 Research is vital to improving nursing practice and patient outcomes, and

therefore a key aspect of nursing degree programmes. All student nurses must
show they can undertake an independent learning project before they can
graduate and become registered nurses.
 Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer
questions and solve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop,
refine, and expand a body of knowledge.
 Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge
about issues of importance to nurses, including nursing practice, nursing
education, administration, and Informatics.

Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve
problems.
 Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the
full lifespan, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to
enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health
problems.
 Research conducted by nurses includes various types of studies in order to derive clinical
interventions to assist those who require nursing care.
 Research is defined as a meticulous and systematic inquiry process designed to explore
and loosen specific subjects or issues with precision.
 This methodical approach encompasses the thorough collection, rigorous analysis, and
insightful interpretation of information, aiming to delve deep into the nuances of a chosen
field of study.
 By adhering to established research methodologies, investigators can draw meaningful
conclusions, fostering a profound understanding that contributes significantly to the existing
knowledge base.
1. Which of the following statements is true about research?
A. Research is gathering data for personal use only.
B. Research is mixing chemicals to produce products.
C. Research is copying every fact and information from books.
D. Research is a process of gathering data or information by a scientific or logical
procedure to
solve a particular problem.
 Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of
importance to nurses, including nursing practice, nursing education, administration, and
informatics.
 Research is a systematic inquiry that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
information to explore and understand specific subjects or issues in a meticulous and
precise manner.
 Systemic inquiry is inquiry, research, or evaluation that is based on systems concepts or
systems principles. Systemic inquiry covers a wide range of methodologies, methods, and
techniques with a strong focus on the behaviors of complex situations.
 Systematic Approach: Research follows a well-structured and organized approach, with
clearly defined steps and methodologies. It is conducted in a systematic manner to ensure
that data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in a logical and coherent way.
 Systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.
The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body o knowledge
The ultimate goal of research is to advance our understanding of the world and to
contribute to the development of new theories, ideas, and technologies that can be used to
improve our lives.
Research is the generation of new knowledge.

 Nursing research directly or indirectly influences clinical nursing practice. Nursing

research definition as a diligent, systematic inquiry, or study that validates and refines
existing knowledge to develop new knowledge.

Clinical Nursing Research, that is, research designed to guide nursing practice and to improve the
health and quality of life of nurses’ clients. Clinical nursing research typically begins with
questions stemming from practice-related problems—problems such as ones you may have
already encountered.
o Clinical nursing research refers to nursing practice with a specialty focus on the care of
research patients.
o It includes care provided to research participants, as well as activities to support protocol
implementation, data collection, and research participant protection.
o Nursing research in general involves the systemic investigation of the methods, goals,
values, and outcomes of nursing practice.
o The ultimate purpose of clinical nursing is patient care. Clinical nursing research is a
systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities
of patient care.
o Clinical nursing practice without clinical nursing research is clinical nursing practice built
on instincts without validation.
o Clinical nurse researchers should strive to develop partnerships with clinical nurses. As a
result, clinical nurses will recognize the significance of their role in nursing research and
researchers will realize the benefits of their research to patient care.
Which of the following definitions of research applies to clinical nursing practice?
A. It is a range of topics from studies of the prevention and diagnosis of diseases through new
methods of treatment to problems of care and rehabilitation.
B. It is the testing of knowledge that can be used to guide practice. It is concerned with
examining questions and verifying interventions based on human experiences.
C. Designed to guide to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients, and typically
begins with questions stemming from practice-related problems—problems such as ones
you may have already encountered.
D. Research is a scientific inquiry aimed at learning new facts, testing ideas, etc. It is the
systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to generate new knowledge and
answer a certain question or solve a problem.
Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve
problems
 Research is defined as a ‘systematic inquiry using orderly disciplined methods to answer
questions or to solve problems' (Polit and Beck, 2017 :743).

nursing research questions

 Nursing research questions are questions that guide the investigation of a topic related to
nursing practice, education, administration, or policy.
 Successful clinical research depends on a properly constructed research question on a
topic that is relevant for study.
 Nursing research questions are questions that guide the investigation of a health-related
issue or phenomenon in nursing.

To formulate a good research question

1. Choose an interesting general topic and do some preliminary research on it to narrow
your focus.
2. Consider your audience and the purpose of your research.
3. Start asking questions that are clear, focused, relevant, concise, and original.
4. Evaluate your question and make sure it requires data, synthesis, interpretation, and/or
argument to provide an answer.

