MUL 335, Fall 2018

Music History

Final Exam Study Guide

Be familiar with the following composers, terms, titles, etc.:

stile antico- ancient style, imitates palestrina's contrapuntal style

Doctrine of Affections- theory that music should evoke a feeling,stile concitato evokes excite-

ment, descending half steps tears/sadness

prima pratica- Artusi's argument against unprepared dissonance based off of Zarlino's rules

seconda pratica- Monteverdi's argument for unprepared dissonance to be used for dramatic effect

realization- Roman numerals and figured bass symbols being improvised by continuo players for

harmonic structure

basso continuo- a solo instrument playing a bass line and a keyboard instrument

Florentine Camerata- opera origins, an academy where science, literature, and new music were

studied

Giulio Caccini- Early Baroque, called to academy Florentine composer Le nuove Musiche

Le Nuove Musiche- Caccini, collection of songs for solo voice and basso continuo

ground bass

opera- secular, dramatic work with orchestra, soloists, and choir, continuous singing

intermedio- music and dance that came between the acts of a play, a musical interlude on a pas-

toral, allegorical, or mythological subject performed between acts of a play

madrigal cycle- succession of different madrigals to form a plot

libretto- the text of an opera

Euridice- opera, perri and caccini, earliest surviving opera

L’Orfeo- written by Monteverdi, oldest opera still regularly done

Claudio Monteverdi- 1567-1643, Italian composer, wrote L'Orfeo

Ritornello- a reoccurring tutti section in a concerto, an instrumental refrain,little return

stile concitato- agitated style

da capo aria-aria that is ABA style, soloist ornaments a section on repeat

recitativo accompagnato- solo voice plus accompaniment, usually strings or orchestra

recitativo secco- recitative that is free an only accompanied by blocked chords

Jean-Baptiste Lully- Musically trained; court composer of instrumental music then superinten-

dent of Kings Chamber; granted rights to make dramas, prominent musician, French overture

Divertissements- Diversions, long interludes of dancing and choral singing.

French overture- slow dotted rhythms followed by fast imitative texture

masque

Henry Purcell- Middle Baroque, English, composed in all genres but focused on vocal music,

Dido and Aeneas English chorus

Dido and Aeneas- (the Aeneid by Virgil) first english opera and greatest english opera, written

for a girls boarding school, all characters are girls except one male lead. cast is small and its

short.

Giacomo Carissimi- Early Baroque, never left Italy; further developed recitative, development of

the oratorio , Jepthe (based on Old Testament)

Oratorio- sacred, dramatic, unstaged work

turba- chorus acts as a crowd or mob

passion-

Heinrich Schütz- Middle Baroque, studied with Gabrielli, worked in Dresden for 60 yrs, wrote
Kleine Geistiche Konzerto

Symphoniae sacrae- sacred text, 2 groups 4+organ each choir had their own organ part Shutz

Gabrelli works for voices and orchestra

Solo cantata- Secular, Italian. Usually solo soprano with continuo.

Church cantata- Sacred. German. Arias/Chorus/Instruments. Multi. Mov.

Ricercar- Italy,secular,imprvisatory like piece,imitative section

canzona- Italy, secular, instrumental, homophonic,fast light, half quarter quarter rhythm.

binary form- AB form

suite- baroque, multi-movement work for dances One key center.

Agréments- grace note, ornament.French keyboard music

Georg Muffat- Middle Baroque, wrote orchestral suites; dance patterned on Lully's ballet;

brought Corelli's style in 1680s and Lully's in 1690's to Germany

Toccata- Italy,secular, improvisatory like piece for keyboard,virtuosic,sec of contrasting texture

fugue- An imitative polyphonic composition that originated as a keyboard genre during the Ba-

roque period. It is actually a compositional technique used in both instrumental and choral music

from the Baroque period. A fugue is built on a single theme whose entrances appear imitatively

in several voices.

chorale prelude- setting for organ where chorale is only played once at the beginning

François Couperin- Keyboard music; organist for king; taught aristocrats, published his own mu-

sic wrote a collection of keyboard suites called Ordre there are 27, L'art de toucher le clavecin

L’art de toucher le clavecin- written for how to play the harpsichord

sonata da camera- chamber sonata Series of binary dance music.

sonata da chiesa- church sonata

Arcangelo Corelli- Middle/late Baroque, all of his surviving works are instrumental, Italian trio

sonata, concerto grosso

trio sonata- two treble instruments and basso continuo

concerto- solo musical composition, fast slow fast

concerto grosso- a musical composition for a 2 groups of solo instruments accompanied concer-

tino and ripeno

concertino- solo group of instruments in a concerto grosso

ripieno- accompanimentgroup on a concerto grosso

prelude- introduction to something Usually to an opera, suite, or fugue.

