INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ELECTRONICS
A field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The
operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
CONTENT ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS
Definition Deals with the generation, storage, and Deals with designing, amplifying, and
conversion of electrical power switching electrical energy with diff
equipment
Fundamental Role Flow of electron Flow of electron and holes
Device Principle Produce voltage and current Control voltage and current
Conducting Material Copper and Aluminum Silicon and Germanium
Component Passive: resistor, capacitor, and inductor Active: diode, transistor, and oscillator
Decision Making Device Cannot decide Can decide
Size Occupy a large size and space Occur in small sizes
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS IN DAILY LIFE
Consumer Electronics Industrial Automation and Motion Control
Industrial Electronics Image Processing
Smart Grid Systems Medical Applications
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
FUNCTION OF THE CONDUCTOR
Conductors allow electrons to flow easily, hence it has a very low resistance. The best are silver, copper, and
aluminum.
STANDARD WIRE GAGE SIZES
Specify the size of round wire in terms of its diameter and cross-sectional area.
Note:
1. As gage number increases, diameter and circular
area decreases.
2. Circular area doubles for every three gage sizes.
3. The higher the gage number and the thinner the wire, the greater the resistance of the wire for any given length.
Hookup wire for circuits with milliampere is generally about No.22 gage. House wiring is usually No.14 gage.
CIRCULAR MILS
Cross-sectional area of round wire. A mil is on-thousandth of an inch, or 0.001 inch. One circular mil is the cross-
sectional area of a wire with a diameter of 1 mil. The number of circular mil in any circular area is equal to the square of the
diameter in mils or cmil = d2 (mils).
Note:
Example: What is the area in circular mils of a wire with a diameter of 0.005 in?
WIRE RESISTANCE
Where: R=total resistance
l=length
A=cross-sectional area
p(rho)=resistivity
Examples:
1. How much is the resistance of 100 ft of No.20 gage copper wire? (Area= 1022cmil)
2. How much is the resistance of 100 ft of No.23 gage copper wire? (Area=509.5 cmil)
3. How much is the resistance of a slab of germanium 0.2 cm long with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm2
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE
Where: R0= resistance at 20C
Rt= higher resistance at higher temperatures
∆t=temperature rise above 20C
α=temperature coefficient
Example:
1. A tungsten wire has a 14 ohms R at 20C? Calculate its resistance at 120C?
INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTORS
BAND GAP
Interactions between atoms “smear“ the valence
shell into a band of energy levels called the valence
band. When an electron acquires enough additional
energy, it can leave the valence shell, become a free
electron, and exist in what is known as the conduction
band. The difference between the valence and
conduction band is called an energy or band gap.
N-TYPE AND P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
N-type semiconductors have an abundance of free electrons, which contribute to their high conductivity. On the
other hand, P-type semiconductors possess an excess of positively charged holes, resulting in a lower conductivity
compared to N-type.
PN JUNCTION
P-n junction diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that is used for allowing electric current in one direction.
Note: Si=0.7V Ge=0.3V GaAs=1.2V
SEMICONDUCTOR PN JUNCTION DIODE
FORWARD AND REVERSE BIAS
Forward biasing means putting a voltage across a diode that allows current to flow easily, while reverse biasing
means putting a voltage across a diode in the opposite direction.
VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OFA DIODE
1. Forward Bias: When a positive voltage (forward bias) is applied across the
diode, it allows current to flow easily through the diode. The current increases
rapidly with increasing voltage, following an exponential relationship.
2. Reverse Bias: When a negative voltage (reverse bias) is applied across the
diode, only a very small leakage current flows through the diode. The current
remains nearly constant over a wide range of reverse voltages until the
breakdown voltage is reached. At breakdown voltage, the diode experiences a
rapid increase in reverse current, potentially leading to damage if not limited.
3. Threshold Voltage: There's a specific voltage, known as the forward bias
threshold voltage (around 0.7 volts for silicon diodes), below which the diode
doesn't conduct appreciable current. This threshold voltage is due to the
energy required to overcome the potential barrier at the PN junction.
DIODE APPROXIMATIONS
1. IDEAL DIODE MODEL
2. PRACTICAL DIODE MODEL
3. COMPLETE DIODE MODEL
RECTIFIERS- diodes used in circuits that convert ac voltage into dc voltage.
DC POWER SUPPLY
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
A diode that gives off visible or invisible light when energized. LED voltage drop can be assumed to be 2V.
Example:
Calculate the LED current in the figure shown.
Calculate the resistance Rs required to provide an LED current of 25mA.
ZENER DIODES- a special diode that has been optimized for operation in the breakdown region.
PZ = VZ IZ
Example:
If a 12V Zener has 30mA of current, what is its power dissipation, Pz
Power Rating, PZM
IZM = PZM Where: VZ = Zener voltage
VZ IZM = maximum-rated Zener current
PZM = power rating of the Zener
Note: Exceeding the value of IZM will burn out the zener.
Example:
Calculate the maximum-rated Zener current for a 1W, 10V Zener.
ZENER DIODE APPLICATIONS
POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS
THE BASIC DC POWER SUPPLY
1. Transformer- changes ac voltages based on the turns ratio.
2. Rectifier- converts ac input voltage to pulsating dc voltage.
3. Filter- eliminates fluctuations in the rectified voltage, they are implemented with capacitors.
4. Regulator- circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage.
5. Load- device connected to the output of the power supply and operates.
RIPPLE VOLTAGE- the variation in the capacitor voltage due to the charging and discharging.
The smaller the ripple, the better the filtering action.
CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER
RIPPLE FACTOR- an indication of the effectiveness of the filter and is defined as
Where:
Example:
Determine the ripple factor for the filtered bridge rectifier with a load as indicated in the figure.
SURGE CURRET IN THE CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER
Note: The fuse rating should be at least 20% larger than the calculated value of primary current.
VOLTAGE REGULATORS- maintains a constant output voltage or current despite changes in the input, load current or
temperature.
PERCENT REGULATION- figure of merit used to specify the performance of the voltage regulator.
1. LINE REGULATION- specifies how much change occur in output voltage for a given change in input voltage.
2. LOAD REGULATION- specifies how much change occurs in the output voltage over a certain range of load current
values (no load and full load)
EXAMPLE:
A certain 5V regulator has a measured no-load output voltage of 5.18 V and a full-load output of 5.15 V. What is the load
regulation expressed as a percentage?
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)
Two basic types of transistors:
1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
2. Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
BJT STRUCTURE- three regions: emitter. base and collector.
Two pn junction: Base-Emitter Junction and Base-Collector Junction
Base is lightly doped, collector moderately doped, and emitter heavily doped.
BASIC BJT OPERATION: BIASING
1. npn 2. pnp
BASIC BJT OPERATION: TRANSISTOR CURRENTS
BJT CHARACTERISTICS AND PARAMETERS
DC CURRENT GAIN RATIO OF THE DC COLLECTOR CURRENT
BJT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Example:
COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
Shows the relationship of the three transistor currents.
CUTOFF SATURATION
Example:
DC QUANTITIES- use upper roman/upper case subscripts. AC QUANTITIES- use lower case subscripts
VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION
Example:
BJT AS SWITCH
Example:
1.
2.
TRANSISTOR BIAS CIRCUITS
FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example:
1.
2.
EMITTER BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example:
1.
2.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example:
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK, EMITTER FOLLOWER, AND COMMON BASE
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
Example:
1.
EMITTER FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
Example:
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
Example:
