CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ART

LESSON NOTE FOR JSS 2

SCHEME OF WORK FOR CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ART THIRD TERM
1. Resumption test and cleaning of the compound.
2. Art materials and art tools: meaning of art materials, art tools,
types of art materials and types art tools.
3. Sculpture: meaning of sculpture and types of sculpture
4. Music: scale, definitions and kinds keys with (1-3) sharps
(ascending and descending order)
5. Music: scale (cont.) major and minor scale with (1-3) flats
(ascending and descending order)
6. Music: intervals; meaning of interval, classifications of interval,
kinds of intervals, types of intervals.
7. Mid term break and test
8. Music: cadence; meaning of cadence, types of cadences,
meaning of triad, types of triads.
9. Transportation: definition and types of transportation
10. Rehearsal: meaning of rehearsal, types of rehearsal.
11. Revision
12. Examination
13. Closing.
WEEK TWO
TOPIC: ART MATERIALS AND ART TOOLS
"Art materials" refer to the tools and supplies that artists use to create their works. These
materials can vary widely depending on the medium and techniques employed by the artist.
Here are some common types of art materials:
1. **Drawing**:
- Pencils: Various grades of graphite pencils for sketching and shading.
- Charcoal: Used for drawing and sketching, typically in stick form.
- Pastels: Soft or oil pastels for drawing and blending colors.
- Ink: Pen and ink for line drawing or calligraphy.
2. **Painting**:
- Acrylic paint: Quick-drying paint that can be used on various surfaces.
- Oil paint: Slow-drying paint with rich colors and blending capabilities.
- Watercolor paint: Transparent paint that uses water as a solvent.
- Brushes: Different types and sizes for applying paint.
- Canvas or paper: Surfaces for painting on.
3. **Sculpture**:
- Clay: Malleable material for hand-building or sculpting.
- Stone: Marble, alabaster, or other types of stone for carving.
- Metal: Weldable metals such as steel or bronze for sculpting.
- Wood: Carvable wood such as basswood or cedar.
- Tools: Chisels, rasps, and other carving tools.
4. **Printmaking**:
- Printing press: Traditional or modern presses for making prints.
- Ink: Oil-based or water-based ink for printing.
- Plates: Metal, wood, or linoleum plates for creating the printing surface.
- Paper: Various types of paper for printing on.
5. **Mixed Media**:
- Collage materials: Paper, fabric, found objects, etc., for collage work.
 - Adhesives: Glue, tape, or gel medium for adhering materials.
- Found objects: Everyday objects used in art for texture or concept.
6. **Digital Art**:
- Graphics tablet: Input device for drawing directly into digital software.
- Digital software: Programs like Adobe Photoshop, Procreate, or Corel Painter.
- Digital brushes: Tools within software for emulating traditional brushes.
- Computer: Hardware for running digital art software.
These are just some examples of art materials, and there are many more depending on the
specific needs and preferences of the artist.
Art tools are the instruments and equipment used by artists to create their work. These
tools can vary greatly depending on the medium and techniques employed. Here's a list of
common art tools:
1. **Drawing Tools**:
- Pencils: Graphite pencils in various grades for sketching and shading.
- Erasers: Rubber erasers for correcting mistakes.
- Sharpeners: Tools for sharpening pencils to maintain a fine point.
- Pens: Different types of pens such as ballpoint, gel, or fountain pens for line drawing or
writing.
- Charcoal sticks: Used for drawing and shading, available in various hardness levels.
2. **Painting Tools**:
- Brushes: Various types and sizes of brushes for applying paint, such as round, flat, filbert,
and fan brushes.
- Palette knives: Metal knives with a flat, rounded, or angled blade used for mixing and
applying paint.
- Palette: Surface for mixing and holding paint, typically made of wood, plastic, or glass.
- Sponges: Natural or synthetic sponges used for texture effects or blending paint.
- Painting easel: A stand or support for holding the canvas or painting surface at an
adjustable angle.
3. **Sculpting Tools**:
- Clay sculpting tools: Wooden or metal tools with various shapes and edges for shaping
and carving clay.
- Wire tools: Wire loops and cutters for sculpting and adding detail to clay.
 - Modeling tools: Rubber or silicone-tipped tools for smoothing and refining clay surfaces.
- Kiln: Oven or furnace for firing ceramic sculptures.
4. **Printmaking Tools**:
- Printing press: Traditional or modern presses for making prints from plates or blocks.
- Brayers: Rollers used to spread ink evenly on printing plates.
- Cutting tools: Carving tools such as chisels, gouges, and knives for creating printing plates
or blocks.
- Registration tools: Devices for aligning multiple layers of a print.
5. **Digital Art Tools**:
- Graphics tablet: Input device with a stylus for drawing directly into digital software.
- Digital software: Programs like Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, or Procreate for creating
digital art.
- Computer: Hardware for running digital art software.
- Digital stylus: Pen-like tool for precise drawing and input on a graphics tablet.
6. **Miscellaneous Tools**:
- Rulers and straightedges: Tools for measuring and drawing straight lines.
- Cutting tools: Scissors, X-acto knives, or rotary cutters for cutting paper, canvas, or other
materials.
- Masking tape: Low-tack adhesive tape used for masking off areas or creating straight
edges.
These are just a few examples of art tools, and there are many more specialized tools
depending on the specific needs of the artist and the medium they work with.
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: SCULPTURE
Sculpture is a three-dimensional art form that involves shaping and modeling materials to
create physical objects. Sculptures can be made using a variety of materials and techniques,
and they can range in size from small handheld pieces to large installations. Here's an
overview of sculpture:
**Materials**:
- **Clay**: One of the most traditional materials for sculpting due to its malleability. Clay
sculptures can be fired in a kiln to harden them permanently.
- **Stone**: Marble, granite, limestone, and other types of stone can be carved into
sculptures using chisels, hammers, and other tools.
- **Wood**: Wood is carved using knives, chisels, and other cutting tools. Different types of
wood offer different textures and colors.
- **Metal**: Metals like bronze, steel, aluminum, and iron can be forged, welded, or cast to
create sculptures. Metal sculptures can be polished, patinated, or left to develop a natural
patina.
- **Plaster**: Plaster can be molded and cast into sculptures. It is often used for making
molds to produce multiples of a sculpture.
- **Mixed Media**: Artists may combine various materials such as found objects, fabric,
glass, or resin in their sculptures for added texture and visual interest.
**Techniques**:
- **Carving**: Removing material from a block or slab to reveal the desired form.
- **Modeling**: Adding material, such as clay, onto a armature or framework to build up the
sculpture.
- **Casting**: Pouring a liquid material (such as molten metal or plaster) into a mold to
create a replica of the original sculpture.
- **Assemblage**: Creating sculptures by assembling found objects or materials together
into a new composition.
- **Construction**: Building sculptures by joining together various materials using
adhesives, welding, or other fastening methods.
**TYPES OF SCULPTURE**:
**Relief Sculpture**: Sculptures that are attached to a background surface and project
outward. There are low-relief (bas-relief) and high-relief sculptures.
**Free-Standing Sculpture**: Sculptures that are not attached to a background and can be
viewed from all sides. - **Kinetic Sculpture**: Sculptures that incorporate movement, either
through mechanical means or natural elements.

WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: SCALE
In music, "scale" refers to a specific sequence of musical notes ordered by pitch or
frequency. Scales serve as the foundational building blocks for melodies, harmonies, chords,
and musical compositions. Understanding scales is fundamental to music theory and
performance across various genres and styles. Here are some key aspects of scales in music:
1. **Pitch Organization**: Scales organize pitches into ascending or descending sequences
based on their relative pitch or frequency. Each scale consists of a series of intervals
(distances between pitches) that create a distinctive pattern of whole steps and half steps.
2. **Tonal System**: Scales are essential to the tonal system used in Western music. The
most common scale in Western music is the major scale, which consists of seven pitches
arranged in a specific pattern of whole steps and half steps.
3. **Modes**: Scales can be derived from different starting points within a given set of
pitches, resulting in various modes. The major scale and its modes, such as the Ionian mode,
Dorian mode, and Mixolydian mode, are foundational to Western music theory.
4. **Minor Scales**: In addition to major scales, minor scales play a significant role in music.
The natural minor scale, harmonic minor scale, and melodic minor scale are among the most
common minor scales used in Western music.
5. **Pentatonic Scales**: Pentatonic scales consist of five pitches per octave and are
prevalent in various musical traditions worldwide. They are often used in folk music, blues,
rock, and other genres for their simplicity and versatility.
6. **Chromatic Scale**: The chromatic scale includes all twelve pitches within an octave,
encompassing both natural and chromatically altered tones. It is used for chromaticism,
which involves the systematic use of non-diatonic pitches to create tension, color, and
expressive effects in music.
7. **Microtonal Scales**: Some musical traditions employ scales with intervals smaller than
a semitone, known as microtonal scales. These scales allow for a greater range of pitch
expression and are used in certain non-Western musical systems and experimental music.
8. **Scale Degrees**: Each pitch within a scale is assigned a scale degree, represented by
numerals (e.g., 1st degree, 2nd degree, etc.). Scale degrees are used to analyze and describe
melodic and harmonic relationships within music.
Understanding scales and their properties is essential for musicians, composers, and music
theorists alike, as they provide a framework for creating, analyzing, and interpreting music
across diverse cultural and stylistic contexts.

