CHAPTER 1
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
ود ـ ا ا ــــــ
1.1 DEFINITION
Integration is an inverse process of differentiation process.
If the integration is evaluated with boundaries, it’s called
indefinite integral while if the boundaries are exit, it’s called
definite integrals.
( )
If = ( ), Then
∫ f (s )dx = F (x ) + c
Where c is the integration constant.
Ex: Q
d 3
dx
( )
x = 3x 2
∫( )
3 x 2 dx = x 3 + c
d
Ex: Q (sin( x )) = cos( x )
dx ∫
cos ( x )dx = sin( x ) + c
Note:
∫ f (x ) ± g (x ) dx = ∫ f (x )dx ± ∫ g(x ) dx
∫ f (x ) × g (x ) dx ≠ ∫ f (x )dx × ∫ g(x )dx ∫ g(x ) dx
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Trigonometric Identities 21.1+ (ت ا34# • ا
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Integral Result Integral Result
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3
Trigonometric Identities
• sin(a ± b ) = sin(a ) cos(b ) ± cos(a ) sin(b )
• cos(a ± b ) = cos(a ) cos(b ) m sin(a ) sin(b )
tan (a ) ± tan (b )
• tan (a ± b ) =
1 m tan (a ) tan (b )
• sin 2 ( x ) + cos 2 ( x ) = 1
• 1 + tan 2 ( x ) = sec 2 ( x )
• 1 + cot 2 ( x ) = csc 2 ( x )
• sin(2 x ) = 2 sin( x ) cos( x )
• cos (2 x ) = cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( x ) = 2 cos 2 ( x ) − 1
1 1 1 1
• sin2 ( x ) = − cos(2 x ) , cos2 ( x ) = + cos(2 x )
2 2 2 2
1
• sin(a ) cos(b ) = [sin(a − b ) + sin(a + b )]
2
1
• cos(a ) cos(b ) = [cos(a − b ) + cos(a + b )]
2
1
• sin(a ) sin(b ) = [cos(a − b ) − cos(a + b )]
2
1.2 Methods of Integrations
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integration by parts ئXL ام اN O P ;ت C •
integration by substitution وضc ام اN O P ;ت C •
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1.2.1 Integration using Tables اول9Q ام ا9K*;($ '&()* ا
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Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals;
∫ ∫ (1 − x ) dx
2
a) 3 x 2 + sin( x ) + 3 x dx b)
3
1 3 1
c)
∫ 4
( x + 3)3
dx d)
∫ x 2 + dx
x
1 3
e)
∫ (2 x + 1)7 dx f)
∫ x + 2 dx
x x
Solution
a) All the functions are listed in integration table;
3x
∴ I = x 3 − cos ( x ) + +C
ln(3 )
b) [ ZP hس اوAi اjck
3
∫( ) x2 4 2
∴I = 1 + x − 2 x dx = x + − x +c
2 3
5
−3 1
∫
c) I = ( x + 3 ) 4 dx = 4( x + 3 ) 4 + c
(power) سD VTA> V 4l V داB ھm 9
d) 9س واAU l داop5P Z I OAi اq P
(2 x + 1)3 dx = (2 x + 1)
3
∴I =
∫ (3)(2)
+c
2 ھ وھوx ل & # ا# +
(2 x + 1)8
∫
e) I = (2 x + 1)7 dx =
(8 )(2 )
+c
1 3 2 3
f) I =
∫ x + 2 dx =
x x ∫ x + 3dx =
3
(x + 3)2 + c
Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals;
a)
∫ (sin(3 x ) + 4 sec (2 x ))dx
2
∫
b) cos (3 − 2 x )dx
∫
c) tan(2 x + 1) + csc (2 x )dx
2
∫
d) sec (2 x ) tan(2 x )dx
f) (e
∫
e) csc (4 x ) cot (4 x ) dx
∫ + 3 )dx3 x +1 2x
Solution
