Gged 101

Bjllnmn jf Wncbenr Ngubctkjh- ^hgnrmrcguctn Yrjmrc`
@jguln kh NG 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht

Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns
Gr. Lnjhjrc @. Qjgrkmunz
Fcbulty, BWN
Actchmcs Rtctn ^hkvnrskty
]ect teks `jguln ks cajut:

Weks `jguln ks khtnhgng fjr ten bjursn, NG 393- Wen Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg
Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns wekbe fjbusns jh beklg chg cgjlnsbnht lncrhnrs gnvnljp`nht wkte n`pecsks
jh burrnht rnsncrbe chg tenjry jh akjljmkbcl, lkhmukstkb, bjmhktkvn, sjbkcl, chg n`jtkjhcl
gk`nhskjhs jf gnvnljp`nht. Furtenr, teks khblugns fcbtjrs tect cffnbt ten prjmrnss jf
gnvnljp`nht jf ten lncrhnrs chg secll khblugn cpprjprkctn pngcmjmkbcl prkhbkplns cpplkbcaln fjr
ncbe gnvnljp`nhtcl lnvnl. Wen `jguln wkll enlp jhn gnvnljp kgnhtkty cs c futurn tncbenr chg
uhgnrstchg ten rjln jf ten stugnhts‛ kgnhtktkns kh ten blcssrjj`.
Kh teks `jguln, yju wkll lncrh ejw tenjrkns chg prkhbkplns jf gnvnljp`nht, lncrhkhm chg
`jtkvctkjh wnrn mkvnh k`pjrtchbn cs teny rnlctn tj ten ngubctkjhcl prjbnss. [ju wkll stugy
tensn tnh lnssjhs, hc`nly?
Lnssjh 3 - Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht? @nchkhm, Bjhbnpts, chg Cpprjcbens
Lnssjh 1 - Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nhtcl Wcsds
Lnssjh 2 - Kssuns jh Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht
Lnssjh 7 - Qnsncrbe kh Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Gnvnljp`nht

Gnvnljp`nht
Lnssjh > - Frnug‛s Ysybejchclytkb Wenjry
Lnssjh 6 - Ykcmnt‛s Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht
Lnssjh = - Nrkdsjh‛s Ysybej-Rjbkcl Wenjry jf Gnvnljp`nht
Ln
Lnss
ssjh
jh 5 - Djel
Djela
anr
nrm‛
m‛ss Rtc
tcm
mns jf @jrc
@jrcll Gnvnl
nvnljp
jp`
`nht
Lnssjh ; - Vymjtsdy‛s Rjbkj- Bulturcl Wenjry
Lnssjh 39 - Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s Nbjljmkbcl Wenjry
Lnssjh 33 - Gnvnljp`nht jf ten Lncrhnrs ct Vcrkjus Rcmns
Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nht Wcsds
]ect crn ten j

jaonbtkvns
aonbtkvns jf teks lnssjh:
Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

l nssjh, yju crn nxpnbtng tj an caln tj?
• gnfkhn gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds kh yjur jwh wjrgs 4

• kgnhtkfy gnvnljp`nhtcl stcmns jf lncrhnrs kh gkffnrnht burrkbulu` lnvnls4
• gnsbrkan ten gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds kh ncbe stcmn4 chg
• stctn fjr yjursnlf ejw tensn gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds cffnbt yjur rjln cs c fcbklktctjr jf
lncrhkhm.
Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

C gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsd ks c tcsd tect crksns ct jr cajut c bnrtckh pnrkjg kh lkfn, uhsubbnssful
cbeknvn`nht jf wekbe lncgs tj khcaklkty tj pnrfjr` tcsds cssjbkctng wkte ten hnxt pnrkjg jr
stcmn kh lkfn.
Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds

Yrnhctcl pnrkjg
(frj` bjhbnptkjh tj akrte)
- kt khvjlvns trn`nhgjus mrjwte frj` c skhmln
bnll tj ch jrmchks` bj`plntn wkte arckh chg
anecvkjrcl bcpcaklktkns.
Khfchby
(frj` akrte tj 35 ‒ 17 `jhtes) - c tk`n nxtrn`n gnpnhgnhbn jh cgults. @chy psybejljmkbcl
cbtkvktkns crn oust tj anmkhhkhm ‒ Lchmucmn, syàjlkb tejumet, snhsjrk`jtjr bjjrgkhctkjh
bcpcaklktkns.
Ncrly beklgejjg
(nhg jf khfchby tj >-6 yncrs (mrcgn 3) -tensn crn ten prnsbejjl yncrs. [juhm beklgrnh lncrh tj
anbj`n `jrn snlf suffkbknht chg tj bcrn fjr ten`snlvns, gnvnljp sbejjl rncgkhnss sdklls chg
spnhg `chy ejurs kh plcy wkte pnnrs.

Bjhbnpt jf gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds

Kh ncbe stcmn jf gnvnljp`nht c bnrtckh tcsd jr tcsds crn nxpnbtng jf nvnry ncbe khgkvkgucl.
Qjanrt Ecvkmeurst gnfkhns gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsd cs jhn tect “crksns ct c bnrtckh pnrkjg kh jur lkfn,
ten subbnssful cbeknvn`nht jf wekbe lncgs tj ecppkhnss chg subbnss wkte lctnr tcsds wekln
fcklurn lncgs tj uhecppkhnss, sjbkcl gkscpprjvcl, chg gkffkbulty wkte lctnr tcsds.‐ (Ecvkmeurst,
3;=1)
Wen gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds (Rchtrjbd, 1991)
(6-33 yncrs jf cmn, ten nln`nhtcry sbejjl yncrs) ‒ Wen fuhgc`nhtcl sdklls jf rncgkhm, wrktkhm
chg crkte`ntkb crn `cstnrng.
 Yrnhctcl pnrkjg
 Khfchby
 Ncrly beklgejjg
 @kggln chg lctn beklgejjg
 Cgjlnsbnhbn
 Ncrly cgultejjg
 @kggln cgultejjg
 Lctn cgultejjg
Ncrly cgultejjg
(frj` lctn tnnhs jr ncrly 19‛s lcstkhm terjume ten 29‛s) ‒ Kt ks c tk`n jf nstcalksekhm pnrsjhcl chg
nbjhj`kb khgnpnhgnhbn, bcrnnr gnvnljp`nht, snlnbtkhm c `ctn, lncrhkhm tj lkvn wkte sj`njhn
kh ch khtk`ctn wcy, stcrtkhm c fc`kly chg rncrkhm beklgrnh.
Lctn cgultejjg
(69‛s chg cajvn) Kt ks c tk`n fjr cgoust`nht tj gnbrncskhm strnhmte chg enclte, lkfn rnvknw,
rntkrn`nht, chg cgoust`nht tj hnw sjbkcl rulns.
Cgjlnsbnhbn
@kggln cgultejjg
‒ (39 ‒ 31 yncrs jf cmn nhgkhm up

up tj 35 ‒ 11 yncrs jf cmn) Anm
Anmkhs
khs wkte rcpkg peyskbcl
peyskbcl bechmns.
@kggln chg lctn beklgejjg

(79 tj 69 yncrs jf cmn ) ‒ kt ks c tk`n jf nxpchgkhm pnrsjhcl chg sjbkcl khvjlvn`nht chg
rnspjhskaklkty4 jf csskstkhm ten hnxt mnhnrctkjh kh anbj`khm c bj`pntnht chg `cturn
khgkvkgucls.
Hjtn? Ylncsn snn ten cttcbeng pjwnr pjkht prnsnhtctkjh fjr cggktkjhcl lnbturn.
Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Cpplkbctkjh Hj. 1
Kssuns jh Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht
]ect ks tten
en jaonbtkvn jf teks lnssjh:

• tcdn ch khfjr`ng stchg/pjsktkjh jh ten ternn kssuns jh gnvnljp`nht.
Wenrn crn ternn tenjrntkbcl kssuns kh eu`ch gnvnljp`nht4

gnvnljp`nht4 hcturn vnrsus hurturn,
bjhtkhukty vnrsus stcmns chg stcaklkty vnrsus bechmn.
Wen fkrst kssun ks hcturn vnrsus hurturn.

hurturn. Weks bjhtrjvnrsy mjns acbd tj ten chbknht Mrnnds. Ncrly
pekljsjpenrs anlknvng tect ct akrte jur `khgs crn c 'alchd stctn' chg tect jhn's nhvkrjh`nht
gntnr`khns ten `nsscmns tect wkll an wrkttnh jh ten slctn. Hcturksts anlknvn tect eu`ch
anecvkjr chg gnvnljp`nht crn mjvnrhng ay cutj`ctkb, mnhntkbclly prngntnr`khng skmhcls kh
`cturctkjh. Wenrn ks c fcvjrcaln pnrkjg cftnr akrte bcllng c brktkbcl pnrkjg wenh ten jrmchks`'s
nxpjsurn tj stkùlk jr nxpnrknhbns prjgubn prjpnr gnvnljp`nht. Hurturksts crmun tect
gnvnljp`nht jbburs ay lncrhkhm terjume jasnrvctkjh chg nxpnrknhbn. Fjr nxc`pln, c beklg
wjulg lncrh anecvkjrs ay wctbekhm eks jr enr pcrnhts jr jtenr bljsn fc`kly `nànrs.
Wen snbjhg kssun ks bjhtkhukty vnrsus gksbjhtkhukty.
gksbjhtkhukty. Bjhtkhukty prjpjsns tect gnvnljp`nht ks
bjhtkhujus, wkte hnw caklktkns, sdklls chg dhjwlngmn mrcguclly cggng ct c rnlctkvnly uhkfjr`
rctn. Kt clsj summnsts tect cgult tekhdkhm chg khtnllkmnhbn gkffnr frj` c beklg's. Fjr nxc`pln,
cgults ecvn `jrn vnracl sdklls tech beklgrnh. Rtcmn tenjrksts summnst tect gnvnljp`nht jbburs ct
gkffnrnht rctns tect vcry frj` lkttln bechmn tj rcpkg, carupt bechmn. Rtcmn tenjrkns khblugn?
Ykcmnt's tenjry jf bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht, Nrkdsjh's psybejsjbkcl tenjry jf gnvnljp`nht, chg
Djelanrm's tenjry jf `jrcl gnvnljp`nht.
Wen tekrg chg fkhcl kssun ks stcaklkty vnrsus bechmn.
bec hmn. Rtcaklkty prjpjsns tect khgkvkgucls `ckhtckh
tenkr pnrsjhcl becrcbtnrkstkbs frj` beklgejjg tj cgultejjg. Weny n`pecskzn tect jhn bch tnll
wect dkhg jf becrcbtnr ch khgkvkgucl wkll ecvn ay ten becrcbtnrkstkbs teny gksplcy gurkhm
beklgejjg. Ysybejljmksts wej n`pecskzn bechmn gkscmrnn nhtkrnly. Weny anlknvn tect c beklg's
pnrsjhclkty chg becrcbtnrkstkbs ancr lkttln rnsnàlchbn tj ten becrcbtnrkstkbs prnsnht kh
cgultejjg.

]ect crn ten jaonbtkvns jf teks lnssjh:

• nxplckh Frnug‛s vknws cajut beklg chg cgjlnsbnht gnvnljp`nht 4 chg

• grcw k`plkbctkjhs jf Frnug‛s tenjry tj ngubctkjh.
Rkmùhg Frnug
(35>6-3;2;)
 En ks c pjpulcr psybejljmkst wejsn tenjry jf eu`ch gnvnljp`nht.
 Frnug's tenjry rn`ckhs tj an jhn jf ten khflunhtkcl kh psybejljmy. Weks tenjry spcrdng ten
kgncs kh ten arkllkcht `khgs jf jtenr tenjrksts chg teus anbc`n ten stcrtkhm pjkht jf `chy
jtenr tenjrkns, hjtcaln jf wekbe ks Nrkbdsjh's Ysybejsjbkcl tenjry.
 Cbbjrgkhm tj Frnug, c pnrsjh mjns terjume ten snqunhbn jf tensn fkvn stcmns chg cljhm wcy
enrn crn hnngs tj an `nt. ]entenr tensn hnngs crn `nt jr hjt, gntnr`khns wentenr ten
pnrsjh wkll gnvnljp c encltey pnrsjhclkty jr hjt.
 Wen tenjry ks quktn khtnrnstkhm fjr `chy anbcusn Frnug kgnhtkfkng nrjmnhjus zjhns fjr ncbe
stcmn jf gnvnljp`nht. Wensn crn spnbkfkb “plncsurn crncs‐ tec tectt anbj`n fjbcl pjkhts fjr ten
pcrtkbulcr stcmn.
 Kf hnngs crn hjt `nt cljhm ten crnc, c fkxctkjh jbburs. Cs ch cgult. Wen pnrsjh wkll hjw
`chkfnst anecvkjurs rnlctng tj teks nrjmnhjus zjhn.
• Eu`ch ankhms, frj` akrte, pjssnss ch khstkhbtucl lkakgj (snxucl nhnrmy) tect gnvnljps kh fkvn
stcmns4
 Jrcl
 Chcl
 Yecllkb
 Lctnht
 Mnhktcl
Ncbe stcmn ks becrcbtnrkzng ay ten nrjmnhjus zjhn tect ks ten sjurbn jf ten lkakgkhcl
grkvn.

YNQRJHCLKW[ RWQ^BW^QN
KG Weks ks dhjwh cs ten akjljmkbcl grkvns wkte wekbe ten khfcht ks ajrh. Kt ks
sckg tj an ten ncrlknst chg `jst prk`ktkvn pnrsjhclkty strubturn chg
rnfnrs tj ten uhbjhsbkjus chg usuclly jpnrctns wkte ten mjcl jf
snndkhm plncsurn.
NMJ Weks strubturn ks ten rctkjhcl, ljmkbcl, prjaln`-sjlvkhm bj`pjhnht jf

ten pnrsjhclkty.
R^YNQNMJ Weks ks ten anlknfs

cttrkautns, strubturn
chgacsng jh ten beklg‛s khtnrhclkzctkjh jf ten cgults
stchgcrgs.
Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Ykcmnt‛s Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht
]ect crn ten jaonbtkvns jf teks lnssjh:

• gnsbrkan Ykcmnt‛s stcmns kh yjur jwh wjrgs 4 chg

• `ctbe lncrhkhm cbtkvktkns tj ten lncrhnrs‛ bjmhktkvn stcmn.

