Notes on Julius Caesar act 3 scene 1 & 2

1)Metellus Cimber: Most high, most mighty, and most ……

Caesar: These couchings and these lowly courtesies Might fire the blood of
ordinary men……

(i) What is Metellus Cimber's appeal to Caesar?

Ans. Metellus Cimber's brother, Publius Cimber had been banished from the
state as he was a law breaker. Cimber was requesting Caesar to reconsider the
banishment and allow him an entry in the state and regain his
'enfranchisement.

(ii) What effect did Cimber's flattery have over Caesar?

Ans. Caesar was a law abiding and just ruler. He treated the Roman law with
absolute integrity. He got offended by Cimber's flattery. He told him clearly that
his honey dipped words could not influence him to go against his judgement
and do something that was unlawful and wrong.

(iii) Which examples did Caesar quote to confirm his unchangeable decision?

Ans. Caesar quoted the constancy of the northern star to emphasize his point.
He remarked that the sky was full of stars. The fire in all of them made them
shine but there was only one amongst them which was constant and stayed in
its place no matter what movements could be seen in the sky. The northern
star was a metaphorical expression to reveal an ideal strength of spirit and
character. Another example cited in this respect was of Mount Olympus as it
was an impossible task to move a mountain which was believed to be an abode
of Gods. Similarly, it was impossible to change a decision once taken by
Caesar.

iv) Which quality of Caesar comes forth in this extract?

Ans. Caesar was a faithful friend to Rome. He had all the qualities of a true
statesman. The extract throws light on the solidarity of his character. Once he
took a call on a certain matter, absolutely conforming to the state laws, then no
amount of influence in the form of flattery, pleading or personal relationships
could dilute his stand.
(v) How does Metellus react to Caesar's treatment and how do the later events
unfold?

Ans. Metellus, displaying a humble demeanour, is taken aback by Caesar's

stern Rejection of his plea dor his brother's return. This interaction contributes
to the escalating tension, leading to Caesar’s assassination by the conspirators
led by Casca making the first try and Brutus making the last one. In the
aftermath Brutus and his allies justify their action while Antony ist try aleading
to Caesar's the last one. In the aftermath Brutus and his allies justify their
action while Antony feigning allegiance sets the stage for a powerful oration
that will sway public opinion and ignite a violent reaction.

2) Antony:

Therefore I took your hands, but was, indeed, swayed from the point, by
looking down on Caesar. Friends am I with you all and love you all, Upon this
hope, that you shall give me reasons Why and wherein Caesar was dangerous.

(I) What major event is the extract throwing light on?

Ans. The extract throws light on a very unfortunate event in the history of
Rome Julius Caesar becomes a victim of conspiracy and finds himself at the
wrong end of the assassin's dagger. A righteous ruler loses his life at the hands
of envious and corrupt politicians.

(ii) Who was Mark Antony and how was he related to Julius Caesar?

Ans. Mark Antony was a Roman politician and general, closely allied with
Julius Caesar. He was not related by blood but was a loyal supporter and
friend of Caesar. Following Caesar's assassination, Antony became a key figure
in the power struggle that led to the end of the Roman Republic. His
faithfulness to Julius Caesar reframed the sentiments of the common people
who had been falsely swayed by the false justification of the conspirators.

(iii) What did Antony demand from the conspirators to justify the killing?

Ans. Antony demanded a valid and compelling reason from the conspirators to
justify Caesar's assassination, ensuring that the act was not seen as a
senseless murder but rather as a necessary action to protect Rome from a
perceived threat. He set a condition that he was willing to ally with them
provided there were strong reasons behind the cruel murder of Julius Caesar.
(iv) "Friends am I with you all, and love you all." What led Antony to give such a
statement to the conspirators?

Ans. Antony did not take more than a couple of minutes to evaluate what he
had seen He witnessed a heinous crime committed by the conspirators: the
assassination of Julius Caesar, a righteous ruler. He was completely shaken by
Caesar's death but he maintained his sanity and presence of mind and did
what was required of him at that moment. He quickly gathered that he had to
fake friendship with the conspirators to reveal the truth to the Roman people
through clever use of words.

(v) What reasons does Mark Antony give for wanting to speak at Caesar's
funeral and how does Brutus respond to his request?