WEEK SIX
TOPIC: DEGREES OF SCALE IN MUSIC
In music, "degrees of scale" usually refers to the steps or intervals within a musical scale. A
musical scale is a series of pitches in ascending or descending order, typically spanning an
octave. The degrees of the scale are the individual steps or notes within that scale.

The most common scale in Western music is the major scale, which consists of seven
degrees. Each degree is assigned a number, and they follow a specific pattern of intervals
between each degree. For example, in the key of C major:

1. The first degree is the tonic (C).

2. The second degree is the supertonic (D).
3. The third degree is the mediant (E).
4. The fourth degree is the subdominant (F).
5. The fifth degree is the dominant (G).
6. The sixth degree is the submediant (A).
7. The seventh degree is the leading tone (B).

These degrees of the scale determine the relationships between the notes and are
fundamental to understanding melody, harmony, and chord progressions in music theory.

In addition to the major scale, there are many other types of scales in music, each with its
own unique pattern of degrees. For example, the natural minor scale, harmonic minor scale,
and melodic minor scale all have different arrangements of degrees that create distinct
sounds and moods.
Week seven
Topic: cadence
In music theory, a cadence is a series of chords that brings a phrase, section, or piece of
music to a temporary or final conclusion. Cadences are essential in creating a sense of
closure or resolution within a musical composition.

There are several types of cadences, each with its own characteristic sound and function:

1. **Authentic Cadence**: This is the strongest and most conclusive type of cadence. It
typically involves a progression from the dominant chord (V) to the tonic chord (I). In a major
key, this would be a G major chord resolving to a C major chord. In a minor key, it would be
an E minor chord resolving to an A minor chord.

2. **Plagal Cadence**: Also known as the "Amen" cadence, this cadence involves a
progression from the subdominant chord (IV) to the tonic chord (I). In a major key, this
would be an F major chord resolving to a C major chord. In a minor key, it would be a D
minor chord resolving to an A minor chord.

3. **Half Cadence**: This cadence creates a sense of temporary pause or incompleteness. It

typically ends on the dominant chord (V), leaving the listener with a feeling of expectation or
anticipation. For example, ending a phrase with a G major chord in the key of C major would
create a half cadence.

4. **Deceptive Cadence**: Also known as an interrupted cadence, this cadence involves a

surprising and unexpected chord progression. Instead of resolving to the expected tonic
chord (I), it resolves to a different chord, often the relative minor or a chord other than the
tonic. For instance, in a major key, a progression from the dominant chord (V) to the sixth
chord (vi) creates a deceptive cadence.

Cadences play a crucial role in shaping the overall structure and flow of a piece of music.
They provide points of arrival, departure, and resolution, guiding the listener through the
musical journey.
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: TRIADS
In music theory, a triad is a chord consisting of three notes played simultaneously. These
three notes are usually stacked in thirds, meaning each note is a third interval away from the
previous one. Triads are fundamental building blocks of harmony in Western music and form
the basis of most chords.