ONCH YKCMNW
• C Rwkss psybejljmkst chg mnhntkb npkstn`jljmkst
• Fkrst psybejljmkst tj `cdn c systn`ctkb stugy jf beklgrnh‛s bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht
• Khtnrnst? Akjljmy + Yekljsjpey 0 mnhntkb npkstn`jljmy
• En wcs 39 yncrs jlg wenh en pualkseng eks FKQRW CQWKBLN cajut Clakhj Rpcrrjw
• 13 yncrs jlg wenh en mjt eks YeG.
Wen Cgcptctkjh Yrjbnssns
CRRK@KLCWKJH-- ch cgcptctkjh prjbnss wekbe usns ch nxkstkhm sben`c tj gncl wkte c hnw jaonbt
CRRK@KLCWKJH
jr sktuctkjh.
CBBJ@@JGCWKJH-- ecppnhs wenh nxkstkhm sben`c (dhjwlngmn) gjns hjt wjrd chg hnngs tj
CBBJ@@JGCWKJH
an bechmng tj gncl wkte c hnw jaonbt sktuctkjh.
NS^KLKAQCWKJH-- c fjrbn wekbe grkvns lncrhkhm prjbnss ay `cstnrkhm ten hnw becllnhmn
NS^KLKAQCWKJH
(cbbj``jgctkjh).
Fjur Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht

Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Cpplkbctkjh Hj. 6
C. Qncg ten sktuctkjhs anljw tenh chswnr ten qunstkjhs.
3. Kt‛s Berkst`c
Berkst`css chg ^hbln Aja ks mkvkhm
mkvkhm “cmukhclgj‐
“cmukhclgj‐ tj ten beklgrnh
beklgrnh.. Wernn yncr-jlg
yncr-jlg Dcrnh
gkg hjt wcht tj tj rnbnkvn ten jhn euhgrng pnsj akll chg khstncg
khstncg prnfnrrng tj rnbnkvn fjur
19 pnsj aklls. Enr tnh yncr-jlg bjuskhs wnrn tnllkhm enr kts anttnr tj mnt ten jhn euhgrng
akll, aut teny fcklng bjhvkhbn enr.
]ey gj yju tekhd gkg Dcrnh prnfnr ten 19-pnsj aklls: ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.
1. Rkalkhms,
Rkalkhms, Wrkc,
Wrkc, 394 Nhzj, 54 chg
chg Qknl, 7 wnrn sjrtkhm
sjrtkhm jut tenkr
tenkr stuff chk`cls
chk`cls.. Weny ecg =
ancrs, 2 gjms, 1 bjws chg 3 gjlpekh. @j``y, c psybejljmy tncbenr, nhtnrs chg scys, “
Mjjg tekhm yju‛rn sjrtkhm tejsn. Gj yju ecvn `jrn stuffng chk`cls jr `jrn ancrs:‐ Wrkc
chg Nhzj scys, “stuffng chk`cls.‐ Qknl scys “Ancrs.‐
]ey gj yju tekhd Qknl chswnrng “Ancrs:‐ ]ect gjns teks scy cajut ejw sen tejumet tj
chswnr ten qunstkjh: ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Nrkdsjh‛s Ysybej-Rjbkcl Wenjry jf Gnvnljp`nht
]ect crn ten j

jaonbtkvns

• nxplckh ten 5 stcmns jf lkfn tj sj`njhn yju bcrn cajut 4 chg

• summnst ct lncst 6 wcys jh ejw Nrkdsjh‛s tenjry bch an usnful fjr yju cs c futurn
tncbenr.
 Nrkdsjh‛s “psybejsjbkcl‐ tnr` ks gnrkvng frj` ten twj sjurbn wjrgs hc`nly psybejljmkbcl
(jr ten rjjt, ―psybej‛ rnlctkhm tj ten `khg, arckh, pnrsjhclkty, ntb) chg sjbkcl (nxtnrhcl
rnlctkjhsekps chg nhvkrjh`nht), ajte ct ten encrt jf Nrkdsjh's tenjry. Jbbcskjhclly, yju'll
snn ten tnr` nxtnhg tj akjpsybejsjbkcl, kh wekbe “akj‐ rnfnrs tj ten lkfn, cs kh akjljmkbcl.
 Nrkdsjh's tenjry wcs lcrmnly khflunhbng ay Rkmùhg Frnug. Aut Nrkdsjh nxtnhgng ten tenjry
chg khbjrpjrctng bulturcl chg sjbkcsjbkcll cspnbt khtrj Frnug's akjljmkbcl chg snxuclly jrknhtng
jrknhtng
tenjry
 Kts clsj khtnrnstkhm tj snn ejw eks kgncs gnvnljpng jvnr tk`n, pnrecps ckgng ay eks jwh
ojurhny terjume ten
ten ―psybejsjbkcl brksks‛ stcmns
stcmns `jgnl tect uhgnrpkhhng
uhgnrpkhhng eks wjrd
 Lkdn jtenr khflunhtkcl tenjrkns, Nrkdsjh‛s `jgnl
`jgnl ks sk`pln chg wnll gnskmhctng . Wen tenjry ks
c acsks fjr arjcg bj`plnx
bj`plnx gksbusskjh chg chclysks jf pnrsjhclkty chg anecvkjr , chg clsj clsj fjr
uhgnrstchgkhm chg fcbklktctkhm pnrsjhcl gnvnljp`nht- jf snlf chg jtenrs.
 Kt bch enlp ten tncbenr kh anbj`khm `jrn dhjwlngmncaln ct ten sc`n tk`n uhgnrstchgkhm jf
ten vcrkjus nhvkrjh`nhtcl fcbtjrs tect cffnbt eks jwh chg eks stugnhts‛ pnrsjhclkty chg
anecvkjr
 Ncbe stcmns khvjlvns psybejsjbkcl brksks jf twj twj jppjskhm n`jtkjhcl fjrbns ks bjhtrcry
gkspjsktkjhs . Ncbe brksks stcmn rnlctns tj c bjrrnspjhgkhm lkfn stcmn chg kts khenrnht
becllnhmns.
 Nrkdsjh usng ten wjrgs ―syhtjhkb‛ fjr ten fkrst lkstng pjsktkvn gkspjsktkjh kh ncbe brksks (n.m.
Wrust) chg ―gystjhkb‛ fjr ten snbjhg lkstng hnmctkvn gkspjsktkjh
gkspjsktkjh (n.m. @kstrust).
 Kf ten stcmn ks `chcmn wnll, wn bcrry cwcy c bnrtckh vkrtun jr psybejsjbkcl strnhmte wekbe
enlp us terjume ten rnst jf ten stcmns jf jur lkvns. Rubbnssfully pcsskhm terjume ncbe brksks
khvjlvns ―‛cbeknvkhm‐ c encltey rctkj jr aclchbn
aclchbn antwnnh twj
twj jppjskhm gkspjsktkjhs
gkspjsktkjhs tect
rnprnsnht brksks.

 Jh ten jtenr echg kf gjh‛t gj sj wnll, wn `cy gnvnljp `clcgcptctkjhs chg `clkmhchbkns, cs
wnll cs nhgchmnr cll futurn gnvnljp`nht.
 C `clkmhchby ks ten
ten wjrsn jf ten twj.
twj. Kt khvjlvns tjj lkttln jf pjsktkvn chg tj ùbe
ùbe jf ten
hnmctkvn cspnbt jf ten tcsd, sube cs c pnrsjh wej bcht trust jtenrs.
 C `clcgcptctkjh ks hjt quktn cscs acg chg
chg khvjlvns tjj ùbe
ùbe jf ten pjsktkvn chg
chg tjj lkttln jf
ten hnmctkvn sube cs c pnrsjh wej trusts tjj ùbe.
ùbe.
Nrkdsjh n`pecskzng
n`pecskzng ten skmhkfkbchbn jfjf ―ùtuclkty ― c
chg
hg mnhnrctkvkty kh teks tenjry. Wen
Wen
tnr` ks lkhdng. @utuclkty
@utuclkty rnflnbts ten nffnbt jf mnhnrctkjh
mnhnrctkjh jh ncbe jtenr , nspnbkclly c`jhm
fc`klkns, chg pcrtkbulcrly antwnnh pcrnhts chg beklgrnh chg mrchg beklgrnh. Nvnryjhn
pjtnhtkclly cffnbts nvnryjhn nlsn‛s nxpnrknhbn cs teny pcss
pcss terjume ten gkffnrnht brksks stcmns .
Mnhnrctkvkty, cbtuclly c hc`ng gkspjsktkjh
gkspjsktkjh wktekh jf ten stcmns
stcmns ( Mnhnrctkvkty vs. stcmh
stcmhctkjh,
ctkjh,
stcmn snvnh), rnflnbts ten skmhkfkbcht rnlctkjhsekp antwnnh cgults chg ten anst khtnrnst jf
beklgrnh ‒ jhn‛s mrjwte beklgrnh, chg kh c wcy nvnryjhn nlsn‛s beklgrnh ‒ ten hnxt mnhnrctkjh,
chg cll fjlljwkhm mnhnrctkjhs.
WEN YR[BEJRJBKCL RWCMNR JF GNVNLJY@NHW

LNRRJH 5
Djelanrm‛s Rtcmns jf @jrcl Gnvnljp`nht
]ect crn ten j

jaonbtkvns

• nxplckh ten stcmns jf `jrcl gnvnljp`nht 4

• chclysn c pnrsjh‛s lnvnl jf `jrcl rncsjhkhm acsng jh eks rnspjhsn tj `jrcl gkln``cs4
chg
• bktn ejw ten tenjry jf `jrcl gnvnljp`nht bch an cpplkng tj yjur wjrd cs tncbenr lctnr
jh.
Lcwrnhbn Djelanrm
(Jbtjanr 1>, 3;1= ‒ Ochucry 3;, 3;5=)
• En wcs c Onwkse C`nrkbch psybejljmkst ajrh kh Arjhxvklln, Hnw [jrd, wej snrvng cs c
prjfnssjr ct ten ^hkvnrskty jf Bekbcmj, cs wnll cs Ecrvcrg ^hkvnrskty.
• Ecvkhm spnbkclkzng kh rnsncrbe jh `jrcl ngubctkjh chg rncsjhkhm, en ks anst dhjwh fjr
eks tenjry jf stcmns jf `jrcl gnvnljp`nht.
• C bljsn fjlljwnr jf Onch Ykcmnt‛s tenjry jf bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht, Djelanrm's wjrd

rnflnbtng chg nxtnhgng eks prngnbnssjr's kgncs, ct ten sc`n tk`n brnctkhm c hnw fknlg
wktekh psybejljmy? "`jrcl gnvnljp`nht".
• Djelanrm wcs jhn jf ten `jst n`khnht psybejljmksts jf ten 19te bnhtury.

Djelanrm‛s @jrcl Gnvnljp`nht Wenjry

Lnvnl Rtcmn Gnsbrkptkjh
Lnvnl Rtcmn Gnsbrkptkjh

Yjst-bjhvnhtkjhcl, > Rjbkcl-Bjhtrcbt, Lnmclkstkb. Wenrn ks c
Cutjhj`jus, jr Yrkhbkplng. blncr cwcrnhnss jf ten rnlctkvks` jf
@jrcl rncsjhkhm ksWeks
Yrnbjhvnhtkjhcl. acsng jh
ks ten 3 pnrsjhcl
Yuhkse`nht vcluns
chgchg jpkhkjhs chg
Jangknhbn. Jhn cks
nhgurkhm
lnvnl jr
wenrn `jrcl bjhskstnht
rncsjhkhm bjrrnspjhgkhm
`jtkvctng ay fncr jf n`pecsks
puhkse`nht.upjh Weus,
bjhbnpt
ks jf
acsng `jrcl vcluns
jh chg
ten prjbngurcl rulns fjr
en wkll cbt tj cvjkg puhkse`nht rncbekhm
jr fjr
prkhbkplns chg hjt
bjhsnqunhbn/rnsult jf ten cbt oust bjhsnhsus.
ten scdn jf fjlljwkhm ch cutejrkty.
fjlljwkhmchg
(rnwcrg tenpuhkse`nht)
lcw. @jrcl jr 6
1 ^hkvnrscl-ntekbcl Yrkhbkpln.
Khstru`nhtcl-Qnlctkvkst. C Wen `jrclks
pnrsjh
ten peyskbcl bjhsnqunhbnscrn
vcluns chg prkhbkplns jf vcluns chg prkhbkplns crn gnfkhng
`jtkvctng tj cbt ay ten anhnfkt tect jhn
blncrly gnfkhng jh teks
ten cbtkjh, hjt jh wentenrlnvnl. terjume
`cy jatckhten bjhsbknhbn
lctnr jr tenay snlf-bejsnh
bjhbnpt jf
ten cbt ktsnlf ks mjjg jr acg. ntekbcl prkhbkplns.
ùtucl anhnfkt Weks clsj rnfnrs tj
ten uhkvnrscl prkhbkplns jf oustkbn,
Bjhvnhtkjhcl. @jrcl 2 Khtnrpnrsjhcl
nquclkty, rnspnbtBjhbjrgchbn.
fjr ten gkmhkty Jhn jfks
rncsjhkhm ks acsng jh ten `jjtkvctng
eu`ch ankhms. ay wect jtenrs nxpnbt kh
bjhvnhtkjhs jr hjr`s jf anecvkjr. Wen pnrsjh usuclly cbts
sjbknty4 tensn `cy khblugn anbcusn en vcluns ejw en wkll cppncr
cpprjvcl jf jtenrs, lcw, chg tj jtenrs4 en mkvns k`pjrtchbn tj wect
jrgnr, chg nxpnbtctkjhs frj` pnjpln wkll tekhd jr scy cajut ek`.
c pnrsjh‛s fc`kly, mrjup, jr Lcw chg Jrgnr Jrknhtctkjh. Jhn ks
hctkjh crn pnrbnkvng cs 7 `jtkvctng tj cbt tj upejlg lcw chg
vclucaln. Wen cttktugn ks hjt jrgnr. Kt rnfnrs tj gjkhm jhn‛s guty,
jhly jhn jf bjhfjr`kty tj sejwkhm rnspnbt tj cutejrkty, chg
pnrsjhcl nxpnbtctkjhs chg `ckhtckhkhm ten mkvnh sjbkcl jrgnr fjr
sjbkcl jrgnr, aut jf ljyclty, jf kt‛s jwh scdn.
cbtkvnly `ckhtckhkhm,
suppjrtkhm, chg oustkfykhm ten
jrgnr, chg jf kgnhtkfykhm wkte
ten pnrsjhs jr mrjup khvjlvng
kh kt.
Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Vymjtsdy‛s Rjbkj- Bulturcl Wenjry
]ect crn ten j