Ans. Mark Antony, a close ally of Caesar, enters after Caesar's assassination.
Initially he pretends to make peace with the conspirators, offering his support.
However, he sub hints at his true intentions-to turn the Roman citizens against
Caesar's assassins. Antony requests permission to speak at Caesar's funeral, a
pivotal moment for his manipulative and vengeful speech to sway public
opinion against Brutus and the conspirators. This se the stage for a power
struggle and the famous funeral oration that follows

3)Antony:

That's all I seek:

And am moreover suitor that I may Produce his body to the market-place; And
in the pulpit, as becomes a friend, Speak in the order of his funeral.

(i) Why did Antony want to speak at Caesar's funeral?

Ans. Antony realised that Julius Caesar became a victim of the conspiracy
hatched by evil self-serving senators/politicians. A righteous man had been
wronged in the eyes of the people. He wanted the people to know that Julius
Caesar was in fact, a very people loving and selfless person who always kept
the welfare of his people before him. Antony therefore wanted all the citizens to
know who the real Julius Caesar was.

ii) Why did Antony choose Caesar's funeral in particular to address the people
of Rome?
Ans. Antony realised that this was his last chance to prove Caesar's innocence
to the countrymen. He knew that these evil doers would get away with the
crime with their concocted lies, deceit and manipulation. A noble ruler like
Julius Caesar had been terribly wronged by these people but he did not wish to
let his death go waste. So, he requested Brutus to let him address the public at
the funeral.

(iii) What evidence do we have to support that Julius Caesar was fair and
totally devoted to his countrymen?

Ans. Julius Caesar's life would have been saved if he had paid heed to
Artemidorus pleading to read his letter. He coaxed Caesar to read the letter he
was carrying saying that its contents contained matter of closest concern to
Caesar. Caesar dismissed his request stating that the interest of the people of
Rome was a top priority for him and his personal matters could be dealt with
later on. He martyred his life by overlooking his self- preservation to serving the
interest of people.

iv) Antony was a brave man. Justify the statement. Do you feel a person of a
feeble heart could risk supporting Caesar?

Ans. An individual with a faint heart would not have dared to take such a
monumental risk. Antony was acutely aware that he was treading on
dangerous ground, yet he bravely pursued his objective of bringing out the
wickedness of the conspirators in the garb of feigning patriotic fervour and
justifying their heinous crime. A typical person would have shied away from
confronting such a grave peril, especially given the potential threat from the
conspirators if they discovered his true intentions for speaking at the funeral
Moreover, with Julius Caesar already gone, most would prioritise their own
safety over defending the honour of a deceased man.

v) How does Antony's demeanour and choice of words when addressing the
conspirators reveal his underlying intentions and feelings towards Caesar's
assassination?

Ans. Antony's demeanour and choice of words when addressing the

conspirators subtly reveal his deep grief and clever strategy. While he
outwardly appears cooperative and even respectful towards them, his language
suggests a hidden contempt and a desire for revenge. This approach indicates
his cunning and careful planning, as he conceals his true feelings to gain the
opportunity to speak at Caesar's funeral, where he can influence public
opinion
4) Antony:

A curse shall light upon the limbs of men, Domestic fury and fierce civil strife
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy, Blood and destruction shall be so in use
And dreadful objects so familiar That mothers shall but smile when they
behold Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war; All pity choked with
custom of fell deeds: And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge, With Ate by his
side come hot from hell,……

(i) What emotions are expressed in Antony's soliloquy?

Ans. Overwhelmed by the tragic assassination of Julius Caesar, Antony's

emotions range from profound grief to seething rage. He struggles to grapple
with the treacherous act of the senators, seeing it as not just the death of an
individual, but the demise of Rome's noblest leader. This soliloquy reflects his
sorrow for the loss and forewarns the consequences Rome will face due to this
grave betrayal.

(ii) How does he express his grief and anger?

