Maths project
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Letter of Transmittal
I Faizan Baraskar of class IX- A , a student of Bishop's Co-ed school, undri here by submit my Maths project
for the year 2024-25 .
All research work is done by me which includes information with solved example from various sites.
The project has been done as per the ICSE requirements and is a result of sheer hard work.
I hope the project captivates the attention of the reader. It has been my sincere effort to present the
project with an objective to create a clear understanding of the topic.
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Letter of Acknowledgement
I Faizan Baraskar , would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Maths teacher Mrs. _______and
a special thanks to our Principle Mr. Julain Luke who gave me such a wonderful opportunity to work on
their project.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who shared their ideas and encouraged me
to complete my project on time.
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Introduction
Number system :
A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the mathematical notation for
representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a
unique representation of every number and represents the arithmetic and algebraic structure of the
figures.
Types of numbers:
There are many different types of numbers. The most commonly referenced are the following
types:
natural number
whole number
rational number
irrational number
integers, etc.
Natural number :
Natural numbers are also called “counting numbers” which contains the set of positive integers from 1 to
infinity. The set of natural numbers is represented by the letter “N”. The natural number set is defined by:
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
Examples: 35, 59, 110, etc.
Whole number :
Whole numbers are also known as natural numbers with zero. The set consists of non-negative integers
where it does not contain any decimal or fractional part. The whole number set is represented by the letter
“W”. The natural number set is defined by:
W = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
Examples: 67, 0, 49, 52, etc.
Rational number :
Any number that can be written in the form of p/q, i.e., a ratio of one number over another number is
known as rational numbers. A rational number can be represented by the letter “Q”.
Examples: 7/1, 10/2, 1/1, 0/1, etc.
Irrational Number :
The number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q. It means a number that cannot be written as the
ratio of one over another is known as irrational numbers. It is represented by the letter ”P”.
Examples: √2, π, Euler’s constant, etc
Integers :
Integers are defined as the set of all whole numbers with a negative set of natural numbers. The integer set
is represented by the symbol “Z”. The set of integers is defined as:
Z = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Examples: -52, 0, -1, 16, 82, etc.
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Properties
Properties of Rational number :
Properties of irrational number :
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Surds
Meaning :
A surd number, especially the irrational root of an integer.
Defination :
Surds are the square roots (√) of numbers that cannot be simplified into a whole or rational number. It
cannot be accurately represented in a fraction. In other words, a surd is a root of the whole number that
has an irrational value. Consider an example, √2 ≈ 1.414213.
Types of surds :
The different types of surds are as follows:
Simple Surds – A surd that has only one term is called a simple surd. Example: √2, √5, …
Pure Surds – Surds which are completely irrational. Example: √3
Similar Surds – The surds having the same common surds factor
Mixed Surds – Surds that are not completely irrational and can be expressed as a product of a rational
number and an irrational number
Compound Surds – An expression which is the addition or subtraction of two or more surds
Binomial Surds – A surd that is made of two other surds
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Rationalisation of denominator in surd
Rationalisation of surd :
When a surd is multiplied by another surd to obtain a rational number , it is called rationalisation. Each
surd is called rationalising factor of another.
Example :
1. To rationalize √x we need another √x: √x × √x = x.
2. √5 is rationalised by multiplying by √5. √5 × √5 = 5
Meaning of rationalisation of denominator :
Rationalizing the denominator means the process of moving a root, for instance, a cube root or a square
root from the bottom of a fraction (denominator) to the top of the fraction (numerator). This way, we bring
the fraction to its simplest form thereby, the denominator becomes rational.
Method of rationalisation :
Rationalize the Denominator Using Conjugates, the conjugate of (7 + √5) is (7 - √5). In the process of
rationalizing a denominator, the conjugate is the rationalizing factor. The process of rationalizing the
denominator with its conjugate is as follows.
Step 1: Multiply both the denominator and numerator by a suitable conjugate that will remove the
radicals in the denominator.