 Scientific knowledge is a collection of reliable new information about the physical world. It
is gained through the intensive process of data collection, experimentation, and analysis.
 Scientific knowledge is important because it allows us to understand ourselves and the
physical world we live in. It also allows us to improve many aspects of our lives or mitigate
threats to our survival.
The difference between systematic and methodological is as follows:
1. Systematic: Refers to following a fixed plan or system.
2. Methodical: Pertains to being thorough and orderly in execution

Inductive research is a bottom-up approach to research.

Methods used in inductive research include:
1. Interviews: to collect in-depth data and explore individual experiences and perspectives
2. Focus groups: to collect data from a group of participants who share common
characteristics or experiences
3. Observations: to gather data on naturalistic settings and behaviors
4. Grounded theory: to develop theories or concepts from data through iterative cycles of
analysis and interpretation

 Deductive reasoning is an approach to science where researchers seek to confirm (or

revise) existing theories or test hypotheses. It is typically associated with scientific
investigation. Deductive research differs from inductive research, which is aimed at creating
new theories or developing existing theories

 The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive
reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing
theory.
 In other words, inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad
generalizations. Deductive reasoning works the other way around.
 Both approaches are used in various types of research, and it’s not uncommon to combine
them in your work.

Inductive research approach Deductive research approach

When there is little to no existing literature on a When conducting deductive research, you always
topic, it is common to perform inductive research, start with a theory. This is usually the result of
because there is no theory to test. The inductive inductive research. Reasoning deductively means
approach consists of three stages: testing these theories. Remember that if there is no
theory yet, you cannot conduct deductive research.

The deductive research approach consists of four

stages:
1. Observation 1. Start with an existing theory and create
A. A low-cost airline flight is delayed a problem statement
B. Dogs A and B have fleas o Low cost airlines always have
C. Elephants depend on water to exist delays
2. Seeking patterns o All dogs have fleas
A. Another 20 flights from low-cost airlines are o All biological life depends on water
delayed to exist
B. All observed dogs have fleas 2. Formulate a falsifiable hypothesis,
C. All observed animals depend on water to based on existing theory
exist o If passengers fly with a low cost
3. Developing a theory or general airline, then they will always
(preliminary) conclusion experience delays
 A. Low cost airlines always have delays o All pet dogs in my apartment
B. All dogs have fleas building have fleas
C. All biological life depends on water to exist o All land mammals depend on water
to exist
3. Collect data to test the hypothesis
o Collect flight data of low-cost airlines
o Test all dogs in the building for fleas
o Study all land mammal species to
see if they depend on water
4. Analyze and test the data
o 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost
airlines are not delayed
o 10 out of 20 dogs didn’t have fleas
o All land mammal species depend on
water
5. Decide whether you can reject the null
hypothesis
o 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost
airlines are not delayed = reject
hypothesis
o 10 out of 20 dogs didn’t have fleas =
reject hypothesis
o All land mammal species depend on
water = support hypothesis

Inductive Approaches and Some Examples

 In an inductive approach to research, a researcher begins by collecting data that is
relevant to his or her topic of interest. Once a substantial amount of data have been
collected, the researcher will then take a breather from data collection, stepping back to get
a bird’s eye view of her data. At this stage, the researcher looks for patterns in the data,
working to develop a theory that could explain those patterns. Thus when researchers take
an inductive approach, they start with a set of observations and then they move from those
particular experiences to a more general set of propositions about those experiences. In
other words, they move from data to theory, or from the specific to the general. Figure 2.5
outlines the steps involved with an inductive approach to research.

Deductive Approaches and Some Examples

 Researchers taking a deductive approach take the steps described earlier for inductive
research and reverse their order. They start with a social theory that they find compelling
and then test its implications with data. That is, they move from a more general level to a
more specific one. A deductive approach to research is the one that people typically
associate with scientific investigation. The researcher studies what others have done, reads
existing theories of whatever phenomenon he or she is studying, and then tests hypotheses
that emerge from those theories. Figure 2.6 outlines the steps involved with a deductive
approach to research.
  Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text,
video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather
in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Approaches to qualitative research
 Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there
are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and focus on retaining
rich meaning when interpreting data.

 Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research,

phenomenological research, and narrative research. They share some similarities, but
emphasize different aims and perspectives.

Approach What does it involve?

Grounded theory Researchers collect rich data on a topic of interest and develop
theories inductively.
Ethnography Researchers immerse themselves in groups or organizations to understand
their cultures.
Action research Researchers and participants collaboratively link theory to practice to drive
social change.
Phenomenological Researchers investigate a phenomenon or event by describing and
research interpreting participants’ lived experiences.
Narrative research Researchers examine how stories are told to understand how participants
perceive and make sense of their experiences.