Ans. Antony is overwhelmed with grief on seeing the body of Julius Caesar
lying on the ground in a pool of blood. He is shaking with indignation because
of the heinous act where such a great ruler had to face an extreme, brutal and
a sad end. He calls the conspirators " Butchers" as they had mercilessly
stabbed him countless times and regrets for being meek and gentle' with them.

iii) How does Antony expects to aggravate the situation to spin out of control?
Ans. He prophesies that Rome had invoked a curse because of Caesar's
murder. He could foresee havoc, anarchy and bloodshed. Italy would now face
a civil war. The intensity of the crime would increase by leaps and bounds.
There would be destruction everywhere to an extent that it would choke
compassion in people and even mothers will smile to see their babies cut to
pieces by hands of war.

iv) Who was "Ate" and why is she mentioned in Antony's soliloquy?

Ans. Ate was the Greek goddess of revenge, discord and mischief. Zens
banished her from Olympus to the lower world, that was hell. She provoked
Gods and led men into rash acts of violence. So, in his vengeful mood, Antony
says that Caesar's ghost will seek revenge with 'Ate' by his side.

v) What impact does the speaker anticipate Caesar's assassination will have on
the societal and moral fabric of Rome, as inferred from his vivid descriptions of
future events and conditions?
Ans. The speaker anticipates that Caesar's assassination will plunge Rome into
chaotic and violent turmoil, predicting widespread civil strife and moral decay.
He foresees a future where brutal violence becomes commonplace, eroding
compassion and humanity to the point where even the most horrific scenes,
like mothers witnessing their children's deaths in war, become normalized and
fail to elicit pity or grief

5) Antony:

Gentlemen all, alas! what shall I say?

My credit now stands on such slippery ground, That one of two bad ways you
must conceit me

Either a coward or a flatterer. That I did love thee, Caesar, O'tis true: If then
thy spirit look upon us now, Shall it not grieve thee dearer than thy death,…

(i) Who are the 'Gentlemen' referred to by Antony? Which sight, according to
Antony would make Caesar grieve dearer than death?

Ans. Antony uses the word 'Gentlemen' for the group of conspirators who were
standing next to the dead body of Caesar. The sight of his favourite Antony,
shaking hands with the murderers of Caesar, would make Caesar grieve dearer
than death.

ii) Immediately after the above extract, to whom does Antony compare Caesar
and the gentlemen? Explain the comparisons.

Ans. Immediately after the above extract, Antony compares Caesar to a brave
hart (deer) and his killers, to hounds; just as hounds force the deer to stand
still, Caesar's killers have hunted him down, and having killed him, they stand
around him. Besides, the whole world was to Caesar like a forest to a deer.

iii) Which two requests does Antony make to Brutus later in the scene? What
are the conditions put forward by Brutus for granting these requests?

Ans. Antony requests Brutus that he may be allowed to produce Caesar's body
at the market place and speak at the funeral, as a friend should.

Brutus grants these requests on the condition that he will go into the pulpit
before Antony who would announce that he speaks with the permission of
Brutus and Cassius. Also, he would not blame conspirators in his speech
though he might praise Caesar to any extent.
(iv) Towards the end of the scene, Antony says, 'Over thy wounds now do I
prophesy'. What are the wounds compared to? In his prophecy, what does
Antony say about Caesar's spirit?

Ans. Antony compares Caesar's wounds to the lips of a dumb person that are
asking Antony to speak on their behalf. His prophesies that Caesar's spirit will
later take its revenge. A curse will fall causing internal strife and civil war,
unleashing violence, destruction, fire and famine.

(v) Antony proves himself to be a true friend and an able military commander.
Justify this statement with two incidents each from the play.

Ans. Antony was indeed a true friend of Caesar as he shrewdly asks for the
favour of giving the funeral speech at the market place and changes the minds
of the Romans to unite against the conspirators. He swears to take revenge and
succeeds in his enterprise through

6) Brutus:

Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather
Caesar were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free
men?

(i) What is Brutus trying to convey through the opening lines of the speech?

Ans. Brutus has a huge responsibility on his shoulders. On behalf of all the
assassinators, he has to justify the killing of Julius Caesar. These lines are a
mere manipulation of words apparently expressing his love for Caesar. He
states that if there was anyone amongst the crowd who claimed to be Caesar's
dear friend, he be lest assured that Caesar was a very close friend of his too.

(ii) How does he assuage the doubt of people who considered Caesar a friend?

Brutus addresses the commoners as Romans, countrymen and friends. He

claims that he considered Caesar a very close friend and loved him. However he
chose the love for his country over Caesar. He did what he perceived was vital
for the welfare of the citizens

(iii) "Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar
were dead , to live all free men?"