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Hu ولL اv دىT sP P مAiBO 3 P و. ok linear function
x 5 3QT V 8i ا
6
a) I =
∫ (sin(3 x ) + 4 sec 2
(2 x ))dx = - cos (3 x ) + 4 tan(2 x ) + c
3 2
sin (3 − 2 x )
∫
b) I = cos (3 − 2 x )dx =
−2
+c
− ln(cos(2 x + 1)) cot (2 x )
∫
c) I = tan(2 x + 1) + csc 2 (2 x )dx =
2
−
2
+c
sec (2 x )
∫
d) I = sec (2 x ) tan(2 x )dx =
2
+c
− csc (4 x )
∫
e) I = csc (4 x ) cot (4 x ) dx =
4
+c
e 3 x +1 32x
f) I =
∫ (e 3 x +1
)
+ 3 2 x dx =
3
+
(2 ) ln(3 )
+c
Example 3
Evaluate the following integrals;
∫ sin ( x )dx ∫ (1 + cos(x )) dx
2
a) 2
b)
(1 + sin( x )) dx
2
∫
c) tan ( x )dx 2
d)
∫ cos(x )
∫
e) sin( x ) cos ( x )dx
∫
f) sin (3 x )cos ( x )dx
Solution
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7
1 1 x 1
∫
a) I = sin 2 ( x )dx =
∫ − cos (2 x ) = − sin (2 x ) + c
2 2 2 4
∫ ∫
b) I = (1 + cos ( x ))2 dx = 1 + 2 cos ( x ) + cos 2 ( x )dx
3 1 3x 1
∴I =
∫ 2
+ 2 cos( x ) + cos(2 x )dx =
2 2
+ 2 sin( x ) + sin(2 x ) + c
4
∫
c) I = tan 2 ( x )dx =
∫ (sec (x ) − 1)dx = tan(x ) − x + c
2
(1 + sin( x ))2 dx = 1 + 2 sin( x ) + sin 2 ( x )
d) I =
∫ cos( x ) ∫ cos( x )
dx
sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − cos 2 ( x ) دة دام ا# و
2 + 2 sin( x ) − cos 2 ( x )
∴I =
∫ cos ( x )
dx =
∫ 2 sec(x ) + 2 tan(x ) − cos(x )dx
= 2 ln sec ( x ) + tan( x ) − 2 ln cos ( x ) − sin( x ) + c
1 −1
∫
e) I = sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx =
2 ∫ sin (2 x )dx =
4
cos (2 x ) + c
1
∫
f) I = sin(3 x )cos( x )dx =
2 ∫ sin(2 x ) + sin(4 x )
− 1 1 1
∴I = cos (2 x ) + cos(4 x ) + c
2 2 4
8
Example 4
Evaluate the following integrals;
2x + 3 x2
a)
∫ x +1
dx b)
∫ x + 1 dx
2
1 1
c)
∫ x 4 x − 1 dx 2
d)
∫ x − 4 x + 5 dx
2
1 1
e)
∫ 5 − x − 4 x dx 2
f)
∫ 4 x − x dx 2
Solution
ولL رة اAw 3QT نA ;تe 5C 3 ج إ C ;ت ه اF[ ھ
2x + 3
a) I =
∫ x +1
dx ا طو # دام ا#
1
∴I =
∫ 2+
x +1
dx = 2 x + ln( x + 1) + c
x2
b) I =
∫x 2
+1
dx ا طو # دام ا#
1
∴I =
∫ 1− 2
x +1
dx = x − tan −1 ( x ) + c
1
c) I =
∫x 4x 2 − 1
dx رFL اz C 5 {Spk
1 1 1 1 x
∴I =
2 ∫x x2 −
1
dx =
2 (1 / 2 )
sec −1 + c = sec −1 (2 x ) + c
(1 / 2 )
4
9
1
d) I =
∫x 2
− 4x + 5
dx ZP ا[ ل 5 ج k Bھ
1
∴I =
∫ ( x − 2) 2
+1
dx = tan −1 ( x − 2 ) + c
1 1 x + 2
e) I =
∫ 5 − x2 − 4x
dx =
∫ 9 − (x + 2)
2
dx = sin −1
3
+c
1 1 1 x −2
f) I =
∫ 4x − x 2
dx =
∫ 4 − (x − 2) 2
dx =
2
tanh −1
2
+c
10
SHEET 1
Evaluate the following integrals;
a)
∫ sinh(x ) + tan(x ) + 5 x dx
∫ x + 4 + sec (x ) dx
1 2
b) 2
c)
∫ csc(x ) + cosh(x ) + 3 dx x
d)
∫ sinh(3 x + 5) + cosh(5 − x ) dx
e)
∫ e − 3 + 3 x + 1 dx
7 −2 x 4x
f)
∫ sec (5 − 3 x ) + csc (5 x ) dx
2 2
g)
∫ cos(3 x )cos(x ) dx
∫ (sin(x ) + cos(x ) ) dx
2
h)
4
3
i)
∫ x x + 2 dx
4
10 x + 5 x + 1
2
j)
∫ x + 1 dx
(1 + x ) 2 2
k)
∫ x dx
∫
l) cot (2 x ) dx
2
(1 + tan( x )) 2
m)
∫ tan(x ) dx
∫ x + 4 x + 4 dx
1
n) 2
∫ 8 x − x dx
1
o)
2
