Given the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 → Equation (1) where M and N may be functions of both x and y. If the above equation can be transformed into the form 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 → Equation (2) where f(x) is a function of x alone and f(y) is a function of y alone, equation (1) is called variables separable. To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the integral of equation (2) to a constant c. Thus, the general solution is
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
Problem 01 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 , when x = 2, y = 3. Solution 01:
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Problem 02 (1 − 𝑥)𝑦′ = 𝑦 2 Solution 02
Problem 03 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution 03
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Problem 04 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution 04
Problem 05
𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Solution 05
𝑦√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥√1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Problem 06 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution 06
Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One
If the function f(x,y) remains unchanged after replacing x by kx and y by ky, where k is a constant term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous function. A differential equation
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 → Equation (1)
is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y. To solve for Equation (1) let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
The substitution above will lead to variables separable differential equation.
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Solution
Solution 02
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Solution 03
Problem 04 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution 04
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Exact Equations | Equations of Order One
The differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an exact solution if
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 = 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 Steps in Solving an Exact Equation 𝜕𝐹 1. Let =𝑀 𝜕𝑥 2. Write the equation in Step 1 into the form
∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀 𝜕𝑥
and integrate it partially in terms of x holding y as constant.
3. Differentiate partially in terms of y the result in Step 2 holding x as constant. 4. Equate the result in Step 3 to N and collect similar terms. 5. Integrate the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant. 6. Substitute the result in Step 5 to the result in Step 2 and equate the result to a constant c. Problem 01 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solution
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Solution 02
Solution 03
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Solution 04
Instructor: Leonel L. Pabilona, D.Eng.
Differential Equation
Linear Equations | Equations of Order One
Linear equation of order one is in the form
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 The general solution of equation in this form is
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 Derivation 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑑𝑥 Use 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 as integrating factor. 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Multiply both sides of the equation by dx