jaonbtkvns

• nxplckh wey Vymjtsdy‛s tenjry ks bcllng “Rjbkj-bulturcl‐ tenjry 4

• gkffnrnhtkctn Ykcmnt chg Vymjtsdy‛s vknws jh bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht4 chg
• nxplckh ejw sbcffjlgkhm ks usnful kh tncbekhm c sdkll.
 ]enh Vymjtsdy wcs c yjuhm ajy en wcs ngubctng uhgnr c tncbenr wej usng ten Rjbrctkb
@ntejg. Weks `ntejg wcs c systn`ctkb qunstkjh chg chswnr cpprjcbe tect clljwng
Vymjtsdy tj nxc`khn burrnht tekhdkhm chg prcbtkbn ekmenr lnvnls jf uhgnrstchgkhm.
Weks nxpnrknhbn, tjmntenr wkte eks khtnrnst kh lktnrcturn chg eks wjrd cs c tncbenr, lng ek` tj
rnbjmhkzn sjbkcl khtnrcbtkjh chg lchmucmn cs twj bnhtrcl fcbtjrs kh bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht.
Eks tenjry anbc`n dhjwh cs ten Rjbkj-Bulturcl Wenjry jf gnvnljp`nht
 Kh Rjbkcl Khtnrcbtkjh Ykcmnt's tenjry wcs `jrn jh khgkvkgucl wekln Vymjtsdy ks `jrn sjbkcl.
Ykcmnt's wjrd ks fjbusng encvkly jh ejw khgkvkgucl's bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht wekln Vymjtsdy
mcvn `jrn wnkmet jh ten sjbkcl khtnrcbtkjhs tect bjhtrkautng tj ten bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht
jf khgkvkgucls.

Fjr ek`, ten Vymjtsdy

gnvnljp`nht. sjbkcl nhvkrjh`nht jr ten
n`pecskzng tect bj`ùhkty
nffnbtkvn lncrhkhmtcdns jh c
ecppnhs `cojr pcrtkbkpctkjh
terjume rjln kh jhn's
kh
sjbkcl cbtkvktkns tect pcrnhts, tncbenrs, pnnrs chg jtenr cgults kh ten lncrhnr's gnvnljp`nht
bjhtrkautn tj ten prjbnss.
 Vymjtsdy anlknvng kh ten brubkcl rjln tect bulturn plcyng jh ten bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht jf
beklgrnh. Ykcmnt anlknvng tect beklg gnvnljps cs en mjns terjume ten uhkvnrscl stcmns jf
bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht. ]ekln Vymjtsdy ljjdng khtj ten wkgn rcmn jf nxpnrknhbns tect c
bulturn wjulg mkvn c beklg.
 Lchmucmn jpnhs ten gjjr fjr lncrhnrs tj cbqukrn dhjwlngmn tect jtenrs clrncgy ecvn. Fjr
Vymjtsdy, "tcldkhm tj jhnsnlf" ks ch khgkbctkjh jf ten tekhdkhm tect mjns jh kh ten `khg jf ten
beklg. Weks wkll nvnhtuclly lncg tj prkvctn spnnbe. Yrkvctn Rpnnbe ks c fjr` jf snlf-tcld tect
mukgns ten beklg's tekhdkhm chg cbtkjh.
WEQNN RWCMNR JF RYNNBE GNVNLJY@NHW

_JHN JF YQJUK@CL GNVNLJY@NHW (_YG)
• Kts mjcl ks tj enlp ten beklg `jvn frj` ten lnvnl jf burrnht khgnpnhgnht pnrfjr`chbn (ten
bj`pntnhbn gn`jhstrctng tj gj c tcsd cljhn) tj ten lnvnl jf pjtnhtkcl pnrfjr`chbn (ten
bj`pntnhbn cbeknvng wkte ten mukgchbn jf jtenrs).
RBCFFJLGKHM

LNRRJH 39
Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s Nbjljmkbcl Wenjry

]ect crn ten j
jaonbtkvns

• gnsbrkan ncbe jf ten lcynrs jf Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s Akjnbjljmkbcl

Akjnbjljmkbcl @jgnl 4
• kgnhtkfy fcbtjrs kh jhn‛s jwh lkfn tect nxnrtng khflunhbn kh jhn‛s gnvnljp`nht4 chg
• usn ten akjnbjljmkbcl tenjry cs c frc`nwjrd tj gnsbrkan ten fcbtjrs tect cffnbt c beklg
chg cgjlnsbnht gnvnljp`nht.
 ^rkn Arjhfnharnhhnr wcs c Qusskch-ajrh C`nrkbch psybejljmkst wej ks `jst dhjwh

fjr eks nbjljmkbcl systn`s tenjry. Eks wjrd wkte ten ^hktng Rtctns mjvnrh`nht enlpng
kh ten fjr`ctkjh jf ten Encg stcrt prjmrc` kh 3;6>
 Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s clsj dhjwh cs ten Akjnbjljmkbcl systn`s tenjry prnsnhts beklg
gnvnljp`nht wktekh ten bjhtnxt jf rnlctkjhsekp systn` tect bj`prksn ten beklg‛s
nhvkrjh`nht.
 Kt gnsbrkans ùltkpcrt lcynrs jf ten nhvkrjh`nht tect ecs ch nffnbt jh ten
gnvnljp`nht jf ten beklg.

Ncbe lcynr ks furtenr `cgn up jf gkffnrnht strubturns.
 Wen tnr` “akjnbjljmkbcl‐ pjkhts jut tect c beklg‛s jwh akjljmkbcl `cdn-up k`pcbts cs
ten dny fcbtjr kh jhn‛s gnvnljp`nht.

 @kbrjsystn` ‒ ks ten lcynr hncrnst ten beklg. Kt bj`prksns strubturns sube wekbe ten
beklg gkrnbtly khtnrcbts wkte. Kt khblugns strubturns sube cs jhn‛s fc`kly, sbejjl, chg
hnkmeajrejjg.

@nsjsystn` ‒ teks lcynr prjvkgns ten bjhhnbtkjh antwnnh ten strubturns jf ten beklg‛s
`kbrjsystn`.

Nxc`plns? Wen bjhhnbtkjh antwnnh ten beklg‛s tncbenr chg eks pcrnhts, antwnnh eks
beurbe chg eks hnkmeajrejjg, ntb.
 Nxjsystn` ‒ teks lcynr gnfkhns ten lcrmnr sjbkcl systn` kh wekbe ten beklg gjns hjt
fuhbtkjh gkrnbtly.
gkrnbtly. Wen strubturns
strubturns kh teks
teks lcynr k`pcbt ten beklg‛s gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht ay
khtnrcbtkhm wkte sj`n strubturn kh enr `kbrjsystn`.
Nxc`plns? Ycrnht wjrdplcbn sbengulns jr bj`ùhkty-acsng fc`kly rnsjurbns crn
nxc`plns. Wen beklg `cy hjt an gkrnbtly
gkrnbtly khvjlvng ct teks lnvnl, aut en
en gjns fnnl ten
ten
pjsktkvn jr hnmctkvn fjrbn khvjlvng wkte ten khtnrcbtkjh wkte eks jwh systn`.
 @cbrjsystn` ‒ teks lcynr `cy an bjhskgnrng ten jutnr`jst lcynr kh ten beklg‛s
nhvkrjh`nht. ]ekln hjt ankhm c spnbkfkb frc`nwjrd,
frc`nwjrd, teks lcynr ks bj`p
bj`prksng
rksng jf bulturcl
vcluns, bustj`s, chg lcws.
Nxc`pln? kf kt ks ten anlknf jf ten bulturn tect pcrnhts
pcrnhts sejulg an sjlnly rnspjh
rnspjhskaln
skaln fjr
rckskhm tenkr beklgrnh, tect bulturn
bulturn ks lnss lkdnly tj prjvkgn rnsjurb
rnsjurbns
ns tj enlp pcrnhts. Weks,
kh turh, cffnbts ten strubturns kh wekbe ten ten pcrnhts fuhbtkjh.
fuhbtkjh. Wen pcrnhts‛ caklkty
caklkty jr
khcaklkty tj bcrry jut tect rnspjhskaklkty tjwcrg tenkr beklg wktekh ten bjhtnxt jf ten
beklg‛s `kbrjsystn` ks lkdnwksn cffnbtng.
 Berjhjsystn` ‒ teks systn` nhbj`pcssns

nhbj`pcssns ten gk`nhskjh jf tk`n cs kt rnlctns tj c beklg‛s
nhvkrjh`nhts. Nln`nhts wktekh teks systn` bch an nktenr nxtnrh
nxtnrhcl,
cl, sube cs ten tk`khm jf
c pcrnht‛s gncte, jr khtnrhcl, sube cs ten peyskjljmkbcl bechmns tect jbbur wkte ten cmkhm
jf c beklg. Cs beklgrnh mnt jlgnr, teny `cy rncbt gkffnrnhtly ttj
j nhvkrjh`nhtcl bechmns
bechmns
chg `cy an `jrn caln tj gntnr`khn `jrn ejw tect bechmn wkll khflunhbn ten`.
Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Cpplkbctkjh Hj. 39
Chswnr ten snhtnhbn bj`plntkjh ktn`.
Frj` ten lnssjh jh Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s Nbjljmkbcl Wenjry, K lncrhng tect …ZZZZZZZZZZ

…ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZZ

LNRRJH 33
Gnvnljp`nht jf ten Lncrhnrs ct Vcrkjus Rtcmns

Yrn-Hctcl Gnvnljp`nht
]ect crn ten j

jaonbtkvns

• Wrcbn ten bjursn jf prn- hctcl gnvnljp`nhtcl

gnvnljp`nhtcl prjbnss tect yju w
wnht
nht terjume 4

Cll ten gnvnljp`nhtcl tenjrkns wekbe wn lnhmtekly gksbussng gwnlt jh ten
gnvnljp`nhtcl prjbnss cftnr akrte. Hjhn jf ten` wcs bjhbnrhng wkte wect gnvnljp`nht wnht
jh akrte. Wj `cdn ten gnsbrkptkjh jf eu`ch gnvnljp`nht bj`plntn, kt `cy mjjg tj uhgnrstchg
ten anmkhhkhms jf en beklg chg ten cgjlnsbnht. Wen gnvnljp`nht tcdns plcbn kh ternn (2) stcmns
prjvns tect ten gnvnljpkhm nàryj kh c `jtenr‛s wjà ks truly c eu`ch ankhm. Kt ks gkvkgng
khtj? mnr`khcl pnrkjg, nàryjhkb pnrkjg chg fntcl pnrkjg.
3. Mnr`khcl
Mnr`khcl pnrkjg-
pnrkjg- (fkrst 1 wnnds
wnnds cftnr bjhbnpt
bjhbnptkjh).
kjh). Weks
Weks khblugns
khblugns ten brnctkjh
brnctkjh jf ten
ten
zymjtn, bjhtkhung bnll gkvkskjh, chg ten cttcbe`nht jf ten zymjtn tj ten utnrkhn wcll. Wen
fjlljwkhm crn ten gntckls jf gnvnljp`nht gurkhm teks pnrkjg.
c. 17 tj 29 ejurs
uhktn. ejurs cftnr fnrtklkzc
fnrtklkzctkjh
tkjh ten
ten `cln (spnr`)
(spnr`) chg fn`cln
fn`cln (nmm)
(nmm) berj`jsj`
berj`jsj`n n
a. 26 ejurs
ejurs ten fnrtklkz
fnrtklkzng
ng jvu`
jvu` zymjtn,
zymjtn, gkvkgns
gkvkgns khtj twj twj (1) bnlls
bnlls
b. 75 ejur
ejurss (1gcy
(1gcys)s) ‒ 1 bnlls
bnlls anbj
anbj`n`n 7 bnll
bnllss
g. =1 ejurs
ejurs (2 gcys)
gcys) 7 bnlls
bnlls anbj`n
anbj`n c s`cll
s`cll bj`pcbt
bj`pcbt acllacll jf 36 tj
tj 21 bnlls
bnlls
n. ;6 ejurs
ejurs (7 gcys)
gcys) ‒ eclljw
eclljw acll jf 67-315
67-315 bnlls
f. 7 tj > gcys
gcys ‒ khhnr
khhnr bnll `css
`css (alcstjby
(alcstjbyst)
st) stkll
stkll frnn
frnn kh ten utnru
utnruss
m. 6-= gcys
gcys ‒ alcstjb
alcstjbyst
yst cttcbe
cttcbensns tj ten
ten wcll
wcll jf tenten utnrus
utnrus
e. 33 tj 3> gcys ‒ alcstjb
alcstjbyst
yst khvcgns
khvcgns khtj
khtj utnrkhn
utnrkhn wcll chg anbj`nanbj`nss k`plchtng
k`plchtng kh kt
(k`plchtctkjh)
1. Nàryjhkb
Nàryjhkb Ynrkjg
Ynrkjg (1 -5 wnnds
wnnds cftnr
cftnr bjhbnp
bjhbnptkjh)
tkjh) ‒ Kh teks stcmn,
stcmn, ten hc`n
hc`n jf ten
ten `css
`css
bnlls, zymjtn anbj`n nàryj. Wen fjlljwkhm gnvnljp`nhts tcdn plcbn?
c. Bnll
Bnll gkffn
gkffnrnh
rnhtkc
tkctkj
tkjh
h khtnh
khtnhskf
skfkns
kns
a. Lkfn suppjrt
suppjrt systn`s
systn`s fjr ten
ten nàryj
nàryj gnvnljp
gnvnljp chg
chg jrmch
jrmch cppncr
cppncr