What is Brutus conveying through these lines?

Ans. Brutus tries to convince the plebeians by explaining that Caesar was an
ambitious man and a tyrant. He wanted to rule by enslaving the people.
Therefore, he questions audience about their preferences. Would they prefer
that Caesar lived and they all died slaves or rather have Caesar dead, so that
they could live as free citizens.

iv) How does Brutus convince the crowd about Caesar's death?

Ans. Brutus uses deception and lies as he justifies Caesar's killing. He requests
citizens to use their wisdom and discretion before they arrive at any judgement
about Caesar's killing. He portrays Caesar as an ambitious ruler who was self-
serving and a dictator and expect the plebeians to believe him upon his
honour.

(v) Does Brutus succeed is his attempt to justify the assassination?

Ans. Brutus very clearly brainwashes the people to think that Caesar's killing
was an event to celebrate. The crowd's tunnel vision overlooks Caesar's actual
character. They shout slogans demanding Brutus to replace Caesar as their
next leader.

7) Brutus: As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at
it; as he was valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew him. There
is tears for his love, jou for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death for his
ambition.

(i) How does Brutus convey his mixed feelings?

Ans. Brutus addresses the crowd very confidently, picking words wisely and
articulating in a manner which makes him appear great and just. He justifies
by saying that since he loved Caesar, his eyes shed tears. Caesar had good
fortune and hence Brutus fell immense joy for his friend. Also, Caesar was a
brave man so he honoured him. However, since he was ambitious so he faced
death as a punishment.

ii) What three questions does Brutus raise to the citizens? Ans. Brutus inquires
whether there is anyone amongst them who can think so low that they agree
being a slave. Secondly, he asked that if there was someone so barbaric that
they not wish to be a Roman. Thirdly, he questions that if there was a person
so vile, that he had no love for his country. For these three categories of people,
Brutus asserts that he surely was an offender.

iii) How did Brutus succeed in turning the people against Caesar?
ns. Brutus astutely tapped into the sentiments of the populace. Recognizing
the inherent value people placed on their freedom, he artfully presented this as
the primary justification for Caesar's assassination. By painting Caesar as
overambitious and a potential threat to Roman liberty, Brutus effectively
stoked fears about the loss of their cherished freedoms. He positioned himself
as a patriot, emphasizing his deep love for Rome and its citizens, asserting that
their collective interest and freedom took precedence over personal affiliations.

(iv) How are the questions directed to the crowd instrumental in the
justification of the Caesar's murder?

Ans. Brutus uses questions to make the crowd think and feel certain emotions.
He starts by asking them to listen and trust him because of his honour. He
explains that he loved Caesar, but he loved Rome and its freedom even more.
Brutus believes that if Caesar lived, the people might lose their freedom. So, he
points out Caesar's ambition as a big problem. By asking who among the
crowd would prefer bondage, reject Roman identity, or not cherish their nation,
he challenges them to see his perspective and align their sentiments with his.
This approach not only defends his actions but also seeks validation from the
Roman citizens, creating a space for dialogue and reflection.

(v) How does Brutus succeed in winning the hearts of the people?

Ans. Brutus introduces Antony as the next speaker. He announces that

Antony's hands were clean from Caesar's murder, yet he intended to
incorporate him in common wealth. He leaves the public saying that if ever he
does something which went against the interest of Rome, he too should meet
the same fate as Caesar.

8) Antony: I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives
after them; The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar.
The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a
grievous fault. And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.

(i) What do the opening lines of Antony's speech refer to?

Ans. Antony begins his speech by presenting Caesar's body to the audience
and stating that he has come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. While eulogies
typically praise and honour the departed, Antony's opening statement "I come
to bury Caesar, not to praise him" is a clever play on words. Antony aims to
subtly counteract the negative image of Caesar painted by Brutus. Using
carefully chosen words and phrasing, he seeks to evoke sympathy for Caesar
and ultimately incite the crowd against the conspirators.

ii) "The good is oft interred with their bones." What tone does Antony use in
this line?

Ans. Antony uses sarcasm in his speech to stir people. He states that generally
the vices and wrong doings of people live on after their deaths but the good
things generally get buried with the body when they die.