The three types of triads are determined by the quality of the intervals between the notes:

1. **Major Triad**: A major triad consists of a root (the lowest note), a major third (four
half-steps above the root), and a perfect fifth (seven half-steps above the root). The formula
for a major triad is root - major third - perfect fifth. For example, in the key of C major, a C
major triad consists of the notes C (root), E (major third), and G (perfect fifth).

2. **Minor Triad**: A minor triad consists of a root, a minor third (three half-steps above
the root), and a perfect fifth. The formula for a minor triad is root - minor third - perfect
fifth. For example, in the key of A minor, an A minor triad consists of the notes A (root), C
(minor third), and E (perfect fifth).

3. **Diminished Triad**: A diminished triad consists of a root, a minor third, and a

diminished fifth (six half-steps above the root). The formula for a diminished triad is root -
minor third - diminished fifth. For example, in the key of B diminished, a B diminished triad
consists of the notes B (root), D (minor third), and F (diminished fifth).

Triads are used extensively in music to create harmonies, melodies, and chord progressions.
They provide the foundation for understanding and constructing more complex chords and
harmonic structures.
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: TRANSPOSITION
In music, transposition refers to the process of changing the key of a piece of music. This can
involve raising or lowering all the pitches in the music by a consistent interval. Transposition
is a common practice used for various reasons, such as accommodating different
instruments or vocal ranges, creating variations, or adapting music to suit different
performers or situations.

There are two main types of transposition:

1. **Chromatic Transposition**: In chromatic transposition, each note in the original piece is

shifted up or down by the same number of semitones. For example, if you transpose a piece
of music up by two semitones, every note in the original piece will be raised by two
semitones.

2. **Diatonic Transposition**: In diatonic transposition, the notes in the original piece are
shifted up or down by intervals within a particular key or scale. This maintains the overall
tonality of the piece. For example, if you transpose a piece of music from C major to G major,
you would move each note up by a perfect fifth, which is the interval between the tonic (C)
and dominant (G) in the key of C major.

Transposition can be done for individual parts or for an entire piece of music. In instrumental
music, transposing instruments (such as certain brass or woodwind instruments) often
require music to be transposed to accommodate their specific ranges or fingerings. For
example, a B-flat trumpet player reading music written in concert pitch (C) would need to
mentally transpose the music up a whole step to play it correctly on their instrument.

In summary, transposition is a valuable tool in music that allows composers, arrangers, and
performers to adapt music to different contexts and requirements while preserving its
musical integrity.
WEEK TEN
TOPIC: REHEARSAL
In drama, a rehearsal is a practice session where the actors, director, and sometimes other
production members work on various aspects of the play before its performance in front of
an audience. Rehearsals are essential for refining the performance, polishing the delivery of
lines, blocking (or choreographing) movement on stage, and ensuring that all technical
elements, such as lighting and sound cues, are coordinated smoothly.

Rehearsals typically occur over a period of several weeks leading up to the performance.
During this time, the director guides the actors through the interpretation of the script,
helping them understand their characters, motivations, and relationships. Actors often
engage in character development exercises, improvisation, and discussions to deepen their
understanding of the play and their roles within it.

Blocking rehearsals involve determining the actors' movements on stage, including

entrances, exits, and interactions with other characters or objects. This ensures that the
staging is visually effective and supports the storytelling.

Line rehearsals focus on memorizing lines and delivering them convincingly. Actors may
rehearse scenes repeatedly to achieve fluency and naturalness in their dialogue delivery.

Technical rehearsals, also known as "tech rehearsals," involve integrating the technical
elements of the production, such as lighting, sound effects, set changes, and costume
changes, into the performance. These rehearsals are crucial for ensuring that all technical
aspects are synchronized with the actors' performances and that any potential issues are
addressed before the final performance.

Dress rehearsals are the final rehearsals before the actual performance, where actors wear
their costumes and go through the entire play as if it were a live performance. This rehearsal
allows the cast and crew to practice transitions, timing, and coordination of all elements to
ensure a smooth and polished performance for the audience.

Overall, rehearsals are a collaborative process that allows the cast and crew to work
together to bring the playwright's vision to life and create a compelling and cohesive
theatrical experience.