Cs ten zymjtn mnts cttcbeng tj ten wcll jf ten utnrus, twj lcynrs jf bnlls crn fjr`ng. Wen
nàryj‛s nhgjgnr`, ten khhnr lcynr bnlls, gnvnljps khtj ten gkmnstkvn chg rnspkrctjry
systn`s. Wen jutnr lcynr jf bnlls ks gkvkgng khtj twj pcrts ten nbtjgnr`s chg ten `nsjgnr`.
Wen nbtjgnr` ks ten jutnr`jst lcynr wekbe anbj`ns ten hnrvjus systn`, snhsjry rnbnptjrs
(nyn sdkh chg hjsn) chg ten sdkh pcrts sube cs hckls chg eckr. Wen `nsjgnr` ks ten `kggln
lcynr wekbe anbj`ns ten bkrbulctjry, sdnlntcl, ùsbulcr, nxbrntjry chg rnprjgubtkvn systn`
teks prjbnss gurkhm ten fkrst
fk rst twj `jhtes bcllng jrmchjmnhnsks.
Cs ten ternn lcynrs jf ten nàryj fjr`, ten suppjrt systn`s fjr ten nàryj gnvnljp
rcpkgly. Wensn lkfn-suppjrt systn`s crn ten plcbnhtc, ten uàklkbcl bjrg chg ten c`hkjh. Wen
plcbnhtc ks c lkfn-suppjrt systn` tect bjhsksts jf gksd-secpng mrjup jf tkssuns kh wekbe s`cll
aljjg vnssnls frj` ten `jtenr chg ten jffsprkhm khtnrtwkhn aut gj hjt ojkh. Wen uàklkbcl
bjrg bjhtckhs twj crtnrkns chg jhn vnkh tect bjhhnbts ten acay tj ten plcbnhtc. Wen c`hkjh
ks c acm jr ch nhvnljpn tect bjhtckhs c blncr flukg kh wekbe ten gnvnljpkhm nàryj fljcts. Cll
tensn nàryj lkfn-suppjrt systn`s gnvnljp frj` ten fnrtklkzng nmm chg hjt frj` ten
`jtenr‛s ajgy.
2. Fntcl Ynrkjg
Ynrkjg (1 `jhtes
`jhtes tj = `jhtes
`jhtes cftnr bjhbnpt
bjhbnptkjh)
kjh) ‒ Mrjwte
Mrjwte chg gnvnljp`
gnvnljp`nht
nht
bjhtkhun grc`ctkbclly gurkhm teks pnrkjg. Wen gnlckls jf ten gnvnljp`nhtcl prjbnss crn cs
fjlljws?
c. 2 `jhtes
`jhtes cftnr bjhbnp
bjhbnptkjh-
tkjh- fntus
fntus ks cajut
cajut 2 khbens
khbens ljhm
ljhm chg wnkmes
wnkmes cajut
cajut 3
juhbn4 fntus ecs anbj`n cbtkvncbtkvn `jvns kt cr`s chgchg lnms, jpnh chg
chg bljsns kts
`jute chg `jvns kts encg, ten fcbn, fjrnencg, nynlkgs, hjsn, bekh bch hjw an
gkstkhmukseng chg clsj ten uppnr cr`s, ljwnr cr`s, echgs chg ljwnr lkàs, ten
mnhktcl crncs bch hjw an kgnhtkfkng cs `cln jr fn`cln.
a. 7 `jhtes
`jhtes cftnr bjhbnpt
bjhbnptkjh-
kjh- fntus
fntus ks cajut 6 khbens
khbens ljhm chg
chg wnkmes
wnkmes 7 tj = juhbns,
juhbns,
mrjwte spurt jbburs kh ten ajgy‛s ljwnr pcrts, prn-hctcl rnflnxns crn strjhmnr,
`jtenr fnnls cr` chg lnms `jvn`nhts fjr ten fkrst tk`n.
b. > `jhtes cftnr bjhbnptkjh ‒ fntus ks cajut 31 khbens ljhm, wnkmes bljsn tj c
pjuhg strubturns jf ten sdkh ecvn fjr`ng fjr ten fkrst tk`n.
g. 6 `jhtes cftnr bjhbnptkjh- fntus ks cajut 37 khbens ljhm chg wnkmes jhn chg eclf
pjuhg, nyn lkgs crn bj`plntnly fjr`ng, fkhn lcynr jr encg bjvnrs ten encg,
mrcspkhm rnflnx ks prnsnht chg krrnmulcr `jvn`nht jbbur.
n. = `jhtes cftnr bjhbnptkjh - fntus ks cajut 36 khbens ljhm chg wnkmes jf 2 pjuhg.
f. 5 tj ; `jhtes cftnr bjhbnptkjh- fntus mrjws ljhmnr chg mckhs suastchtkcl wnkmet
cajut 7 pjuhgs.
Khfchby chg Wjgglnrejjg
Wen 37 prkhbkplns crn gkvkgng kkhtj

htj tejsn rnfnrrkhm tj?
‒ Bjmhktkvn chg `ntcbjmhktkvn
`ntcbjmhktkvn
‒ @jtkvctkjhcl chg cffnbtkvn
cffnbtkvn
‒ Gnvnljp`nhtcl chg sjbkcl
sjbkcl
‒ Khgkvkgucl gkffnrnhbn fcbtjrs

BJMHKWKVN CHG @NWCBJMHKWKVN FCBWJQ

3. Hcturn jf Lncrhkhm Yrjbnss
ten lncrhkhm jf bj`plnx suaonbt `cttnr ks `jst nffnbtkvn wenh kt ks ch khtnrhctkjhcl prjbnss jf
bjhstrubtkhm `nchkhm frj` khfjr`ctkjh chg nxpnrknhbn.
1. Mjcls jf ten Lncrhkhm Yrjbnss
ten subbnssful lncrhnr, jvnr tk`n chg wkte suppjrt chg khstrubtkjhcl mukgchbn, bch brnctn
`nchkhmful, bjenrnht rnprnsnhtctkjhs jf dhjwlngmn.
2. Bjhstrubtkjh jf Dhjwlngmn
ten subbnssful lncrhnr bch lkhd hnw khfjr`ctkjh wkte nxkstkhm dhjwlngmn kh `nchkhmful wcys.
Dhjwlngmn wkgnhs chg gnnpnhs cs stugnhts bjhtkhun tj auklg lkhds antwnnh hnw khfjr`ctkjh
chg nxpnrknhbns chg tenkr nxkstkhm dhjwlngmn acsn.
7. Rtrctnmkb Wekhdkhm
ten subbnssful lncrhnr bch brnctn chg usn c rnpnrtjkrn jf tekhdkhm chg rncsjhkhm strctnmkns tj
cbeknvn bj`plnx lncrhkhm mjcls.
Rubbnssful lncrhnrs usn kh tenkr cpprjcbe tj lncrhkhm rncsjhkhm, prjaln` sjlvkhm, chg bjhbnpt
lncrhkhm.
>. Wekhdkhm cajut tekhdkhm
Rubbnssful lncrhnrs bch rnflnbt jh ejw teny tekhd chg lncrh, snt rncsjhcaln lncrhkhm jr
pnrfjr`chbns mjcls, snlnbt pjtnhtkclly cpprjprkctn lncrhkhm strctnmkns jr `ntejgs, chg `jhktjr
tenkr prjmrnss tjwcrgs tensn mjcls.
6. Bjhtnxt jf Lncrhkhm
Lncrhkhm ks khflunhbng ay nhvkrjh`nhtcl fcbtjrs, khblugkhm bulturn, tnbehjljmy chg khstrubtkjhcl
prcbtkbns.
@JWKVCWKJHCL CHG CFFNBWKVN FCBWJQ
=. @jtkvctkjhcl chg n`jtkjhcl khflunhbns jh lncrhkhm
ten rkbe khtnrhcl wjrlg jf tejumets, anlknfs, mjcls, chg nxpnbtctkjh fjr subbnss jr fcklurn bch
nhechbn jr khtnrfnrn wkte ten lncrhnr‛s quclkty jf tekhdkhm chg khfjr`ctkjh prjbnsskhm.
5. Khtrkhskb `jtkvctkjh tj lncrh
Khtrkhskb `jtkvctkjh ks stkùlctng ay tcsds jf jptk`cl hjvnlty chg gkffkbulty, rnlnvcht tj pnrsjhcl
khtnrnsts, chg prjvkgkhm fjr pnrsjhcl bejkbn chg bjhtrjl.
;. Nffnbts jf `jtkvctkjh jh nffjrt
Nffjrt ks chjtenr `cojr khgkbctjr jf `jtkvctkjh tj lncrh. Wen cbquksktkjh jf bj`plnx dhjwlngmn
chg sdklls gn`chgs ten khvnst`nht jf bjhskgnrcaln lncrhnr nhnrmy chg strctnmkb nffjrt, cljhm
wkte pnrskstnhbn jvnr tk`n.
GQVNLJY@NHWCL CHG RJBKCL FCBWJQ
39. Gnvnljp`nhtcl khflunhbns jh lncrhkhm
lncrhkhm ks `jst nffnbtkvn wenh gkffnrnhtkcl gnvnljp`nhtcl wktekh chg cbrjss peyskbcl,
khtnllnbtucl, n`jtkjhcl, chg sjbkcl gj`ckhs ks
k s tcdnh khtj cbbjuht.
Khgkvkgucls lncrh anst wenh `ctnrkcl ks cpprjprkctn tj tenkr gnvnljp`nhtcl lnvnl chg ks
prnsnhtng kh ch nhojycaln chg khtnrnstkhm wcy.
33. Rjbkcl khflunhbns jh lncrhkhm
Lncrhkhm bch an nhechbng wenh ten lncrhnr ecs ch jppjrtuhkty tj khtnrcbt chg tj bjllcajrctn
wkte jtenrs jh khstrubtkjhcl tcsds.

KHGKVKG^CL GKFFNQNHBNR FCBWJQ

31. Khgkvkgucl gkffnrnhbns kh lncrhkhm
Khgkvkgucls crn ajrh wkte chg gnvnljp tenkr jwh bcpcaklktkns chg tclnhts.
Ngubctjrs hnng tj enlp stugnhts nxc`khn tenkr lncrhkhm prnfnrnhbns chg nxpchg jr `jgkfy
ten`, kf hnbnsscry.
32. Lncrhkhm chg gkvnrskty
ten sc`n acskb prkhbkplns jf lncrhkhm, `jtkvctkjh, chg nffnbtkvn khstrubtkjh cpply tj cll lncrhnrs.
37. Rtchgcrgs chg cssnss`nht
Cssnss`nht prjvkgns k`pjrtcht khfjr`ctkjh tj ajte ten lncrhnr chg tncbenr ct cll stcmns jf ten
lncrhkhm prjbnss.
Clnxchgnr chg @urpey mcvn c su``cry jf ten 37 prkhbkplns chg gkstkllng ten` khtj fkvn crncs?
3. Wen dhjwlngmn acsn
Jhn‛s dhjwlngmn snrvns cs ten fjuhgctkjh jf cll futurn lncrhkhm.
1. Rtrctnmkb prjbnsskhm chg bjhtrjl
Lncrhnrs bch gnvnljp sdklls tj rnflnbt chg rnmulctn tenkr tejumets chg anecvkjrs kh jrgnr tj lncrh
`jrn nffnbtkvnly.
2. @jtkvctkjh chg cffnbt
Fcbtjrs sube cs khtrkhskb `jtkvctkjh, rncsjhs fjr wchtkhm tj lncrh,
l ncrh, pnrsjhcl mjcls chg nhojy`nht
jf lncrhkhm tcsds cll ecvn c brubkcl rjln kh ten lncrhkhm prjbnss.
7. Gnvnljp`nht chg Khgkvkgucl Gkffnrnhbns
Lncrhkhm ks c uhkqun ojurhny fjr ncbe pnrsjh anbcusn ncbe lncrhnr ecs eks jwh uhkqun
bjàkhctkjh jf mnhntkb chg nhvkrjh`nhtcl fcbtjrs tect khflunhbn ek`.
>. Rktuctkjh jr bjhtnxt
Lncrhkhm ecppnhs kh ten bjhtnxt jf c sjbknty cs wnll cs wktekh ch khgkvkgucl.
R^@@CWKVN WNRW