Step 2: We need to make sure that all the surds in the given fraction are in their simplified form.
Step 3: If needed, we can simplify the fraction further.
Examples for rationalizing the denominator :
Example 1 : 1/(7+√5)
Example 2 : 6/√3
Example 3 :
Example 4 :
Example 5:
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History of irrational number
The first proof of the existence of irrational numbers is usually attributed to a Pythagorean (possibly
Hippasus of Metapontum),who probably discovered them while identifying sides of the pentagram. The
Pythagorean method would have claimed that there must be some sufficiently small, indivisible unit that
could fit evenly into one of these lengths as well as the other. Hippasus in the 5th century BC, however, was
able to deduce that there was no common unit of measure, and that the assertion of such an existence was
a contradiction. He did this by demonstrating that if the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle was
indeed commensurable with a leg, then one of those lengths measured in that unit of measure must be
both odd and even, which is impossible. His reasoning is as follows:
Start with an isosceles right triangle with side lengths of integers a, b, and c. The ratio of the
hypotenuse to a leg is represented by c:b.
Assume a, b, and c are in the smallest possible terms (i.e. they have no common factors).
By the Pythagorean theorem: c2 = a2+b2 = b2+b2 = 2b2. (Since the triangle is isosceles, a = b).
Since c2 = 2b2, c2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even.
Since c2 is even, c must be even.
Since c is even, dividing c by 2 yields an integer. Let y be this integer (c = 2y).
Squaring both sides of c = 2y yields c2 = (2y)2, or c2 = 4y2.
Substituting 4y2 for c2 in the first equation (c2 = 2b2) gives us 4y2= 2b2.
Dividing by 2 yields 2y2 = b2.
Since y is an integer, and 2y2 = b2, b2 is divisible by 2, and therefore even.
Since b2 is even, b must be even.
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Famous irrational number and it's application
The famous irrational numbers consist of Pi, Euler’s number, and Golden ratio. Many square roots and cube
root numbers are also irrational, but not all of them. For example, √3 is an irrational number, but √4 is a
rational number. Because 4 is a perfect square, such as 4 = 2 x 2 and √4 = 2, which is a rational number.
Pi : Pi is a Greek letter (π), and one of the most well-known mathematical constants.It is the ratio of a
circle's circumference to its diameter which is always constant.pi (π) approximately equals
3.14159265359... and is a non-terminating non-repeating decimal number.
Application of pi : commonly used to find the circumference or area of a circle.
Euler's number :Euler's number is an important constant that is found in many contexts and is the
base for natural logarithms. An irrational number represented by the letter e, Euler's number is
2.71828..., where the digits go on forever in a series that never ends or repeats (similar to pi).
Application of Euler's number : Euler's method is used for approximating solutions to certain differential
equations .
Golden ratio :Golden ratio base is a non-integer positional numeral system that uses the golden ratio
(the irrational number 1 + √52 ≈ 1.61803399 symbolized by the Greek letter φ) as its base. It is
sometimes referred to as base-φ, golden mean base, phi-base, or, colloquially, phinary.
Application of golden ratio : used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such
as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data.
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Conclusion
Number systems are mathematical systems which are used to represent numbers in various formats and
that computers can understand. A number is a numerical value which can be used to count, measure, and
do arithmetic calculations.
The set of natural numbers is always closed under addition and multiplication but the case is not the same
for subtraction and division.Whole numbers are closed under multiplication as their product is also a
whole number.integers include all the negative whole numbers and all natural numbers. I
It is evident that rational numbers can be expressed both in fraction form and decimals. An irrational
number, on the other hand, can only be expressed in decimals and not in a fraction form. Moreover, all the
integers are rational numbers, but all the non-integers are not irrational numbers.
Surds, which are irrational numbers expressed as square roots, are more than just abstract concepts.
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Bibliography
For successfully completing my project file. I have taken help from the following websites and book.
Websites :
https://www.cuemath.com
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://byjus.com
Book :
Icse mathematics( IX )EMU book - Frank educational aids
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