Giuseppe Torelli- first to publish violin concertos. Primarily known for trumpet concertos, de-
velopment of solo brass sonata;

Antonio Vivaldi- Italy's best known composer, virtuoso violinist, primarily known for concerto,

took orders as priest and had trouble speaking in public, taught and composed at the orphanage

Ospedale della Pieta, composed over 500 concertos, 350 for solo concerto, mainly violin, estab-

lished 3rd movement concerto form, fast-slow-fast

Georg Philipp Telemann- Late Baroque, wrote over 4,000 pieces in every contemporary style,
more popular than Bach

collegium musicum- Civic amateur musicians. Bach wrote secular cantatas for them and key-
board concertos. Secular.

Jean-Philippe Rameauc- Late Baroque, theorist and wrote operas, principle work Trate de l'Har-
monie, used Corelli's pieces as examples, each work had a central tonic key, opera must be pro-
duced in Paris(?)

Traité de l’harmonie- (Treatise on Harmony) written by Rameau, treatise that describes music

and how to write it based on the tonal system. cadences, modulation, each piece in specific key,

tonic, dominant, Strong cadences V7-I.

Johann Sebastian Bach- 1685-1750, wrote for every musical genre except operag.f

B minor Mass- composed by Bach while in Leipzig, setting of the complete ordinary

Brandenburg Concerti- Set of 6*, Concerto grosso, diverse range of soloist.

Klavier-Übung- written by Bach, keyboard practice

Das wohltemperierte Klavier -The Well-Tempered Clavier

Die Kunst der Fuge (Art of Fugue)- The Art of Fugue. Bach. Incomplete collection of fugues and

canons.

George Frederic Handel- 1685-1759 -Late Baroque, traveled more than others, popular with the
patrons, most compositions for public performance, operas combined styles, English oratorio
Messiah, usually used chorus and orchestra of about 20 people, appealed to middle class

Water Music- Handel. 3 suites of orchestral music.

Royal Fireworks Music-

Messiah- no story line or plot, just different scripture about the Messiah. Three acts= I Jesus'

Birth, II Crucifixion, III- Future Reign

Masqe- opera during the lent and England

Monody- basso with solo singer

Points for discussion:

1) ****How did opera begin, what were its roots, how did it develop, national traits, etc.
 Pastoral dramas play in verse w/music, songs, dances(early music)1470 orpheo,
 Madrigal reflected text ,experimentation harmonically and melodically
 Intermedo- Most direct descent, Get intermissions fro this, extremely elabotrate,
Most important one in 1559 for wedding.
 France French overture,ballet( Lully opera and REameau
 Italian da cappo clearly separate recit ( Julius ceasar handel)
 English Dido and Aneass – chorus airs english dances
2) What is the predominant texture of early Baroque music
 Polarity of treble and bass voices, Basso continuo= figures to indicate chordal realization,
vertical anlysis,improvised performance practice,controata medium=combining voices
and instrument. Chromatic moves from ornamentation function to harmonic exploration.
harmony derives counterpoint,
3) development of the sonata and concerto as predominant instrumental genres
sonata
concerto type of orchestra and 3ypes early concerto;works that combines voice and in-
strumets
4) How the positions held by J.S. Bach influenced his compositional output
 armstadt-organist, lots of organ.
 cothen-solo and ensemble pedagogy works, Brandenburg concertos,
  well-tempered clavier, princely court against concertmaster; Leipzig-collegium musi-
cum, worked four churches and put out lots of sacred works.
 Entwurff-conducted choirs of choral music
 Bach WEreke Verzienche- organized by genre bachs work catlloge

5) theoretical contributions of Rameau

 Traité de l'harmonie-each chord has a root and inversions

6) How Handel combined Italian, German, French, and English musical influences in the
English oratorio
 Fr-french overture; It-da capo aria and recit;. Ger-choral fugues. English-large use of
choir.