Qualitative research methods

 Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods. These
are some of the most common qualitative methods:

1. Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
2. Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
3. Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
 4. Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
5. Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video
recordings, etc.

Qualitative data analysis

Qualitative data can take the form of texts, photos, videos and audio. For example, you might be
working with interview transcripts, survey responses, fieldnotes, or recordings from natural
settings.

Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:
1. Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews or typing up
fieldnotes.
2. Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns or repeated ideas that
emerge.
3. Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas, establish a set of codes that you
can apply to categorize your data.
4. Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey analysis, this may mean going
through each participant’s responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As you
go through your data, you can create new codes to add to your system if necessary.
5. Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive, overarching theme

Qualitative data analysis

Approach When to use Example
Content To describe and categorize common A market researcher could perform content
analysis words, phrases, and ideas in analysis to find out what kind of language is used
qualitative data. in descriptions of therapeutic apps.
Thematic To identify and interpret patterns and A psychologist could apply thematic analysis to
analysis themes in qualitative data. travel blogs to explore how tourism shapes self-
identity.
Textual To examine the content, structure, and A media researcher could use textual analysis to
analysis design of texts. understand how news coverage of celebrities
has changed in the past decade.
Discourse To study communication and how A political scientist could use discourse analysis
analysis language is used to achieve effects in to study how politicians generate trust in election
specific contexts. campaigns.
Quantitative Research
 Quantitative research is a type of research that collects and analyzes numerical data to
test hypotheses and answer research questions. This research typically involves a large
sample size and uses statistical analysis to make inferences about a population based on
the data collected. It often involves the use of surveys, experiments, or other structured
data collection methods to gather quantitative data.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Here are some key characteristics of quantitative research:

1. Numerical data: Quantitative research involves collecting numerical data through

standardized methods such as surveys, experiments, and observational studies. This data
is analyzed using statistical methods to identify patterns and relationships.
2. Large sample size: Quantitative research often involves collecting data from a large sample
of individuals or groups in order to increase the reliability and generalizability of the findings.
3. Objective approach: Quantitative research aims to be objective and impartial in its
approach, focusing on the collection and analysis of data rather than personal beliefs,
opinions, or experiences.
4. Control over variables: Quantitative research often involves manipulating variables to test
hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships. Researchers aim to control for
extraneous variables that may impact the results.
5. Replicable: Quantitative research aims to be replicable, meaning that other researchers
should be able to conduct similar studies and obtain similar results using the same
methods.
6. Statistical analysis: Quantitative research involves using statistical tools and techniques to
analyze the numerical data collected during the research process. Statistical analysis
allows researchers to identify patterns, trends, and relationships between variables, and to
test hypotheses and theories.
7. Generalizability: Quantitative research aims to produce findings that can be generalized to
larger populations beyond the specific sample studied. This is achieved through the use of
random sampling methods and statistical inference.

Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Which of the

following are sources of knowledge? Select all that apply.
A. Tradition B. Intuition C. Basic knowledge D. Scientific Knowledge

This refers to the knowledge passed down through generations of nurses. It can be conveyed
through observed practice, role modelling, written documents, books, journal articles, and often
from ‘experienced’ practitioners.
A. Moral B. Values C. Culture D. Tradition
 Traditional knowledge is that part of nursing practice passed down from generation to
generation. When questioned about the origin of such nursing practices, nurses might reply,
"We've always done it this way." Changing bedclothes is an example of how traditional
knowledge has affected nursing practice.
  Intuition is identified as a useful tool that needs to be recognized in nursing. At the same
time, intuition is described as an important type of nursing knowledge and a valid way of
knowing in clinical nursing practice. It is knowing something or deciding to do something
without having a logical explanation.
Research often makes use of all four ways of knowing. A researcher is using intuitive knowing
when
A. reviewing professional literature.
B. reasoning from findings to conclusions.
C. coming up with an initial idea for research.
D. engaging in procedures that lead to these findings.
 Tacit knowledge is often acquired through years of experience, hands-on learning, and
immersion in specific contexts. This individualistic process of accumulation means that not
all team members or organizational members possess the same tacit insights.

 Personal knowing refers to the awareness and knowledge of the nurse about the personal
characteristics of herself/himself and the patient; it required putting aside biases and
prejudices about the patient and using this knowledge for better and higher quality care.
 In science, personal knowledge is important for researchers to gather data and draw
conclusions. Personal knowledge can come from first-hand observation or experience, such
as conducting experiments or making observations in the field.
 In nursing, personal knowledge is an important component of holistic care and includes an
understanding of the patient's cultural background, values, and beliefs. For example, a
nurse may use their personal knowledge of a patient's cultural customs to provide care that
is sensitive to their beliefs and values.
 Personal knowing reflects in the engagement between a nurse and patients. It demands a
caregiver to have intimate knowledge to approach patients as a person to form an authentic
relationship. It is from this personal relationship that the nurses will apply scientific
knowledge that helps in practice.