@ultkpln Bejkbn. Rnlnbt ten anst chswnr. ]rktn jhly ten lnttnr jf yjur chswnr.
3. Wen pcsskhm jfjf mnhntkb trckts

trckts frj` ten pcrnhts
pcrnhts tj ten jffsprkhm
jffsprkhm ks?
C. Fnrtklkzctkjh
A. Enr
Enrng
ngktykty
B.
G. Bjhbnpt
Bjhb
Akrte nptkjh
Akrte kjh
1. @r. chg @rs. Gnlc Bruz prjvkgn

prjvkgn c ljvkhm
ljvkhm chg suppjrtkvn nhvkrjh`nht.
nhvkrjh`nht. ]ekbe jf ten
fjlljwkhm becrcbtnrkstkbs bch an jasnrvng c`jhm tenkr beklgrnh:
C. Khgnpnhgnht
Khgnpnhgnht
A. Gnfkcht
B. Cwcrn
G. Ecppy
2. Kh qunstkj
qunstkjhh hj. 1, wect
wect cspnbt
cspnbt jf gnvnlj
gnvnljp`nh
p`nhtt ks gnsbrkan
gnsbrkans:
s:
C. Yeyskbcl
A. Bjm
Bjmhktkv
ktkvn
n
B. N`jtk
`jtkj
jhcl
G. Rjbkcl
7. Cftnr cttnhgkhm
cttnhgkhm blcss
blcss kh Djrnch
Djrnch lchmucmn
lchmucmn Hnrksc
Hnrksc usns ten
ten lchmucmn
lchmucmn kh bj`ùhkbctkh
bj`ùhkbctkhm
m
wkte enr frknhgs. ]ect prjbnss kh bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht wcs sejwh:
C. @jtkvctkjh
A. Cb
Cbbj
bj`j
`jgcgctktkjh
jh
B. Cssk
Cssk`k
`klc
lctk
tkjh
jh
G. Gn`j
Gn`jhshstr
trct
ctkj
kjh
h
>. Bckh chg Cvnl arjtenrs

arjtenrs wej wnrn snpcrctng
snpcrctng wenh teteny
ny wnrn tjgglnrs. Weny lkvn wkte
gkffnrnht fc`klkns jf gkffnrnht sjbkjnbjhj`kb stctus. Kt wcs jasnrvng tect teny gkffnr kh
snvnrcl cspnbts jf gnvnljp`nht. ]ect bjulg cbbjuht fjr ten gkffnrnhbn:
C. Gkffnrnhbn kh rnlctkjhsekp
rnlctkjhsekp
A. Gkf
Gkffnr
fnrnh
nhbn
bn kh hctur
hcturnn
B. Gkffnr
Gkffnrnh
nhbn
bn kh hurt
hurturk
urkhm
hm
G. Gkffnr
Gkffnrnh
nhbn
bn kh
kh fnnlk
fnnlkhm
hmss
6. C ljvkhm
ljvkhm chg suppj
suppjrtkvn
rtkvn nhvkr
nhvkrjh`n
jh`nht
ht `cdns
`cdns beklgrnh
beklgrnh tj
tj an?
C. ^hecppy
A. Kh
Khgn
gnpn
pnhg
hgnh
nhtt
B. Ecppy
G. Gnfkcht
=. C beklg wej
wej bch sjlvn
sjlvn castrcbt
castrcbt prjaln`s kh ljmkbcl fcsekjh ks kh wect stcmn jf bjmhktkvn
gnvnljp`nht:
C. Rnhsjrk`jtjr
Rnhsjrk`jtjr
A. Bjh
Bjhbrn
brntn
tn Jpnrc
Jpnrctkj
tkjhs
hs
B. Ecppy
G. Gnfkcht

5. @kc ojkhng jutkhm wkte enr “acrdcgc‐ nvnh enr enr pcrnhts
pcrnhts gkg hjt
hjt clljw enr. ]ect
]ect
becrcbtnrkstkbs jf cgjlnsbnhts crn gn`jhstrctng ay @kc:
C. Cgjlnsbnhts
Cgjlnsbnhts crn khgnpnhgnh
khgnpnhgnhtt
A. Cgjlnsbn
Cgjlnsbnhts
hts `cdn
`cdn “pnnrs‐
“pnnrs‐ cs c prkjrkt
prkjrkty
y
B. Cgjlnsbn
Cgjlnsbnhts
hts anbj
anbj`n
`n gksrnsp
gksrnspnbtf
nbtful
ul
G. Cgjlns
Cgjlnsbnh
bnhtsts crn bcrn
bcrnfrn
frnn
n
;. ]enh c beklg
beklg ks jftnh lnft brykhm fjr
fjr c ljhm tk`n,
tk`n, wkll sjjh gnvnljp-c`jhm
gnvnljp-c`jhm pnjpln
pnjpln crjuhg
crjuhg
ek`.
C. Rec`n
A. @kstrust
B. Chxknty
G. Cutj
utjhj`y
39. @r. Fljrns clwcys mkvns bluns4 nxc`pln chg chy fjr` jf nhbjurcmn`nht
nhbjurcmn`nht ttj `cdn eks
stugnhts tj mrjw cs khgnpnhgnht lncrhnr. Weks ks?
C. @jtkvctkjh
A. Cs
Cssk
sk`k
`klc
lctk
tkjh
jh
B. Kh
Khtn
tnmr
mrct
ctkj
kjhh
G. Rbcf
Rbcffj
fjlg
lgkh
khm
m
33. Acsng jh Clanrt Achgurc4s

Achgurc4s tenjry, wekbe bjhgktkjhs ùst an prnsnht fjr c stugnht tj
lncrh frj` c `jgnl:
C. Cbquksktkjh,
Cbquksktkjh, Wrchsfjr`ctkjh,
Wrchsfjr`ctkjh, Nvcluctkjh
Nvcluctkjh
A. Cttnhtkj
Cttnhtkjh,
h, Qntnhtkjh
Qntnhtkjh,, Qnprjgubtk
Qnprjgubtkjh,
jh, @jtkvctkj
@jtkvctkjh
h
B. Yrnpcrctkj
Yrnpcrctkjh,h, Yrnsnhtctkjh,
Yrnsnhtctkjh, Cpplkbctkj
Cpplkbctkjh,h, Mnhnrclkzctkjh
Mnhnrclkzctkjh
G. Khtnrcbtkvn tncbekhm,
tncbekhm, Sunstkjhkhm
Sunstkjhkhm,, khgubtkvn
khgubtkvn rncsjhkhm
rncsjhkhm
31. Kvch Ycvljv pjsktng ten tenjry jh blcsskbcl wkte eks stkùlus ‒ rnspjhsn nxpnrk`nhts.
nxpnrk`nhts. Kh
wekbe sktuctkjh ks Ycvljvkch bjhgktkjhkhm gn`jhstrctng:
C. C pnrsjh k`ktctns eks pnnrs kh ten
ten wcy teny
teny grnss ten`snlvns
ten`snlvns
A. C pnrsjh wej lncrhng
lncrhng tj sjlvn
sjlvn acskb `cte
`cte prjaln`s
prjaln`s subbnssfully
subbnssfully kh `jtkvctng
`jtkvctng tj sjlvn
ekmenr `cte prjaln`s
B. C pnrsjh wewejj ecg pckhful
pckhful nxpnrknhbn
nxpnrknhbn ct ten gnhtkst‛s
gnhtkst‛s jffkbn ks fncrful ct ten
ten `nrn skmet jf
ten gnhtkst uhkfjr`
G. C pnr
pnrsj
sjh
h wej
wej wcs
wcs
32. Weks typn jf lncrhkhm khvjlvns bjhskstnht

bjhskstnht pjwnr chg prjfkbknhby kh pnrfjr`khm bnrtckh
tcsds.
C. Bjmhktkvn
A. Ys
Ysybybej
ej`j
`jtjtjrr
B. Cffnb
ffnbtk
tkv
vn
G. Brnc
Brnctktkvk
vkty
ty
37. ]ekbe jhn gjns hjt

hjt gkrnbtly cffnbt rntnhtkjh
rntnhtkjh jf lncrhkhm:
C. Rtugnht‛s lncrhkhm styln
styln
A. Rnhs
Rnhsn
n chg
chg `nch
`nchkh
khmm
B. Lncrhnr‛
Lncrhnr‛s
s peysk
peyskbcl
bcl cppncrc
cppncrchbn
hbn
G. Yrcbtk
Yrcbtkbn
bn prj
prjvkg
vkgng
ng

3>. Ecs ten vknw tect lncrhkhm bjhsksts jf stkùlus-rnspjhsn

stkùlus-rnspjhsn bjhhnbtkjhs.
bjhhnbtkjhs.
C. Anecvkjrkst
A. Rjbkcl
B. Bjm
Bjmhktkv
ktkvn
n
G. Mnstclt
36. Wen
teny lncrhkhm
mkvn hnwtenjry tect summnsts
dhjwlngmn summnsts tect wect khgkvkgucls lncrh gnpn
cbqukrng: gnpnhgs
hgs jh ten `nchkhm
C. Anecvkjrkst Wenjry
A. Bjhs
Bjhstrtrub
ubtk
tkvk
vkst
st
B. Kh
Khsk
skme
mett Lncrh
Lncrhkh
khm
m
G. Mnstclt
3=. Yculc pcrtkbkpctns

pcrtkbkpctns rnmulcrly kh blcss anbcusn jf ten prcksns sen rnbnrnbnkvns
kvns frj` enr
tncbenr. ]ect tenjry jf lncrhkhm gjns ten tncbenr usng kh enr tncbekhm:
C. Rjbkcl Lncrhkhm
Lncrhkhm Wenjry
Wenjry
A. Jpnrcht
Jpnrcht Bjhgktkj
Bjhgktkjhkhm
hkhm Wenjry
Wenjry
B. Blcsskbcl
Blcsskbcl Bjhgktkjh
Bjhgktkjhkhm
khm Wenjry
Wenjry
G. Bjmhkt
Bjmhktkvk
kvkst
st We
Wenjr
njryy
35.
C. Kh wekbe
]enh sktuctkjh
nhts gjksrnsncrbe
stugnhts
stug lncrhkhm
lncrhkhm lkdnly tj ecppnh:
ecppnh:
A. ]enh stugn
stugnhts
hts crn mkvnh
mkvnh ten
ten hnbnsscr
hnbnsscry y fnngacb
fnngacbd
d
B. ]enh stugn
stugnhts
hts ecvn
ecvn c echgs
echgs jhjh cbtkvkty
cbtkvkty
G. ]enh ten
ten tncben
tncbenrr lnbturng
lnbturng ten
ten lnssjh
lnssjh kh blcss.
blcss.
3;. @r. Bruz csds snvnrcl qunstkjhs

qunstkjhs wenh c stugnht ks csdng tj rnbktn uhtkl ten stugnh
stugnhtt
crrkvng ct ten bjrrnbt chswnr. ]ect gjns @r. Bruz ks gjkhm:
C. @cdkhm ten stugnht fnnl
fnnl ct ej`n
ej`n
A. Bjhtrjllk
Bjhtrjllkhm
hm ten stugnht‛
stugnht‛s
sc chswn
hswnrr
B. Gksbus
Gksbusskh
skhm
m ten
ten lnssj
lnssjh
h
G. Rbcf
Rbcffj
fjlg
lgkh
khm
m
19. Kh qunstkjh hj. 3;, wect tenjry

tenjry jf lncrhkhm wcs usng ay ten tncbe
tncbenr
nr kh jrgnr fjr eks
stugnhts tj an caln tj chswnr bjrrnbtly:
C. Khskmet lncrhkhm
lncrhkhm Wenjry
Wenjry
A. Rjb
Rjbkcl
kcl Gnvn
Gnvnljp
ljp`nh
`nhtt Wenjry
Wenjry
B. Rnlf
Rnlf Qnmu
Qnmulct
lctkjh
kjh Wen
Wenjry
jry
G. Blcsskbcl
Blcsskbcl Bjhgktkjh
Bjhgktkjhkhm
khm Wenjry
Wenjry
13. ]rktnrs, pjnts, chg hjvnlksts

hjvnlksts anljhm tj wekbe tyjn jf khtnllkmnhbn:
C. Rpctkcl
A. Chclytkb
B. Vnracl
G. Ljmkbc
Ljmkbcl-`
l-`ct
cten`
en`ctk
ctkbc
bcll
11. ]ekbe typn jf lncrhnrs tnhgs tjwcrg stnp ay stnp chg lkhncr prjbnsskhm
prjbnsskhm jf khfjr`ctkjh:

C. Vnracl
A. Ch
Chcl
clyt
ytkb
kbcl
cl
B. Rpctkcl
G. Mljacl
12. Yuhkse`nht
Yuhkse`nht ks lnss nffnbtkvn tech rnwcrg kh sj`n bcsns anbcusn
C. Yuhkse`nh
A. Qnwcrgs crn
Yuhkse`nht bj`pntktkvn,
bj`pntktkvn
t lncgs
lnc , teus
gs tj gjbklkty prjgubkhm
prj
chg gubkhm strjhmnr
strj
gnfnrnhbn tjhmnr anecvkjr
anecvkjr
cutejrkty
cutejrkty
B. Yuhkse`nh
Yuhkse`nhtt nstcalksens
nstcalksens strjhm bj`pntktkvn rnspjhsns,
rnspjhsns, teus khekaktkhm
khekaktkhm lncrhkhm
lncrhkhm
G. Yuhkse`nh
Yuhkse`nhtt tn`pjrcrkly
tn`pjrcrkly strjhm bj`pntktkvn rnpjhsns,
rnpjhsns, teus khekaktkhm lncrhkhm
17. Lncrhkhm terjume

terjume cbtkjh cbbjrgkhm
cbbjrgkhm tj Aruhnr ks bcllng
C. Ryàjlkb
A. Nhcbtkvn
B. Kbjhkb
G. Rnhs
Rnhsjr
jrk-
k-`j
`jtj
tjrr
1>. Wen fkrst stnp kh jasnrvctkjh

jasnrvctkjh ln
lncrhkhm
crhkhm ks
C. Nxpjsurn
A. Cb
Cbbn
bnpt
ptch
chbn
bn
B.
G. Cbqu
Cbquks
Wrch kskt
Wrchsf ktkj
sfjr kjh
jr`ch tkjh
`ctk jh
16. Onrn`y ks cl`jst 2 yncrs jlg. ]enh en cbbkgnhtclly

cbbkgnhtclly wnt eks pchts jhn gcy, eks fcte
fctenr
nr
lcumeng chg scrbcstkbclly summnstng tect ten beklg wcs “`c`c‛s ajy‐. Cssu`khm sube
anecvkjr ay ten fctenr ks ten hjr` wenhnvnr Onrn`y `cdns `kstcdn, ten beklg wkll `jst
lkdnly ecvn trjualn wkte c pjsktkvn rnsjlutkjh jf ten brksks Nrkdsjh bcllng
C. Wrust vnrsus `kstrust
A. Khg
Khgust
ustry
ry vnrs
vnrsus
us khfnrk
khfnrkjrk
jrkty
ty
B. Cutjhj`y
Cutjhj`y vnrsus
vnrsus se
sec`n
c`n chg gjuat
gjuat
G. Kgnhtkfy
Kgnhtkfy vnrsus
vnrsus kgnht
kgnhtkty
kty bjhfu
bjhfuskjh
skjh
1=. Nrkdsjh gkffnrng

gkffnrng frj` Frnug
Frnug ay
C. Fjbuskhm kh ten psybejsnxucl
psybejsnxucl bj`pjhnht
bj`pjhnhts
s jf gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht
A. Qnbjmhkz
Qnbjmhkzkhm
khm ten rjln
rjln jf ten nhvkrjh
nhvkrjh`nht
`nht kh gnvnlj
gnvnljp`nh
p`nhtt
B. Kmhjrk
Kmhjrkhm
hm ncrly
ncrly beklg
beklgej
ejjg
jg
G. Gk`khksekhm tten
en rjln jf ten Kg aut,
aut, n`pecskzkhm
n`pecskzkhm ten rjln jf ten
ten supnr-nmj
supnr-nmj
15. Wen caklkty tj blcsskfy jaonbts

jaonbts
C. Ks fjuhg kh ten snhsjrk`jtjr
snhsjrk`jtjr stcmn
stcmn
A. Ks casnht
casnht kh ten
ten fjr`cl
fjr`cl jpnrct
jpnrctkjhs
kjhs stcmn
stcmn
B. Wcdns
Wcdns plcbn gurkhm
gurkhm bjhbrn
bjhbrntn
tn jpnrctkj
jpnrctkjhs
hs stcmn
stcmn
G. Gnvnljps gu gurkhm
rkhm bjhbrntn
bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhs,
jpnrctkjhs, aut gkscppncrs
gkscppncrs arknfly, jhly
jhly tj rnccpncr
rnccpncr gurkhm
fjr`cl jpnrctkjhs stcmn
1;. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm sejws ten bjrrnb snqunhbn jf Ykcmn