7) The significance of the following people – WHY they are important (don’t just list what
they did)!!! – Monteverdi, Corelli, Vivaldi, Torelli, Louis XIV, Muffat
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
Italian composer known for his madrigals and opera. Transitional period into the Baroque.
Prima/Seconda Practica.
Arcangelo Corelli
Italian composer and violin virtuoso known for his development of modern violin techniques.
Trio sonatas, Walking Bass, Exploits functional tonality, Concerto Grosso
Antonio Vivaldi-
Italy's best-known composer, virtuoso violinist, primarily known for concerto, took orders as
priest and had trouble speaking in public, taught and composed at the orphanage Ospedale della
Pieta, composed over 500 concertos, 350 for solo concerto, mainly violin, established 3rd
movement concerto form, fast-slow-fast
Giuseppe Torelli
Trumpet sonatas, First publisher of violin concerto. first to publish violin concertos. Primarily known
for trumpet concertos, development of solo brass sonata;
Louis XIV-
Court Ballet (musical dramatic work, staged instruments, devices) musis establishment royal chapel,
chamber,24 violins of the King (first large ensemble of the violin family more than one payer per
part.level of patronageGreat stable
Georg Muffat
Middle Baroque, wrote rearliest German orchestral suites; brought Corelli's style in 1680s and Lully's in
1690's to Germany

8) define/describe characteristics of text/music of new genres in the Baroque – opera,

oratorio, solo cantata, sonata, trio sonata, concerto, church cantata, English oratorio,
suite, concerto grosso, etc. You will also be expected to know if the genre is primarily
vocal or instrumental
1) opera-vocal, secular, dramatic work with orchestra, soloists, and choir, continuous sing-
ing,staged,
2) orartorio- sacred, dramatic, unstaged work,usually about a story from the bible
3) solo cantata- Secular, Italian. Usually solo soprano with continuo
4) sonata-
5) trio sonata- two treble instruments and basso continuo
6) concerto- solo musical composition, fast slow fast
7) church cantata- Sacred. German. Arias/Chorus/Instruments. Multi. Mov.
8) English orartorio-
9) Suite- baroque, multi-movement work for dances One key center.
10) Concerto grosso- a musical composition for a group of solo instruments accompanied

Putting it all together:

- place major composers/treatises/music in the proper time periods – Medieval, Renais-

sance, Baroque

Baroque
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)Italian
Italian composer known for his madrigals and opera. Transitional period into the Baroque. Prima/Seconda
Practica. Eatrly orfeo opera moved from renaissance to baroque

Jean-Baptiste Lully(France)
...Musically trained; court composer of instrumental music then superintendent of Kings Chamber;
granted rights to make dramas, prominent musician, French overture.First to do uniform bowing and or-
namentation. Opera and French overture and large momtet

Henry Purcell(England)
England's most important Baroque composer. His opera "Dido and Aeneas" is the only English Baroque
opera of note. He also wrote sacred choral works, keyboard works, and trio sonatas.middle Baroque

Giacomo Carissimi (Italy)

Early Baroque, called to academy Florentine composer Le nuove Musiche.oratorio

Heinrich Schutz(Germany)
Middle Baroque, studied with Gabrielli, worked in Dresden for 60 yrs, wrote Kleine Geistiche Konzerto
Saul greatest composer of 17th century

Georg Muffat
Middle Baroque, wrote orchestral suites; brought Corelli's style in 1680s and Lully's in 1690's to
Germany

Francois Couperin France

Keyboard music; organist for king; taught aristocrats, published his own music wrote a collection of
keyboard suites called Ordre there are 27, L'art de toucher le clavecin(the art of touching)

Arcangelo Corelli(Italy)
Italian composer and violin virtuoso known for his development of modern violin techniques. Trio
sonatas, Walking Bass, Exploits functional tonality, Concerto Grosso.Middle Baroque

Antonio VIvaldiIitalian
Grew concept of soloist, standardized fast/slow/fast. Ritornello Form.late baroque
Giulio Caccini(Italy)
Early Baroque, Florentine camarata. composer Le nuove Musiche( early baroque performance practice)

Giuseppe Torelli(Italy)
Trumpet sonatas, First publisher of violin concerto.Late baroque

Georg Philipp Telemann( German)

Late Baroque, wrote over 4,000 pieces in every contemporary style, more popular than Bach
Paris Motet

Jean-Philippe Rameau
Late Baroque, theorist and wrote operas, principle work Trate de l'Harmonie, used Corelli's pieces as
examples, each work had a central tonic key, opera must be produced in Paris(?)