(iii) Which word does Antony highlight in his speech?

Ans. Antony emphasises the word "ambitious" throughout his speech. He

skillfully treads a delicate balance by referencing Brutus as "noble" and
"honourable" man while suggesting doubt about Caesar's supposed ambition.
Antony subtly implies that if Caesar truly was ambitious, his tragic end in
death serves as a stark contradiction to such an accusation.

(iv) How does Antony repeatedly address Brutus?

Ans. Antony calls Brutus an honourable man for he has allowed him to speak
at Caesar's funeral. He questions every allegation against Caesar keeping in
mind the constant acknowledgement of Brutus as an "Honourable man".

V) What contradictions do you observe in Antony's opening speech?

Ans. Antony's opening speech in "Julius Caesar" is a masterclass in oratory,

market by subtle contradictions. Initially, he asserts that he has come to bury
Caesar, not to pre him. However, he soon alludes to the idea that often the
good deeds of individuals forgotten after their death while their misdeeds
persist. While Brutus, whom Am repeatedly refers to as an "honourable man,"
has branded Caesar as ambitious, A subtly calls this claim into question. He
hints at the paradox: how can Caesar, a loyal friend be so ambitious?
Throughout his speech, Antony artfully contrasts his genuine respect Caesar
with the supposed "honour" of the conspirators, gradually shifting public
sentiment in favour of Caesar.

9) Antony: He hath brought many captives home to Rome Whose ransoms did
the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor
have cried. Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet
Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did
see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did
thrice refuse was this ambition?
(i) "He hath brought many captives home to Rome" Who is Antony referring to
in the context and why?

Ans. Antony is referring to Julius Caesar who was wronged and became a
target of the envious and corrupt politicians. Antony realised that the only way
to convey the message to people was through his speech at Caesar's funeral.
He proved his loyalty to Caesar by giving his emotional speech in support of the
deceased Caesar knowing very well that he was in mortal danger of being
silenced for instigating the public against them Antony could not defame the
conspirators directly, therefore he feigns ignorance and confusion in his
address to the commoners. He expresses bewilderment by mentioning that he
had brought many prisoners of war and the money paid for their liberation or
even war booty went into the state coffers. He doubts whether such a man
could be ambitious while emphasising that Brutus is a honourable man who
has cast aspersions to justify the horrible assassination of Caesar.

(ii) How does Antony belittle Brutus by the use of words play to reveal Caesar's
character?

Ans. Antony masterfully employs the terms "ambitious" and "honourable in his
speech to craft a nuanced portrayal of both Caesar and Brutus. While he
repeatedly refers to Brutus as "honourable", it's done in a way that increasingly
becomes ironic, casting doubt on the authenticity of Brutus's claims about
Caesar. By juxtaposing the accusation that Caesar was "ambitious" with
evidence to the contrary, Antony subtly diminishes Brutus's credibility.
Gradually the plebeians become aware of Caesar's greatness and the treachery
of the conspirators.

(iii) "When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept; ambition should be
made of sterner stuff"

What is conveyed through these lines?

Ans. Antony's anguish is conveyed through these lines as he recalls Caesar

being a faithful friend to the citizens. When he would see the poor people
crying, Caesar's heart melted to a point where he would weep too. Antony
questions the crowd to clear his doubt about Caesar being ambitious.
Ambitious men are generally strong hearted and Caesar's behaviour and
approach as mentioned was totally in contrast.
(iv) "I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse. Was this
ambition?"

Who presented a kingly crown and to whom?

Ans. Antony is making soft reminders to the people about Caesar's deeds to
wake them from their slumber of riled emotions and get a reality check. Antony
had thrice offered Caesar to wear the crown and every single time he refused to
wear it. He questions the people whether this thing proved him to be ambitious
or totally the other way round.

(v) In your opinion, why did Antony use this platform for addressing the public?

Ans. Antony recognised this public address as a critical opportunity to set the
record straight regarding Caesar's fate. He understood that a just and
admirable leader had been unjustly slain, and that Brutus was cunningly
manipulating the narrative to legitimize the assassination. Antony saw this
moment as his sole opportunity to reach a vast audience simultaneously and
unveil the truth behind the conspiracy.

