Analysis of Control Volumes
A water heater, a car radiator, a turbine, and a
compressor are examples of control volumes.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 1
Conservation of Mass Principle
Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it
cannot be created or destroyed.
total mass total mass net change in
enetering − leaving = mass within
CV CV CV
∑m − ∑m {
i inlet,
i e = ∆mCV where e exit,
CV Control Volume.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 2
1
Mass & Volume Flow Rates
Mass flow rate:
mD = ∫ ρυ n dA = ρυ av A
A
Volume flow rate:
VD = ∫ Vn dA = Vav A
A
VD
mD = ρVD =
υ
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 3
Conservation of Energy Principle
total energy total energy total energy net change
crossing bounday + of mass − of mass = in energy
as heat and work entering CV leaving CV of CV
Q − W + ∑ E in ,mass − ∑ Eout ,mass = ∆E CV
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 4
2
Flow Work
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 5
Flow Work
Force applied on the fluid element:
F = PA
Work done on the fluid element:
W flow = FL = PAL = PV
Flow work per unit mass:
w flow = Pυ
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 6
3
Total Energy
υ2 υ2
e = u + ke + pe = u + + gz θ = h + ke + pe = h + + gz
2 2
By using the enthalpy, one does not need to
be concerned about the flow work
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 7
Steady-State Flow Process
1) No properties (intensive or
extensive) within the control
volume change with time.
2) No properties change at the
boundaries of the control
volume with time.
3) The heat and work
interactions between the
system and its surroundings
do not change with time.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 8
4
Conservation of Mass
total mass entering total mass leaving
=
CV per unit time CV per unit time
∑m> = ∑m>
i e (kg/s
For single stream devices:
m> 1 = m> 2 (kg/s)
ρ1υ1 A1 = ρ 2υ 2 A2
1 1
V1 A1 = V2 A2
υ1 υ2
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 9
Conservation of Energy
total energy crossing total energy transported total energy transported
boundary as heat and = out of CV with mass − into CV with mass
work per unit time per unit time per unit time
QD − WD = ∑ mD eθ e − ∑ mD iθ i
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 10
5
Conservation of Energy
For single stream devices:
For negligible change in the fluid kinetic and potential energy:
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 11
Steady Flow Engineering Devices
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 12
6
Nozzles & Diffusers
Q ≈ 0
W ≈ 0
∆ke ≠ 0
∆pe ≈ 0
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 13
Example
Determine
(a) the mass flow
rate of the air and
(b) the temperature
of the air leaving the
diffuser.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 14
7
Turbines & Compressors
QD ≈ 0
WD ≠ 0
∆ke ≈ 0
∆pe ≈ 0
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 15
Example
Assuming the changes in
kinetic and potential energies
are negligible, determine the
necessary power input to the
compressor.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 16
8
Example
1. Compare ∆h, ∆ke, and ∆pe
2. Determine the work done
per unit mass of hot gases
3. Calculate the mass flow
rate of the steam
Gases can be treated as air
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 17
Throttling Valves
QD ≈ 0
WD ≈ 0
∆ke ≈ 0
∆pe ≈ 0
h2 ≈ h1
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 18
9
Mixing Chambers
QD ≈ 0
WD = 0
∆ke ≈ 0
∆pe ≈ 0
h2 ≈ h1
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 19
Heat Exchangers
W =0 ∆ke ≈0 ∆pe ≈ 0
Heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may
be zero or nonzero depending on how the system is
selected.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 20
10
Example
Neglecting any pressure
drops, determine:
1. Mass flow rate of the
cooling water required, and
2. Heat transfer rate from the
engine oil to water.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 21
Pipe & Duct Flow
QD ≠ 0
WD ≠0
∆ke ≈ 0
∆pe ≠ 0
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 22
11
Example
If heat is lost from the air in
the duct to the surroundings
at a rate of 200 W, determine
the exit temperature of air.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 4 23
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