41. This is referring to the characteristic of Nursing Research where the researcher is looking at
bases in which the work is founded.
A. Clear B. Feasible C. Objective D. Empirical E. Systematic
42. Another characteristic of nursing research which pertains to the viability of conducting a study.
A. Clear B. Feasible C. Objective D. Empirical E. Systematic
43. It pertains to one of the characteristics of nursing research. Such characteristic can be
manifested through eexplaining the choice of variables used in the study.
A. Clear B. Feasible C. Objective D. Empirical E. systematic

 Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure. Controlled - all variables except
those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical
- all findings are logically based on empirical.
 Nursing research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer
questions or solve problems in order to expand the knowledge base within a given field.
There are various issues to address in order to complete a successful study.
 A systematic approach to research helps researchers gather clues and information in a
logical and step-by-step way, leading to a better understanding and explanation of their
research question.

 Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to

achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, & Time- bound .
 Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal and
Measurable.

 Feasible – Writing a feasible research question means that it CAN be answered under
objective aspects like time, scope, resources, expertise, or funding. Good questions must
be amenable to the formulation of clear hypotheses
How do you know if research is feasible?
 It's crucial to consider if the sample size is attainable, if the variables can be measured
effectively, and if there are enough resources, including funding and expertise, to carry the
study through to completion.
 A project is called “feasible” if it is considered to be capable of being done or carried out.
 writing feasible research questions ensures that researchers are taking on a research
project that can actually be completed.

 Empirical research is conducted based on observed and measured phenomena and

derives knowledge from actual experience, rather than from theory or belief. Empirical
research articles are examples of primary research.
 Empiric knowing in nursing is also considered to be that which is “objective,” meaning it
can be measured and confirmed by many different observers, all of whom arrive at the
same conclusions about what they are observing.
How do you know if research is empirical?
 To identify whether you have an empirical article, look for any mention of a study or an
observation, if a survey or questionnaire was administered, data collected, measurement or
assessment used, or an interview conducted.
Professionals define themselves in terms of what knowledge they possess and seek to
acquire. This type of knowing is used by nurses because it is based on research and objective
facts.
A. Logical knowledge C. Empirical knowledge
B. Intuitive knowledge D. Authoritative knowledge

Research data is any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to
validate original research findings. In which phase of the research process is data collected?
A. Design B. Empirical C. Conceptual D. Dissemination
Why is being clear important in research?
 Increase your readership and the impact of your research
 By writing clearly, concisely, and more conversationally, you'll engage your reader and stop
them skimming over the details. Ensure your complex results are understood and your
message is received as intended.

What is the purpose of scientific research in nursing?

For scientists in the discipline of nursing, the ultimate intent of the knowledge generated
through research is to provide information for guiding nursing practice; assessing the health
care environment, enhancing patient, family, and community outcomes; and shaping health
policy.

1. The scientific method is the reasoning-based problem-solving approach. Nurses and

healthcare providers often use this method to solve clinical problems. It involves seven
steps— observation, gathering data, formulating a hypothesis, prediction, testing the
hypothesis, evaluation, and conclusion.
Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the
full lifespan, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to
enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health
problems.
What is the importance of nursing research to student nurses?
Research in nursing education helps students gain new knowledge and apply evidence-
based practices, enhancing their critical thinking and decision-making skills . It also nurtures
the spirit of inquiry, creativity, and collaboration needed to advance the nursing profession .

2. Why nursing research is important to the development of nursing practice?

 Nursing research provides evidence-based knowledge that informs the development of best
practices, policies and interventions in clinical settings. By incorporating research findings
into practice, nurses can enhance the quality of patient care they deliver.
 The primary purpose of nursing research is to create science that informs nursing practice,
allowing nurses to provide the best care to their patients. Nurse scientists can help ensure
that findings from nursing research studies are adapted into everyday patient care.

3. Nursing evaluation includes (1) collecting data, (2) comparing collected data with desired
outcomes, (3) analyzing client's response relating to nursing activities, (4) identifying factors
that contributed to the success or failure of the care plan, (5) continuing, modifying, or
terminating the nursing care plan
 4. Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the
full lifespan, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to
enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health
problems.
 Priority should be given to nursing research that would generate knowledge to guide
practice in:
1. Promoting health, well-being, and competency for personal care among all age groups;
2. Preventing health problems throughout the life span that have the potential to reduce
productivity and satisfaction;
3. Decreasing the negative impact of health problems on coping abilities, productivity, and life
satisfaction of individuals and families;
4. Ensuring that the care needs of particularly vulnerable groups are met through appropriate
strategies;
5. Designing and developing health care systems that are cost-effective in meeting the
nursing needs of the population.