10) Antony: I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak
what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause
withholds you then, to mourn for him? O judgment! thou art fled to brutish
beasts, And men have lost their reason. Bear with me,

(i) What is Antony's approach in the above said lines?

Ans. Antony takes a gentle approach. He begins planting seeds of doubts in the
minds of the misled people. From the beginning of his speech, one can clearly
see that people respect him and listen to him with an open mind.

ii) "I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke". Why does Antony say this?

Ans. Antony makes a soft replay of the word "Ambitious" used by Brutus.
Brutus clearly does not have sufficient and strong reasons to kill Caesar. His
only weapon of defence is labelling Caesar as ambitious. Therefore, Antony
while not trying to oppose or provoke the conspirators, begins by apparently
supporting Brutus with evidences that counter his claim of Caesar being
ambitious.

iii) What is Antony's appeal to the people?

Ans. Antony appeals to the Romans by emphasising his desire to share the
truth as he understands it. He plants seeds of doubt by reminding them of
Caesar's benevolence: the gift of seventy-five drachmas to every citizen, opening
his private gardens, and establishing orchards for public enjoyment. Through
these reminders, Antony subtly sways the crowd, making them reconsider their
perspectives and sparking a desire for justice for Caesar's untimely demise.

iv) How does Antony rekindle the emotions of the blind folded people?

Ans. Antony makes a soft appeal to the people to open their hearts towards
Caesar. He feels that Caesar does not deserve such humiliation and dishonour
post his death. People were shouting slogans of freedom and joy when he was
killed. He expresses this injustice towards Caesar in a very discrete but
convincing manner.

v) Antony's speech is a clever play of words intended to hoodwink the assassins

safeguarding himself from their ire and yet have the desired effect of rallying a
pub outcry against the perpetrators of the crime. Do you agree?

Ans. Yes, it is absolutely agreeable. Antony makes a very successful attempt in

clearing Caesar's name. While he plays with words with dexterity to show that
he really believes that the assassins are honourable' and yet with clever play of
words upsets the carefully laid out plan of Cassius to provide the heinous
crime a garb of noble act of redemption from Caesar's tyranny. The word
honourable finally sounds horribly malicious end disloyal to the public. On the
other hand, he provides sufficient examples to prove Caesar’s innocence. The
clever play of words shows that Antony is deft in giving a speech the outsmarts
all the malicious intentions of the assassins.

11) Antony: I found it in his closet, 'tis his will: Let but the commons hear this
testament Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read - And they would go and
kiss dead Caesar's wounds And dip their napkins in his sacred blood. Yea, beg
a hair of him for memory,

(i) Which document is Antony referring to?

Ans. Antony refers to Julius Caesar's will which he found in Caesar's closet
and suggests that if the common people were to hear its contents, they would
be so moved that they would pay tribute to Caesar's memory, even beg for a
strand of his hair. His act has the desired effect and the crowd shout out of
curiosity to know its content.

ii) How does Antony dramatize the situation to provoke people?

Ans. Antony makes an attempt to sensitise the people using Caesar's will.
Pretending to show a disapproval of reading it out, he opens room for doubt in
the people's minds and that's exactly his objective. He creates an atmosphere
of curiosity in people and now their concern begins to lean towards Caesar.

(iii) What reasons does he give for not disclosing Caesar's will?

Ans. Antony reasons for not disclosing the will had the desired effect on people.
He expressed the concern for the citizens saying that if he read the will, they
would be so touched that they would kiss dead Caesar's wounds. They would
dip their handkerchief in his blood and retain it as a lifetime souvenir. They
would even desire to keep his hair as a memento and leave it to their children
in their wills. It would be mark of their precious heirloom cherished for
generations.

iv) Why does Antony choose to defend Caesar's reputation despite the evident
danger?

Ans. Antony's decision to defend Caesar's name stems from his unwavering
loyalty and deep sense of justice. He could not stand by and let the narrative of
Caesar being an "ambitious tyrant" go unchallenged. Recognising the funeral
as a critical moment to address the masses, he seized the opportunity to paint
a truer picture of Caesar's intentions and deeds. Antony believed that, without
his intervention, the false narrative would solidify and Caesar's legacy would be
tarnished forever.

v) Did the mention of will have the desired outcome?

