘whine
and stare’.
4. Hyperbole-describe in an exaggerated manner. For example, bullock carts overturned, horses line on
roadside, people about to die, trees collapse and the sound heard a mile away, welkin weeps, birds
turning turtle.
5. Onomatopoeia-the sound echoing the meaning. For example, screech, crash, booming, hums.

CHAPTER-5
A CONSIDERABLE SPECK
—Robert Frost
About the Poet

Robert Frost (1874–1963) is one of the most well-known poets in American literature. He is celebrated for his vivid
and realistic depictions of rural life. He is considered a master of colloquial expressions. He has been conferred
with four Pulitzer Prizes for poetry, in 1924 for 'New Hampshire’, in 1931 for ‘Collected Poems’, in 1937 for ‘A
Further Range’, and in 1943 for ‘A Witness Tree’.
Frost’s poetic genius often explores rural life, nature and the complexities of human relationships. His writing is
characterised by its use of day-to-day language and its deep insights into the human condition. ‘The Road Not
Taken’, Frost's most well-known poem, reflects on the choices we make in life and their impact. ‘Stopping by
Woods on a Snowy Evening’ is a beautifully crafted poem that contemplates the tug of war between the wayside
beauties of nature and the responsibilities of life.
Robert Frost's poetry, reflecting a keen insight into human nature, a deep appreciation of rural landscapes and a
profound depiction of the complexities of life, continues to be celebrated for its universal appeal.
About the Poem

‘A Considerable Speck’ is a witty and thought-provoking poem by Robert Frost. It captures the psychology and
actions of a mite on white paper, symbolising human creativity and imagination. It highlights the struggle for
survival displaying the ability of consciousness even in a tiny creature. The poet seems to admire it and respect
its intellect. He feels that even the smallest of creatures have their importance.
Summary
The poet seems to be writing something when he notices a speck on the paper. He would not have noticed it but
for the contrast between the dark dot and the stark white paper. Something at this moment makes him realise
it is not just a speck of dust. It moves around purposefully as though it has intelligence and creativity. The mite
hesitates beside the poised pen, runs across to the fresh words on the paper, smells or tastes wet ink and turns in
disgust. Then it lies still in the centre of the paper submitting to its fate. The poet lets it be, as it does not pose any
danger to him. He hopes it will go to sleep. He says he is not like certain people who are overly concerned and
kill all creativity and capacity for thought. Nor is he like those who kill harmless creatures. He feels glad to have
found the spirit for survival and desire to live as displayed by the tiny mite. That even the tiniest of beings has this
capacity is proved by the activities of the mite. This takes the poem to a philosophical level.