Ykcmnt‛s
t‛s stcmns jf bjmhktkvn
gnvnljp`nht:

C. Rnhsjrk`jtjr,
Rnhsjrk`jtjr, prnjpnrctkjhcl,
prnjpnrctkjhcl, bjhbrntn
bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhc
jpnrctkjhcl,l, fjr`cl jpnrctkjhcl
jpnrctkjhcl
A. Yrnjpnrct
Yrnjpnrctkjhcl,
kjhcl, snhsjrk`jtj
snhsjrk`jtjr,
r, bjhbrntn
bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhcl,
jpnrctkjhcl, fjr`cl jpnrctkjhc
jpnrctkjhcll
B. Rnhsjrk`jt
Rnhsjrk`jtjr,
jr, prnjpnrctkjhcl,
prnjpnrctkjhcl, fjr`cl jpnrctkjhcl,
jpnrctkjhcl, bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhcl
jpnrctkjhcl
G. Yrnjpnrct
Yrnjpnrctkjhcl,
kjhcl, snhsjrk`jtj
snhsjrk`jtjr,
r, fjr`cl
fjr`cl jpnrctkjhcl,
jpnrctkjhcl, bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhcl
jpnrctkjhcl
29. ]ect ten hc`n fjr ten castrcbt, kgnclkstkb chg ljmkb
ljmkbcl
cl styln jf ks terjume cssjbkctng wkte
C. ten fjurte jpnrctkjhc

Bjhbrntn jstcmn jf Ykcmnt‛s
pnrctkjhcl tenjry
l tejumet
tejume t jf bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht:
A. Fjr
Fjr`cl
`cl jpnrc
jpnrctkj
tkjhc
hcll tejume
tejumett
B. Cgjlnsbn
Cgjlnsbnhtht nmjbnht
nmjbnhtrkbrkb pnrkjg
pnrkjg
G. Yjst bjhvnhtk
bjhvnhtkjhc
jhcll rncsj
rncsjhkhm
hkhm
23. Arkch ks > yncrs jlg. Mkvnh en ks gnvnljpkhm hjr`clly, yju wjulg
wjulg nxpnbt ek` tj an kh
wekbe Ykcmntkch stcmn:
C. Rnhsjrk`jtjr
Rnhsjrk`jtjr
A. Yr
Yrnj
njpn
pnrc
rctk
tkjh
jhcl
cl
B. Bjhbrn
Bjhbrntn
tn jpn
jpnrct
rctkjh
kjhclcl
G. Fjr`cl
Fjr`cl jpnrc
jpnrctkj
tkjhc
hcll
21. Gurkhm ten snhsjrk`jtjr stcmn, ten khfcht‛s `ckh tjjls fjr uhgnrstchgkhm ten nhvkrjh`
nhvkrjh`nht
nht
C. crn
RjlgZZZZZ.
ct Ej`n
Ej`n Gnpjt
A. Eks
Eks echgs
B. Eks ncrs
G. Rnhsj
Rnhsjry
ry nxpnrk
nxpnrknh
nhbns
bns
22. Nrkd Nrkdsjh scw psybejljmkbcl

psybejljmkbcl gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht cs
C. Fjur pnrkjgs?
pnrkjgs? Beklgejjg,
Beklgejjg, cgjlnsbnhbn,
cgjlnsbnhbn, cgultejjg
cgultejjg chg jlg cmn
cmn
A. Wernn
Wernn brksns?
brksns? puanrty,
puanrty, cttcbe`n
cttcbe`nhtht chg anrncvn`
anrncvn`nht
nht
B. Nkmet tturhkhm
urhkhm pjkhts, ncbe wkte
wkte twj pjsskaln jutbj`ns
G. Fkvn stcm
stcmns,
ns, ncbe fjbuskhm jh ch cspnbt jf snxucl
snxucl kgnhtkty
27. Lkttln Onsskbc ecg dhjwh jhly s`cll, sejrt-eckrng

sejrt-eckrng gjms uhtkl sen rnbnhtly ecg ten
nxpnrknhbn jf plcykhm wkte enr hnw frknhg‛s lcrmn, ljhm‗eckrng gjm. Cbbjrgkhm tj Ykcmnt,
teks nxpnrknhbn `jst lkdnly bcusng Onsskbc tj nxpchg enr “gjmmkn‐ bjhbnpt. Kh jrgnr
wjrgs, sen pnrfjr`ng c bjmhktkvn prjbnss dhjwh cs
C. Cbbj``jgctkjh
Cbbj``jgctkjh
A. Kh
Khbj
bjrp
rpjr
jrct
ctkj
kjh
h
B. Cssk
Cssk`k
`klc
lctk
tkjh
jh
G. Bjhs
Bjhsnrnrvc
vctk
tkjh
jh
2>. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm crn ten ternn `ckh prjbnssns khvj
khvjlvng
lvng kh gnvnljp`nht:
gnvnljp`nht:
C. Yeyskbcl, bjmhtkvn
bjmhtkvn chg
chg sjbkj n`jtkjhcl
n`jtkjhcl
A. Cgcptctk
Cgcptctkjhc
jhcl,l, n`jtkj
n`jtkjhcl
hcl c
chg
hg s
sjbkc
jbkcll
B. Akjljmkbc
Akjljmkbcl,
l, bjhbnptu
bjhbnptuclcl chg cgcptct
cgcptctkjhc
kjhcll
G. Bjhtkhuj
Bjhtkhujus,
us, gksbjhtkh
gksbjhtkhujus
ujus chg cgc
cgcptcptctkjh
tkjhcl
cl
26. Beklgrnh bchhjt lncrh wkte n`pty stj`cbe.

stj`cbe. Weks ekmelkmets ten k`pjrtch
k`pjrtchbn
bn jf wekbe
hnng:

C. Ljvn chg anljhmkhnss

anljhmkhnss
A. Nstnn`
B. Anlj
Anljhm
hmkh
khns
nss
s
G. Yeys
Yeyskj
kjlj
ljmk
mkbc
bcll
2=. Acakns brnnp, brcwl chg stchg anfjrn

anfjrn ten wcld. ]ekbe prkhbkpln jf gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht nxplckhs
C. teks:
Ncbe pecsn
pecsn jf gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht jbburs ct c gnfkhktn cmn jf ch ch khgkvkgucl
khgkvkgucl
A. Ncbe pecsn
pecsn jf gnvnlj
gnvnljp`nh
p`nhtt ks gkffnrnht
gkffnrnht kh nvnry
nvnry pnrsjh
pnrsjh
B. Gnvnljp`n
Gnvnljp`nhtht fjlljws
fjlljws c gnfkhktn chg prngkbtcaln pcttnrh
G. Anecvkjr
Anecvkjrs
s wkll hjt tcdn plcbn
plcbn wkteju
wktejutt stkùlctkj
stkùlctkjh
h
25. Rj`n beklgrnh crn `jrn cbtkvn tech tech jtenrs. Eypnrcbtkvkty
Eypnrcbtkvkty `cy an c prjaln` kh ten
blcssrjj`. Ejw `chy tncbenr enlp c beklg wekbe ks eypnrcbtkvn:
C. @cdn ek` c lncgnr kh ten blcss
A. Clljw ek`
ek` tj plcy
plcy kh ten plcymrj
plcymrjuhg
uhg uhtkl
uhtkl en mnts
mnts tkrng
tkrng
B. Khvjlvn ek` kh becllnhmkhm
becllnhmkhm cbtkvktkns
cbtkvktkns tect crn
crn cpprjprkctn
cpprjprkctn tj eks caklkty chg khtnrnst
G. Kmhjrn
Kmhjrn ek` sj ljhm
ljhm en ks hjt
hjt eurtkhm
eurtkhm eks blcss`
blcss`ctns
ctns
2;. Cbbjrgkhm tj Ykcmnt‛s

Ykcmnt‛s tenjry, kf beklgrnh bch crrchmn jaonbts kh c snrkns, teny bch
C..
A Blcsskfy
Bjhsnrvn
B. Rnrkctn
G. Gnbn
Gnbnhhtnr
79. Khgustry vs khfnrkjrkty stcmn chg gnvnljp`nht

gnvnljp`nht jf bj`pntnhbn ks cssjbkctn
cssjbkctng
g wkte wect
lnvnl:
C. Yrnsbejjl
A. Nln`
Nln`nh
nhtc
tcry
ry sbej
sbejjl
jl
B. Rnbj
Rnbjhg
hgcr
cry
y sbejj
sbejjll
G. Wnrt
Wnrtkc
kcry
ry
73. Crtkst chg crbektnbts sejulg an mjjg

mjjg ct wekbe typn jf khtnllkmnhbn:
C. Vnracl
A. Rpctkcl
B. Kh
Khtn
tnrp
rpnr
nrsj
sjhc
hcll
G. Kh
Khtr
trcp
cpnr
nrsj
sjhc
hcll
71. ]ect crn ten becrcbtnrkstkbs

becrcbtnrkstkbs jf mljacl lncrhnrs:
lncrhnrs:
C. Weny rnspjhg
rnspjhg `jrn tj tj n`jtkjh
A. Weny prjbnss
prjbnss khfjr
khfjr`ctk
`ctkjh
jh kh v
vcrkn
crkng
g jrgnr
jrgnr
B. Wenkr
Wenkr lnft
lnft arckh
arckh ks `jrn gj`khch
gj`khchtt
G. C chg A
72. Wen khfjr`ctkjh-prjbnsskhm

khfjr`ctkjh-prjbnsskhm cpprjcbe
cpprjcbe gncls prk`crkly wkte?
C. Wen fljw jf
jf khfjr`ctkjh
khfjr`ctkjh frj` khput
khput tj jutput
jutput kh bj`putnrs
bj`putnrs
A. Khfjr`ctkjh stjrcmn chg rntrknvcl
rntrknvcl `nbechks`s
`nbechks`s kh ten eu`ch `n`jry
B. Ljhm-tnr
Ljhm-tnr`
` rntnhtkjh
rntnhtkjh chg
chg trchsfnr
trchsfnr jf lncrhk
lncrhkhm
hm
G. Wen `nbech
`nbechks`s
ks`s khvjlv
khvjlvng
ng kh khtuktkv
khtuktkvn
n tekhdkhm
tekhdkhm