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) German

The most famous Bach from the most famous musical family in Germany. Bach spent his time working in
courts at Weimar, Cothen. He also worked in sacred music at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. These
positions gave him opportunities to compose some of the greatest secular and sacred music ever written.
A composer in all genres except opera, his most famous works include the choral work "St. Matthew
Passion, the orchestral work "The Brandenburg Concertos," and the keyboard work "The Well-Tempered
Clavier." A master of counterpoint (polyphony), he fully utilized he new major-minor tonal system.

George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) German

Born in Germany, Handel mastered the German style and actually spent the majority of his life in
England. Handel was hugely successful during his lifetime and enjoyed fame and fortune as a composer
of operas and oratorios. Like Bach, he composed in all genres. His most famous works are the oratorio
"Messiah," which includes the famous "Hallelujah Chorus," "Music for the Royal Fireworks," and "Water
Music."Late barouqu

Renaissance
Harmonice musices odhecton A
 Published by Petrucci in 1501
Musica Transapaina
 Volume of Italian madrigals with English translations
Choralis Constanitius
 By Issac; 3 cycle of motese for the proper
Le institutone armoniche
 Treatise by Zarlino: instructions on late Renaissance cpunterpoint
Old hall manuscript
 Chief collection of English music of early 15th
The triumps of Oriana
 Volume of eglish madrigals dedeicated to queen Victoria
syntagma musicum part II
 Treatise by preetorius ; illustration of instrument
Middle ages
Ars nova
 Treatise by philippe de Vitry describing a new path for composition
Antiphonale
 Contains chants for the office
Cantigas de Santa Maria
 Spanish collection of monophonic songs collected by Alphonso X
DE institutione musica
 Boethius ,assignd Greek names to church modes,mundane , humana,instrumentalis
Graduale
 Contains chant for mass
Magnus liber organi
 Leonin contains 2 part chant setting for the entire church year
Musica enchridadis
 First treatise which duscusses music more than one voice,9th centrury
Micrologus
 Guido d Arezzo polyohony sight singing improvisation theories
Roman de Fauvel
 Allegorical satrirical poem(with horses) that is also an anthology of 169 pieces of music in Ars
Nova style
Squarcialupi codex
 Anthology of Italian secular trencento polyphony
Carmini Burana
 Collection of Goliard texts -Latin songs of traveling students

Don’t forget....
1) Listening Quiz #6 will occur at the beginning of the Final Exam period – 8:00 am
sharp, Wednesday, December 12. Each piece will be played only once, in order to
retain maximum time for the written exam. The listening will not include Medieval or
Renaissance composers/genres.
2) There will be some brief essay questions on the exam, but you may respond with bullet
points – I’m more interested in the content than the writing style (now there’s a surprise!)
3) I will be scheduling two 2-hour study sessions. Please sign up for one of these sessions
when the times are posted – we will review material and answer questions; I would
suggest that you start studying BEFORE these sessions, so that you know what topics
need additional information. These study sessions are designed to answer any questions
you may have AFTER studying, not to supply new information to you.
4) If you have missed a lot of class lecture, I would suggest studying with friends and
catching up on your reading
5) You will be allowed one side of a 3X5 inch note card to assist with facts for the final
exam; may I suggest the following:
a. Do not waste space with complete sentences – write down 2-3 words that will
help jog your memory for more complete information; you do not have time to be
scanning a card full of prose

One pge for cummalitative

People treatisie s music collection and tell if they come from a time period
Operas
 France French overture,ballet( Lully opera and REameau
  Italian da cappo clearly separate recit ( Julius ceasar handel)
 English Dido and Aneass – chorus airs English dances
Early opera orfeo opera Monteverdi flows into each other

sonata
concerto type of orchestra and 3ypes early concerto works that combines voice and in-
strument gabrelli
concerto fast slow fast was established by vivaldi

concerto grosso- a musical composition for a 2 groups of solo instruments accompanied concer-

tino and ripeno

concertino and trio sonata-2 violins and basso contiouno

concerto grosso and trio sonata same 4 mvmts slow,fast,slow,fast

First surviving complete opera-Euredice

First opera Daphne
Orfeo first opera to show potential of the genre