Stanzas 1 and 2 Stanzas 5 and 6
1. A speck that would have been beneath my sight 3. It seemed too tiny to have room for feet,
On any but a paper sheet so white Yet must have had a set of them complete
Set off across what I had written there.
To express how much it didn't want to die.
And I had idly poised my pen in air
It ran with terror and with cunning crept.
To stop it with a period of ink
It faltered: I could see it hesitate;
When something strange about it made me think,
Then in the middle of the open sheet
This was no dust speck by my breathing blown,
Cower down in desperation to accept
But unmistakably a living mite
Whatever I accorded it of fate.
With inclinations it could call its own.
Words Meanings
Words Meanings
 Cunning—cleverness, skill,  Faltered—lost momen-
 Speck—a tiny dot,  Poised—ready to take action at
tum,  Cower down—bend down or move back with
any moment,  Period—full stop mark,  Inclinations—
head down,  Desperation—hopelessness.
instincts, natural tendencies.
Explanation: The insect looked so tiny that it seemed
Explanation: The poet was working on a manuscript that it had no feet. However, it had enough to show
when he saw a tiny speck on the paper. He would that it did not want to die. It ran with fear but also
not have noticed it but for the contrast it made on had enough ingenuity to creep about showing its
the white paper. He thought it was a speck of dust survival instincts. It lost its momentum, hesitated
blown by his breathing. He thought of obliterating for a while and then came to a standstill, cowering
it with a full stop mark and poised his pen over it in the middle of the sheet, as if submitting to the
but soon realised that it was moving with a purpose will of the poet.
across the sheet. It showed an inclination that
Stanzas 7 and 8
proved it as a living being.
4. I have none of the tenderer-than-thou
Stanzas 3 and 4
Collectivistic regimenting love
2. It paused as with suspicion of my pen,
With which the modern world is being swept.
And then came racing wildly on again
But this poor microscopic item now!
To where my manuscript was not yet dry;
Since it was nothing I knew evil of
Then paused again and either drank or smelt--
I let it lie there till I hope it slept.
With loathing, for again it turned to fly.
I have a mind myself and recognize
Plainly with an intelligence I dealt.
Mind when I meet with it in any guise
Words Meanings No one can know how glad I am to find
On any sheet the least display of mind.
 Suspicion—a feeling of distrust,  Manuscript—hand-
written or typed text,  Loathing—resentment. Words Meanings
Explanation: The mite looked with suspicion at the
 Tenderer than thou—extreme concern and protective
poet’s pen ready to attack it. Then, it ran towards
mentality,  Collectivistic regimenting—group orienta-
the wet words, smelt or tasted the ink and turned
away with resentment as if to fly. It acted as though tion,  Microscopic—extremely tiny,  Guise—form,
 Least display—smallest evidence.
it had intelligence like that of humans.
Explanation: The poet makes it clear that he let the the actions and thoughts of others. This regimenting
mite sleep feeling that it means no harm to him. will kill in novation
He also feels sympathy as well as admiration for its and creativity. He is immensely happy to recognise
valiant efforts. However, he does not go overboard intellect like that of a human anywhere, anytime.
with emotions like some people in modern society Even the least intelligence shown by any creature is
who nurse extremely tender feelings for creatures. worthy of admiration and should be respected.
He is against the overpowering desire to streamline
Critical Appraisal
1. Anthropomorphism: Attributing the activities of human beings to non-human beings or objects. The mite is said
to be having imagination and creativity like that of a human. Its actions such as feeling disgusted and cowering
to a superior power also are examples of making it totally human.
2. Irony: Towards the end of the poem, the poet uses irony as he sarcastically says he does not have the ‘love’ of
modern society to overpower or kill the hapless in a bid to control everything.
3. Hyperbole: exaggeration. The mite seeming to have no space for feet. Its minuscule size is emphasised.
4. Metaphor: The mite is a metaphor for intelligence and creativity on ‘any sheet of paper’.
5. Oxymoron: Words of opposite meanings pitted against each other. For example, A Considerable Speck-a huge
speck or dot.


ICSE-10 QB Enligsh Paper-2 Revision Notes

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationPaper 2 literature revision notes

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

ICSE-10 QB Enligsh Paper-2 Revision Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ICSE-10 QB Enligsh Paper-2 Revision Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT – I: DRAMA

About the Author

About the Play

Summary of the Play

Major Characters of the Play

Minor Characters of the Play

Characters in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

 distrustful—feeling or showing distrust of someone or something.  anticipation—excitement.

Characters in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Major Themes in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Character in the Scene

Major Themes in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Major Themes in the Scene

 depriving—prevent (a person or place) from having or using something.  steadfast—resolutely.

Characters in the Scene

Characters in the Scene

Major Themes in the Scene

TREASURE CHEST : PROSE

About the Author

About the Author

About the Author

About the Author

About the Author

village people present at the premises.

UNIT – III: TREASURE CHEST : COLLECTION OF POEMS

About the Poet

About the Poem

Explanation of the Poem

A bridge of light, connecting it with this,

Explanation: Our lives are balanced by equal Words Meanings

About The Poet

About the Poem

Explanation of the Poem

About the Poet

About the Poem

Explanation of the Poem

About the Poet

About the Poem

Explanation of the Poem

About the Poet

About the Poem

Explanation of the Poem

You might also like