Ans. Yes, the people transformed from a celebration mood to a guilt-ridden

mood. They were informed that Caesar left public land and money to each
Roman Citizen. They were owners of his parks, private gardens and the new
orchards on the side of the Tiber

river which faced the city. His benevolence stretched to each and every citizen
of his county. The people were soaked in anger and resentment and the crowd
became a revenge seeking mob
12) Antony: If you have tears, prepare to shed them now... You all do know this
mantle: I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on a summer's evening, in
his tent, That day he overcame the Nervii. Look, in this place ran Cassius
dagger through: See what a rent the envious Casca made: Through this the
well-beloved Brutus stabbed;

1) Who were the 'Nervii'? Why does Antony mention the names of Cassius,
Casca and Brutus as he shows the mob the mantle?

Ans. Nervii was a tribe in Belgium, that caused great disturbances.

Antony mentions the names of Cassius, Casca and Brutus as he shows the
mantle to the mob because that mantle was pierced at several places where
Cassius, Casca and Brutus had stabbed Caesar to death.

(ii) State two arguments put forward by Antony earlier to prove that Caesar was
not ambitious.

Ans. Antony has proved that Caesar was humble and patriotic, and not
ambitious.

He reminded the mob about Caesar's refusal for the crown offered to him at
Lupercal. He had released many prisoners of war and filled the Public treasury
with large sums. Caesar did everything just for the good of the people.

iii) Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd.' Why does Antony refer to
Brutus as 'well-beloved'? Why was the stabbing of Caesar by Brutus referred to
as 'the most unkindest cut of all'?

Ans. Antony referred to Brutus as well-beloved because Brutus was greatly

respected and loved by Caesar.

It is referred to as the most 'unkindest cut of all' because it came from a friend
and much-loved person. It was from a totally unexpected quarter. So, it was
the most painful of all the stabs.

(iv) Which document does Antony have with him during his speech? What are
the contents of the document?

Ans. Antony gets a scroll of paper from the study of Julius Caesar. It is
Caesar's last will and testament, bearing his final instructions for the disposal
of his property. In his will, Caesar has left all his pleasure grounds, gardens,
summer houses and newly-planted fruit gardens, and Tiber for the people of
Rome. They are to be thrown open to the public, for the common enjoyment of
all so that all the people can move about to refresh themselves when they are
tired and weary after whole day's work.

v) At the end of the play, Antony says of Brutus, This was the noblest Roman of
them all...... What explanation does Antony give to justify his statement?

Ans. Antony says that all other enemies of Caesar rose against him out of
jealousy but Brutus was a noble exception. He joined the conspiracy because
he thought that by doing so, he would be promoting the welfare of the people of
Rome. He was moved by the considerations of his country and countrymen. He
killed a man, who could possibly be a tyrant as the ruler of Rome. Antony
describes Brutus, as a perfect man

13) Antony- But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man, That love my friend,
and that they know full well That gave me public leave to speak of him For I
have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, Action, nor utterance, nor the power of
speech, To stir men's blood; I only speak right on I tell you that which you
yourselves do know, Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb
mouths, And bid them speak for me. But were I Brutus, And Brutus Antony,
there were an Antony Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue In every
wound of Caesar that should move The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.

(i) How does Antony use verbal irony to provoke the crowd?

Ans. Antony introduces himself as a commoner similar to the people listening

to him He does not claim to be an orator like Brutus but a simple man who
loved Caesar. These remarks though apparently are in favour of Brutus but go
against him. People realise that Brutus had faked the entire event to prove his
innocence and justify the killing.

(ii) How does Antony praise Brutus to help instigate the people?

Ans. Antony expresses his gratitude for Brutus as he had allowed him to speak
at Caesar's funeral. It was also because the conspirators too acknowledged his
friendship with Caesar. While creating pity for dead Caesar, Antony is able to
rouse anger and hatred against the perpetrators of the crime. It is this subtle
show of weakness against Brutus that Antony is able to rouse the anger of the
commoners against him. Therefore, it becomes ironical that his praise for
Brutus is directly proportional to the rising hatred in the crowd against Brutus.

(iii) "But were I Brutus, And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony".
What did Antony intend to convey through these lines?