Why nursing research is important to the development of nursing practice?

5. Nursing research provides evidence-based knowledge that informs the development of best
practices, policies and interventions in clinical settings. By incorporating research findings
into practice, nurses can enhance the quality of patient care they deliver.
Why is it important to use up-to-date research in nursing?
o The Up-To-Date database can have a significant role in the field of nursing, because this
database provides nurses with the updated, new, evidence-based, practical, comprehensive,
and quick information that are useful in decision-making, providing service to patients and
avoiding the wasting of time in caring

6. Nursing research has a tremendous influence on current and future professional nursing
practice, thus rendering it an essential component of the educational process.
 The primary purpose of nursing research is to create science that informs nursing practice,
allowing nurses to provide the best care to their patients.” The findings of such scientific
inquiry may also help shape health policy and contribute to global healthcare

 Pure research (also known as “basic” or “fundamental” research) is exploratory in nature

and is conducted without any practical end-use in mind. It is driven by gut instinct, interest,
 curiosity or intuition, and simply aims to advance knowledge and to identify/explain
relationships between variables.
 Basic research is a type of research approach that is aimed at gaining a better
understanding of a subject, phenomenon or basic law of nature. This type of research is
primarily focused on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving a specific problem.
 Basic research methods improve healthcare by providing different dimensions to the
understanding and interpretation of healthcare issues. For example, it allows healthcare
practitioners to gain more insight into the origin of diseases which can help to provide cures
to chronic medical conditions.
Examples of basic research in health include:
1. An investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus.
2. An investigation into the causative factors of malaria
3. An investigation into the secondary symptoms of high blood pressure.

Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical
problems. 1 This type of research plays an important role in solving everyday problems that
can have an impact on life, work, health, and overall well-being.
Applied research is a type of research that attempts to find practical solutions to existing
problems. These can include a variety of challenges, such as infrastructure and
conservation. This type of research employs empirical methodologies, such as
experiments, to develop an understanding of new knowledge
Examples of applied research
A study on how to improve illiteracy in teenagers. A study looking for ways to market
products for millennials. A study trying to decrease fraud on social media platforms.

 What is the difference between applied and basic research?

 While basic research focuses on curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake,
applied research takes a different approach by examining how real-world phenomena or
outcomes can be altered. At its core, applied research is oriented towards identifying
practical solutions to specific problems.

A type of research which is undertaken to extend the base of knowledge in a discipline. Like, in a
case, a researcher may perform an in-depth study to better understand normal grieving processes,
without having explicit applications in mind.
A. Basic B. Applied C. Qualitative D. Quantitative
Nurse Principal Investigator
Nursing research to develop a scientific basis for practice is critical to evidence based quality care
for patients. Nurses as principal investigators (PI) are responsible for designing, implementing,
and analyzing research with the goal of expanding the science base for care.

What is the nurses role as a member of the research team?

Nurses working in clinical research have a specialist focus, they are responsible for the
preparation of the site including procurement of supplies and equipment; recruiting and appointing
of staff; training of staff; implementation of the study protocol; collection of the data; quality
assurance and control as data

Which of the following roles does the nurse demonstrate when he/she helps coordinate and
perform the study?
A. Primary investigator C. Member of the research team
B. User of research findings D. Identifier of research problems
Making sure that patients have all the necessary information to allow them to make a fully
informed decision about whether they want to participate in a study is what role of a nurse?
A. Primary investigator C. Evaluator of research findings
B. Member of the research team D. Subject/respondent/particip

What is a research identifier?

Identifiers are used in computer systems to identify, connect and retrieve research items, activities
and data. They accurately attach researchers to their research activities and allow research items
and products to be a citable part of the scholarly record.

What is the role of an evaluator in research?

Evaluators employ various methodologies to collect, analyze, and interpret data, providing insights
into program performance and outcomes. They play a crucial role in informing decision-making
processes, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and recommending improvements for future
initiatives.

What is the purpose of using research findings in clinical nursing practice?

Through rigorous scientific studies, researchers can determine which interventions and treatments
are most effective for specific patient populations or conditions. This knowledge allows nurses to
provide the highest quality care and improve patient outcomes.

Patient advocates are people who represent the interests, needs, and preferences of patients and
their families in health care settings. They can play an important role in research by providing
valuable insights, perspectives, and feedback to researchers, funders, and policy makers.