77. Ct wekbe gnvnljp`nhtcl

gnvnljp`nhtcl stcmn ks mrjwte
mrjwte `jst rcpkg/
C. Khfchby
A. Ncrl
Ncrly
y bekl
beklge
gejj
jjgg
B. @k
@kgg
ggln
ln bekl
beklge
gejj
jjgg
G. Cgjl
Cgjlns
nsbn
bnhbhbn
n
7>.
C. Beklgrnh
Rnhsjrk-crn ekmely pnrbnptucl
`jtjr
`jtjr pnrbnptucl ct teks stcmn. Weny bchhjt gnbnht
gnbnhtnr?
nr?
A. Yr
Yrn-
n-jp
jpnr
nrct
ctkj
kjhc
hcll
B. Bjhbrn
Bjhbrntn
tn jpnrc
jpnrctkjtkjh
h
G. Fjr`
Fjr`cl
cl jpn
jpnrc
rctk
tkjh
jh
76. ]enh gjns ljmkbcl

ljmkbcl tekhdkhm anmkh:
C. Rnhsjrk-`jtjr
Rnhsjrk-`jtjr
A. Yr
Yrn-
n-jp
jpnr
nrct
ctkj
kjhc
hcll
B. Bjhbrn
Bjhbrntn
tn jpnrc
jpnrctkjtkjh
h
G. Fjr`
Fjr`cl
cl jpn
jpnrc
rctk
tkjh
jh
7=. Kh wekbe bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht

gnvnljp`nht stcmn ks cbeklg uhcaln tj gkstkhmukse antwnnh jwh
pnrspnbtkvn chg sj`njhn nlsn:
C.
A. Rnhsjrk-`jtjr
Rnhsjrk-`jt
Yr
Yrn-
n-jp
jpnr
nrct
ctkjjr
kjhc
hcll
B. Bjhbrn
Bjhbrntn
tn jpnrc
jpnrctkjtkjh
h
G. Fjr`
Fjr`cl
cl jpn
jpnrc
rctk
tkjh
jh
75. Kgnhtkty brksks ks typkbclly

typkbclly cssjbkctng
cssjbkctng wkte
C. Ncrly beklgejjg
beklgejjg
A. @k
@kgg
ggln
ln bek
beklg
lgej
ejjg
jg
B. Lc
Lctn
tn bekl
beklge
gejj
jjgg
G. Cgjl
Cgjlns
nsbn
bnhb
hbnn
7;. ]ekbe `cy enlp ch cgjlnsbnht

cgjlnsbnht gksbjvn
gksbjvnrr eks kgnhtkty:
C. Gnbkskjh tj fjlljw jhn pcte jhly
A. Ycrnhts
Ycrnhts pusek
pusekhm
hm kh tj fjlljw
fjlljw c spnbkfkb
spnbkfkb pcte
pcte
B. Qnlc
Qnlctk
tkhm
hm pn
pnjp
jpln
ln
G. Nxpljrkh
Nxpljrkhm
m `chy gkffnrn
gkffnrnht
ht rjln
rjlns
s kh c encltey
encltey `chhnr
`chhnr
>9. Wen fjlljwkhm becrcbtnrkzn c beklg-bnhtnrng

beklg-bnhtnrng dkhgnrmcrtnh, nxbnp
nxbnpt?
t?
C. Nxtrn`n jrknhtctkjh
jrknhtctkjh jh
jh cbcgn`kb
cbcgn`kb
A. K`pjrtch
K`pjrtchbn
bn jf
jf plc
plcy
y kh gnvnljp`
gnvnljp`nhtnht
B. N`pecsks
N`pecsks jhjh khgkvkg
khgkvkgucl
ucl uhkqu
uhkqunhns
nhnsss
G. Fjbus
Fjbus jh ten
ten gnvnljp
gnvnljp`nht
`nht j
jff ten wejln
wejln beklg
beklg
>3. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm pupkls sejw ten `jst snrkjus prjalnprjaln`s
`s jf cgoust`nht:
C. Jhn wej sejws khtnrnst
khtnrnst kh snx
A. Jhn wej ks ecak
ecaktu
tucll
clly
y lct
lctn
n
B. Jhn wej aullkns
aullkns eks
eks bblcss`
lcss`ctns
ctns
G. Wen qu
quknt
knt beklg wej hnvnr
hnvnr pcrtkbkpctns
pcrtkbkpctns kh blcss
blcss cbtkvktkns
cbtkvktkns

>1. Cbbjrgkhm tj Ykcmnt‛s tenjry jf bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht,

gnvnljp`nht, c beklg gurkhm ten snhsjry `jtjr
pnrkjg gjns hjt snn tekhms kh castrcbt fjr`s. Wenrnfjrn, kh tncbekhm `cten`ctkbs tp
yjuhm beklgrnh, ten
C. Bjhbrntn stcmn
stcmn sejulg
sejulg prnbngn
prnbngn ten castrcbt
castrcbt stcmn
stcmn
A. ^sn jf pkbtu
pkbturns
rns ks
ks hjt
hjt hn
hnbnss
bnsscry
cry
B. ^sn jf bjhbrn
bjhbrntn
tn jaonbts
jaonbts `cy hjt
hjt an hnbnss
hnbnsscry
cry
G. Castrcbt
Castrcbt stcmn
stcmn sejulg
sejulg prnbng
prnbngn
n ten bjhbrntn
bjhbrntn stcmn
stcmn
>2. Wncbenr Dcrnh ks bcrnful kh plchhkhm cbtkvktkns fjr enr dkhgnrmcrtnh
dkhgnrmcrtnh pupkls cbbjrgkhm tj
tenkr gnvnljp`nht becrcbtnrkstkbs. Ren tekhds tect tncbekhm “tjj ùbe tjj sjjh‐ ks hjt
mjjg fjr yjuhm lncrhnrs. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm prkhbkplns ks k`plkng kh teks sktuctkjh:
C. Yrkhbkpln jf anljhmkhmhnss
anljhmkhmhnss
A. Yrk
Yrkhbk
hbkpln
pln jf Qncgkh
Qncgkhnsnss
s
B. Yrkhbk
Yrkhbkpln
pln jf enrn
enrngkt
gkty
y
G. Yrkhbk
Yrkhbkpln
pln jf
jf @cturc
@cturctkj
tkjh
h
>7. Wncbenr @cmmkn anlknvns

anlknvns tect ajte nhvkrjh`nht chg enrngkty khtnrcb
khtnrcbtt kh ten gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht
jf c beklg. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm rnflnbts enr anlknf:
C. Wen KS jf c beklg ks purnly
purnly enrngkty
enrngkty
A. Wen KS jf c beklg ks gnvnljpng
gnvnljpng ay >9% nhvkrjh`nht
nhvkrjh`nht enrngkty
enrngkty
B.
G. Wen
Wen KS
KS jf
jf ten beklg
c beklg `jrn
`cy an ten fuhbtkjh
fuhbtkjh
ng kh jf
k`prjvng
k`prjv ten nhvkrjh`nht
nhvkrjh`nht
c bjhgubkvn nhvkrjh`nht
nhvkrjh`nht
>>. Wen mrjwkhm cttnhtkjh jh ten skmhkfkbchbn jf ncrly beklgejjg ngubctkjh ngubctkjh ks cttrkautng tj ten
prkhbkpln tect
C. Ncrly beklgejjg
beklgejjg nxpnrknhbns
nxpnrknhbns wkll an an `nchkhmful
`nchkhmful tj ten` ten` kh ten futurn
A. C yjuhm
yjuhm beklg ecs
ecs ten bcpca
bcpcaklkty
klkty tj lncrh
lncrh lkdn
lkdn cgults
cgults
B. C yjuhm
yjuhm beklg
beklg ks ncsknr
ncsknr tj `jlg
`jlg tech
tech cgu
cgultslts
G. Wen fjr`ct
fjr`ctkvn
kvn yncrs
yncrs jf c beklg
beklg ks eks
eks fkrst
fkrst skx yncrs
yncrs
>6. Ysybej`jtjr
Ysybej`jtjr anecvkjrs jf c beklg gnpnhg jh eks pnrbnptkjhs chg khtnrprntctkjh
khtnrprntctkjh jf eks
snhsjry nxpnrknhbns. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm cbtkvktkns anst bjhtrkautns tj c beklg‛s `jtjr
gnvnljp`nht:
C. Rpjrts bj`pntktkjh
bj`pntktkjh
A. Gchb
Gchbkh
khm
m ln
lnss
ssjh
jhs s
B. Mukgn
Mukgngg plcy
plcy cbtk
cbtkvkt
vktkns
kns
G. Frnn
Frnn lcy cbtkv
cbtkvktk
ktkns
ns
>=. Cll eu`ch ankhms pcss

pcss terjume lnvnls jf stcmns,
stcmns, sube cs tect stcmn ks `crdng ay ten
gnvnljp`nht jf snhskaklkty kh nrjmnhjus spjts kh ten ajgy. Weks rnfnrs tj
C. Djelanrm‛s `jrcl gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht
A. Ykcmnt‛s
Ykcmnt‛s bjmhktkvn
bjmhktkvn gnvnljp
gnvnljp`nh
`nhtt
B. Frnug‛s
Frnug‛s psybejs
psybejsnxu
nxucl
cl stcm
stcmnn jf gnvnljp`
gnvnljp`nht
nht
G. Nrkdsjh‛s
Nrkdsjh‛s psybej
psybejljmk
ljmkbcl
bcl stcmns
stcmns jf gnvnljp`n
gnvnljp`nht
ht
>5. Acakns brnnp, brcwl chg stchg anfjrn teny wcld. ]ekbe prkhbkpln jf gnvnljp`
gnvnljp`nht
nht
nxplckhs teks:

C. Ncbe pecsn
pecsn jf gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht jbburs ct c gnfkhktn cmn jf ch ch khgkvkgucl.
khgkvkgucl.
A. Ncbe pecsn
pecsn jf gnvnlj
gnvnljp`nh
p`nhtt ks gkffnrnht
gkffnrnht kh vnry pnrsjh
pnrsjh..
B. Gnvnljp`n
Gnvnljp`nht
ht fjlljws
fjlljws c gnfkhktn chg prngkbctcaln
prngkbctcaln pcttnrh.
G. Anecvkjr
Anecvkjrs
s wkll hjt tcdn plcbn
plcbn wkteju
wktejutt stkùlctkj
stkùlctkjh.
h.
>;. Kt rnfnrs tj ten uhgnrstchgkhm tect

tect nvnh tekhs bechmn kh peyskbcl cppncrc
cppncrchbn,
hbn, bnrtckh
C. becrcbtnrkstkb
becrcbtnrkst
Bjhsnrvctkjh
Bjhsnrvctkj kb
h rn`ckhs.
A. Bn
Bnht
htrc
rctk
tkjh
jh
B. Qnsn
Qnsnrv
rvct
ctkj
kjh
h
G. Bjhs
Bjhstr
trub
ubtk
tkjh
jh
69. Onch Ykcmnt ks dhjwh

dhjwh fjr prjpjskhm c wkgnly khflunhtkcl
khflunhtkcl tenjry jf
C. Ynrsjhclkty gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht
A. Rjb
Rjbkcl
kcl gnvn
gnvnljp
ljp`n
`nht
ht
B. Bjmhkt
Bjmhktkvn
kvn gnvn
gnvnljp
ljp`n
`nht
ht
G. @jrcl
@jrcl gnvn
gnvnljp
ljp`n
`nht
ht
63. Cbbjrgkhm tj Nrkdsjh,

Nrkdsjh, cmn twj jf c beklg ks gnsbrkan cs “tnrrkaln 1‐ anbcu
anbcusn
sn c beklg ct tect
cmn tnhgs tj anbj`n
C. Burkjus chg
chg gcrkhm kh cbtkjhs
A. Ylc
Ylcyfu
yfull chg
chg frknh
frknhgly
gly
B. Sucrrn
Sucrrnlsj
lsj`n
`n chg
chg stuaa
stuaajrh
jrh
G. Ycsskv
Ycsskvn n chg
chg skbdly
skbdly
61. Cbbjrgkhm tj Frnug‛s psybejchclytkb

psybejchclytkb tenjry, wekbe bj`pjhnh
bj`pjhnht(s)
t(s) jf pnrsjhclkty ks (crn)
bjhbnrhng wkte ten snhsn jf rkmet chg wrjhm:
C. Rupnr-nmj
A. KG
B. Nmj
G. Nmj
Nmj chg
chg supn
supnr-
r-nm
nmj
j
62. Cbbjrgkhm tj Djelanrm,

Djelanrm, ten ncrly stcmns jf hjr`cl gnvnljp`nh
gnvnljp`nhtt khvjlvn c gnskrn tj jatckh
rnwcrgs chg cvjkg puhkse`nht. Djelanrf gnsbrkans teks typn jf jrknhtctkjh cs
C. Yrnbjhvnhtkjhcl
Yrnbjhvnhtkjhcl `jrclkty
`jrclkty
A. Bjh
Bjhvnh
vnhtkj
tkjhcl
hcl `jrclk
`jrclkty
ty
B. Yjstbj
Yjstbjhvn
hvnhtk
htkjh
jhcl
cl `jrclk
`jrclkty
ty
G. @jrc
@jrcll cut
cutjh
jhj`
j`y y
67. Kf ten pnrsjh‛s rkmet bnrnarcl en`kspenrn

en`kspenrn ks `jrn gj`khcht tech ten lnft bnrnarcl
en`kspenrn, ten pnrsjh ks `jrn lkdnly tj an
C. Lnft-echgng
Lnft-echgng
A. Qkme
Qkmet-
t-ec
echg
hgng
ng
B. N`jtk
`jtkjjhcl
G. C chg B
6>. C beklg wej bch bjrrnbtly rncsjh terjume

terjume c prjaln` jhly kh ten prnsnhbn jf cbtu
cbtucl
cl
jaonbts ks anst gnsbrkang cs ankhm kh ten
C. Bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhc
jpnrctkjhcll stcmn

A. Fjr
Fjr`cl
`cl jpn
jpnrct
rctkjh
kjhcl
cl st
stcm
cmn
n
B. Yrn-jp
Yrn-jpnrc
nrctkj
tkjhcl
hcl stc
stcmn
mn
G. Rnhsj
Rnhsjrk-
rk-`jt
`jtjr
jr stcmn
stcmn
66. Frnug prjpjsng c snrkns jf psybejsnxucl

psybejsnxucl stcmns. Wen eknf jhns kh snqunhbn frj` ten
akrte crn
C.
A. Jrcl, chcl,
Lctnht,
Lctnht, pecllkb,
chcl,
chcl, jrcl, lctnht,
lctcllkb,
nht,, mnhktcl
jrcl, pecllkb
pe mnhktcll
mnhktc
mnhktcl
B. Jrcl, lctnht,
lctnht, chcl,
chcl, mnh
mnhktcl,
ktcl, pecllkb
pecllkb
G. Lctnht,
Lctnht, jrcl,
jrcl, chcl,
chcl, pecl
pecllkb,
lkb, m
mnhkt
nhktcl
cl
6=. Hj twj khgkvkgucls crn clkdn.

clkdn. Weks `nchs tect gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht ks
C. ^hkqun
A. Kh
Khtn
tnmr
mrct
ctng
ng
B. Rnqu
Rnqunhnhtk
tkcl
cl
G. Bjht
Bjhtkh
khuj
ujus
us
65. Wen sjbkcl hnng `jst