Ans. Antony remarked that if he was in Brutus's place or position of strength,

he would make a shout out to each and every one to get up and rise in
rebellion. It was a very unfortunate event and the only answer to such a
conspiracy could be revenge. Thus by playing the 'weakling card he is able to
gather support of the crowd by gaining their sympathy.

(iv) The above said lines stirred up a mutiny. How?

Ans. Rome faced a very unfortunate event. It lost its most capable and loving
rulet. Julius Caesar. He fell a prey to the conspiracy of malicious and disloyal
senators. The people needed answers. Brutus addressed the people on Caesar's
funeral stating him as ambitious. He defended himself and his supporters with
the plea that he loved Rome and the Romans, therefore he killed Caesar to save
them from slavery. Antony realised that Caesar had been wronged. He took a
life risk and convinced Brutus to let him speak at Caesar's funeral. It was at
that moment he effectively brought into light the true nature of events. People
burnt with indignation and hatred for the conspirators. They turned into a
murderous mob and it marked the onset of mutiny.

v) How does Antony use the cloak worn by Caesar to emotionally charge the
people?

Ans. Julius Caesar's body is lying in a coffin, covered by a clock soaked in

blood. He reminisces about the day when Caesar wore it for the first time. It
was the day of his victory against the Nervii tribe in the area of Belgium. This
was a soft reminder by Anthony to the crowd about the valour and conduct of
Caesar. He mentions the conspirators like Cassius and Casca stabbing him,
followed by Brutus. The cloak bore so many blows. The gory spectacle of
Caesar's wounds rouse up the emotions of pity amongst the commoners. The
people shout out in grief swearing revenge.

14) Antony- Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, His private arbors and
new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber, he hath left them you, And to your
heirs for ever, common pleasures, To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves.
Here was a Caesar! when comes such another? Never, never! Come, awsay,
away! We'll burn his body in the holy place. And with the brands fire the
traitors' houses,……………Fourth Citizen: Pluck down forms, windows, any
thing!
(i) Why does Antony remark "Moreover, he hath left you all his walks,"

Ans. Antony read out Caesar's will at his funeral. Caesar willed seventy five
drachmas to each Roman citizen. He left them with his pleasure parks, his
private avenues and newly planted orchards on the side of Tiber facing their
city. Antony remarks that its unlikely that Rome would anytime see a ruler like
Caesar ever again.

(ii) What are the points given by Antony in Caesar's defence?

Ans. Antony calls Caesar a faithful friend. He won many battles for Rome
thereby adding wealth to the state. He was a kind hearted general who would
weep on seeing his countrymen in distress. He was offered the crown thrice by
Anthony himself. Each time he rejected the offer. He kept the interest of his
people above everything else. His will was the biggest evidence of his generosity
and benevolence. His goodness became a cause of his death. Had he listened to
Artemidorus and read the letter, he would have gained access to the conspiracy
hatched against him. It could have saved his life.

iii) What do the citizens decide on knowing the truth?

Ans. The citizens, upon learning the contents of Julius Caesar's will, decide to
honour his memory and legacy. They plan to burn Caesar's body in a sacred
place and use the fire to destroy the houses of those they consider traitors.
They are deeply moved by Caesar's generosity and loyalty, declaring that there
will never be another like him.

(iv) Antony's earnest efforts bring forth the desired result. Enumerate the
points to prove the statement.

Ans. Antony took a huge life risk and yet very tactfully managed to speak on
Caesar's funeral. There he uses skill of oration to discretely convey the truth.
The citizens are enraged and decided to take revenge. It stirs up a mutiny
where people grab flames, wooden shutters and anything to use as a weapon of
revenge. Antony's efforts bring forward the desired results.

v) What are Antony's final remarks?

Ans. Antony's final remarks in this context are a powerful and emotionally
charged speech in which he manipulates the plebeians’ emotions to turn them
against the conspirators. He emphasises Caesar's generosity, bequeathing his
property to the common people, and suggests that they have lost a great leader.
Antony's skilful rhetoric incites anger and a desire for vengeance among the
plebeians. Antony is relieved to see the outcome of his speech. He sets the ball
of mischief rolling and he can sense the spirit of Caesar rising, strong and
terrible, "raging for revenge".

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