`jst gnskrng ay ch cgjlnsbnht
cgjlnsbnht ks
C. Ycrnhtcl cpprjvcl
cpprjvcl
A. Rkal
Rkalkh
khm
m cpp
cpprj
rjvc
vcll
B. Ynnr
Ynnr cbb
cbbnp
nptc
tchb
hbnn
G. Cgul
Cgultt c
cpp
pprj
rjvc
vcll
6;. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm stctn`nhts anst rnflnbts ten nssnhbn jf Djelan
Djelanrm‛s
rm‛s bjhvnhtkjhcl
bjhvnhtkjhcl
`jrclkty:
C. “Gjh‛t ruh tect
tect stjp skmh, kt ks cmckhst
cmckhst ten lcw.‐
A. “Gjh‛t
“Gjh‛t ruh tect
tect stjp
stjp skmh,
skmh, yju `kmet
`kmet gnht
gnht ten
ten bcr‐.
bcr‐.
B. “Gjh‛t
“Gjh‛t ruh tect
tect stjp
stjp skmh
skmh wn `kmet
`kmet mnt
mnt c tkbdnt.‐
tkbdnt.‐
G. “Gjh‛t ruh tect stjp
stjp skmh, wn cmrnn
cmrnn tect kt `kmet eurt sj`najgy.‐
sj`najgy.‐
=9. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm blcssrjj`

blcssrjj` prcbtkbns wjulg an `jst cpprjp
cpprjprkctn
rkctn fjr beklgrnh ct
Nrkdsjh‛s stcmn jf khgustry vs khfnrkjrkty:
C. Cwcrgkhm nxtrc
nxtrc pjkhts
pjkhts tj stugnhts
stugnhts wej gj gj nxtrc wjrd
wjrd
A. Gksplcykhm becrts lkstkhm ten
ten anst
anst stugnht
stugnht kh vcrkjus cbtkvktkns
B. @cdkhm frnqunht usn spnllkhm
spnllkhm anns
anns chg
chg sk`klcr
sk`klcr “bjhtnst‐
“bjhtnst‐
G. Ylcbkhm khg
khgkvkgucl‛s
kvkgucl‛s csskmh`nht
csskmh`nht kh ncbe pupkl‛s
pupkl‛s subbnssful
subbnssful wjrd fjlgnr
fjlgnr wenh bj`plntng
bj`plntng
=3. Nvkgnhbn frj` stugkns

stugkns jf pcrnhtcl chg sjbkntcl trnct`nh
trnct`nhtt jf ajys chg mkrls summnsts tect
C. Ajys crn nhbjurcmn
nhbjurcmngg tj bjhfjr`
bjhfjr` tj rulns
rulns chg mkvn bj`fjrt tj jtenrs
A. Mkrls crn nh
nhbjurcmng
bjurcmng tj an bj`pntktkvn
bj`pntktkvn chg
chg ajys tjtj gnvnljp bljsn khtnrpnrsjhcl
khtnrpnrsjhcl rnlctkjhs
rnlctkjhs
B. Ajys crn nnhbjurcmn
hbjurcmngg tj an bj`pntktkvn chg tj bjhtrjl
bjhtrjl nxprnsskjh
nxprnsskjh jf fnnlkhms
G. Mkrls crn nh
nhbjurcmng
bjurcmng tj mkvn bj`fjrt
bj`fjrt tj jtenrs
jtenrs chg ajys tj anan cffnbtkjhctn
cffnbtkjhctn
=1. Nrkdsjh‛s bjhbnpt

bjhbnpt jf ten psybej-sjbkcl
psybej-sjbkcl `jrctjrku` ks `jst lkdn
C. Cvjkgkhm sjbkcl
sjbkcl bjhtcbts
bjhtcbts fjr snvnrcl
snvnrcl `jhtes
`jhtes
A. Bjhsultk
Bjhsultkhm
hm wkte c bjuhsn
bjuhsnljr
ljr cajut
cajut sjbkcl
sjbkcl prjaln
prjaln`s
`s

B. Lnttkhm
Lnttkhm sj`njhn
sj`njhn nlsn gnbkgn
gnbkgn
G. Rlnnpkhm
Rlnnpkhm jh c prjaln`
prjaln` jr
jr gnbkskjh
gnbkskjh
=2. C beklg wej bch bjrrnbtly rncsjh terjume

terjume c prjaln` jhly kh ten prnsnhbn jf cbtu
cbtucl
cl
jaonbts ks anst gnsbrkang cs ankhm kh ten
C. Bjhbrntn jpnrctkjhc
jpnrctkjhcll stcmn
A.
B. Rnh
Rnhsj
sjrk-
Yrn-jprk-`jt
Yrn-jpnrc`jtjr
nrctkj jr
hclstcmn
tkjhclstcmn
stc
stcmn
mn
G. Fjr`cl
Fjr`cl jpn
jpnrct
rctkjh
kjhcl
cl stc
stcmn
mn
=7. Wen caklkty jf beklgrnh tj jrmchkzn c huànr

huànr jf jaonbts cbbjrgkhm tj c brktnrkjh sube cs
skzn, bjljr jr secpn gn`jhstrctns.
C. Bjhsnrvctkjh
Bjhsnrvctkjh
A. Jaon
Jaonbtbt pnr`
pnr`ch
chnh
nhbn
bn
B. Bl
Blcs
cssk
skfk
fkbc
bctk
tkjh
jh
G. Rnrkc
nrkcttkj
kjh
h
=>. ]enh c ajttln-fng acay rnspjhgs

rnspjhgs tj c hnw tjy ay subdkhm kt, wect ks jbburrkhm:
C. Cssk`klctkjh
A. Bj
Bjhs
hsnr
nrvc
vctk
tkjh
jh
B. Cbbj
Cbbj``
``jg jgct
ctkj
kjh
h
G. Bjhbnp
Bjhbnptt fj
fjr`c
r`ctkj
tkjh
h
=6. Wen prjbnss ay wekbe ten khgkvkgucl

khgkvkgucl `ckhtckh eks kgnhtky wekln trykhm tj khtn
khtnrhclkzn
rhclkzn
sjbknty‛s rulns ks bcllng
C. Khgkvkguclkzctkjh
Khgkvkguclkzctkjh
A. @jrc
@jrcll gnvnl
gnvnljpjp`n
`nht
ht
B. Rjbk
Rjbkcl
clkz
kzct
ctkj
kjh
h
G. Rjbkcl
Rjbkcl gnvn
gnvnljp
ljp`n
`nht
ht
==. “Rbrctbe `y acbd chg K‛ll sbrctbe

sbrctbe yjurs‛ ks rncsjhkhm typ
typkbcl
kbcl jf
C. Rtcmn 3
A. Rtcmn 1
B. Rtcmn 2
G. Rtcmn 7
=5. C beklg wej ks pjjr kh cbcgn`kbs trkns tj nxbnl kh ctelntkbs. Weks kllustrctrns ten usn jf
gnfnhsn `nbechks` bcllng
C. Bj`pnhsctkjh
Bj`pnhsctkjh
A. Yrj
rjon
onb
btkj
tkjh
B. Rual
Rualk`
k`ct
ctkj
kjh
h
G. Qctk
Qctkjh
jhcl
clkz
kzct
ctkj
kjh
h
=;. Wenrn ks hj lncrhng anecvkjr wekbe ks rnlctkvnly pnr`ch

pnr`chnht
nht beknfly anbcusn
C. Ch khgkvkgucl
khgkvkgucl jutmrjws
jutmrjws `jst jf wect en ncrlknr
ncrlknr lncrhng
lncrhng
A. Wen nffn
nffnbt
bt jf jhn‛s pc
pcst
st lncrhkhm
lncrhkhm ks ljst
ljst anfjrn ten 4ncrhkhm
4ncrhkhm jbburs
jbburs
B. Ycst n nxpnrknhbns
xpnrknhbns crn ncskly
ncskly rnplcbng
rnplcbng ay
ay h n nxpn
nxpnrknhbn
rknhbn
G. Anecvkjr be bechmns
chmns arjumet
arjumet cajut
cajut ay lncrhkhm crn bjhstchtly
bjhstchtly `jgkfkng ay suasnqunht
suasnqunht
nxpnrknhbns

59. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm nxc`plns kllustrctns c tncbenr enlpkhm stug stugnhts
nhts k`prjvn `n`jry
terjume ten usn jf c `hn`jhkb gnvkbn:
C. C ùskb tncbenr ecs stugnhts
stugnhts lncrh ten lkhns jf ten stc
stcff-NMAGF
ff-NMAGF -wkte ten percsn
percsn “Nvnry
mjjg ajy gjns fkhn‐
A. C akjljmy tncbenr fkrst
fkrst prnsnhts c wrkttnh jutlkhn
jutlkhn jf c lnbturn, tenh fklls kh gntckls jrclly
jrclly
B. Ch Nhmlkse tncbenr strnssns
strnssns hjtn-tcdkhm,
hjtn-tcdkhm, pcrcpercskh
pcrcpercskhm, m, rnbktctkjh
rnbktctkjh chg rnvknw
rnvknw
G. C
ayekstjry tnc
tncbenr
`n`jrkzkhmbenr
tnhecs stugnhts
stugnhts
ncbe wnnd lncrh
lncrh ten hc`n
hc`n chg jrgkhcl
jrgkhcl pjsktkjh ncbe ^.R Yrnskgnht
53. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm sktuctkjhs anst kllustrctns ten sjbkcl lncrhkhm tenjry cpp
cpprjcbe
rjcbe tj
`jtkvctkjh:
C. Crrchmn stugnhts
stugnhts kh s`cll mrjups
mrjups fjr prjaln`
prjaln` sjlvkhm
A. Nhbjurcm
Nhbjurcmn n pjsktkvn
pjsktkvn khtnrpnrsjhcl
khtnrpnrsjhcl rnlctkjhs
rnlctkjhs c`jhm stugnhts
B. Yrcksn stu
stugnhts
gnhts wejsn
wejsn anecvkjr
anecvkjr `cy
`cy an k`ktctng ay
ay blcss`ctns
blcss`ctns
G. Yrnsnht uh
uhkqun
kqun chg becllnhmkhm
becllnhmkhm kgncs
kgncs tect crn gksbrnpcht
gksbrnpcht wktestugnhts
wktestugnhts burrnht
burrnht anlknfs
51. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm nhechbns

nhechbns rntnhtkjh:
rntnhtkjh:
C. Jrmchkzctkjhcl
Jrmchkzctkjhcl jf `ctnrkcl
`ctnrkcl
A. @cd
@cdkhm
khm lncrh
lncrhkhm
khm `nch
`nchkhm
khmful
ful
B. Nhbju
Nhbjurcm
rcmnn `cstnr
`cstnry y
G. Cll
Cll j
jff ten
ten cajv
cajvn
n
52. Wen mrnctnst gntnrrnht
gntnrrnht tj ten gnvnljp`nht jf brnctkvkt
brnctkvkty
y ks tect, usuclly ten pupkl?
C. Ks plcbng kh ch stkùlctkhm
stkùlctkhm nhvkrjh`nht
nhvkrjh`nht
A. Ks `cgn
`cgn tj bjhfj
bjhfjr`
r` tj cgult
cgult‛s
‛s stc
stchgc
hgcrgs
rgs
B. Lcbd
Lcbd jf crtk
crtkstk
stkb
b trckhk
trckhkhm
hm
G. Bjhgubtn
Bjhgubtng g kh ten spkrkt
spkrkt jf plcy
57. ]enh bejjskhm c pupkl pupkl tj an c lncgnr kh blcss, ten tncbenr sejulg bjhskgn
bjhskgnrr cs anst tj
trckh, ten jhn wej ks
C. Jangknht chg sua`ksskvn
sua`ksskvn tj supnrkjrs
supnrkjrs chg
chg blcss`ctns
blcss`ctns
A. Rupnrkjr
Rupnrkjr kh khtnllnb
khtnllnbtucl
tucl caklk
caklkty
ty
B. Ecrgwjrd
Ecrgwjrdkhmkhm chg gnpnhg
gnpnhgcaln
caln
G. Rjbkclly
Rjbkclly cbbnptca
cbbnptcalnln tj
tj j
jtenr
tenrss
5>. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm ks ten anst `ntejg

`ntejg tj usn wenh bjhtrjllkhm ten an
anecvkjr
ecvkjr jf ch
cmmrnsskvn pupkl kh blcss:
C. Rnhg ek` tj an mukgchbn
mukgchbn bjuhsnljr
bjuhsnljr fjr
fjr gksbkplkhn
A. Css
Csskmh
kmh ek` tj
tj gj rju
rjutkh
tkhn
n tcsd
tcsd
B. Ksjlctn e
ek`
k` uhtkl en lncrhs
lncrhs tj anecvn
anecvn prjpnrly
prjpnrly wkte
wkte jtenr pupkls
G. Rnhg c hjtn
hjtn tj eks
eks pcrnhts
pcrnhts tj tnll
tnll ten` jf
jf eks anecvkj
anecvkjrr
56. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm stctn`nhts

stctn`nhts ks hjt trun jf `nhtclly
`nhtclly rntcrtng:
C. Rejrt cttnhtkjh
cttnhtkjh spch
spch
A. Lk`
Lk`ktn
ktng
g lncrh
lncrhkhm
khm caklk
caklkty
ty
B. Gnlcyn
Gnlcyngg kh gnvn
gnvnljp
ljp`n
`nhtht
G. Mrcsp
Mrcsp te
tekhm
khms
s ncs
ncskly
kly

5=. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm becrcbtnrkstkbs

becrcbtnrkstkbs jf khgkvkgucls
khgkvkgucls bch an blcsskfkng cs snrkjusly
n`jtkjhclly gksturang:
C. Cmmrnsskvn,
Cmmrnsskvn, nrrctkb, uhprngkbtca
uhprngkbtcaln ln
A. Ljw mrcgns
mrcgns (gnspk
(gnspktn,
tn, caklkty
caklkty),
), j frknhgs
frknhgs gnprnssn
gnprnssngg
B. Gnprnssn
Gnprnssng,g, ejstkln,
ejstkln, rnsnhtfu
rnsnhtfull
G. Hnmctkvn
Hnmctkvn,, uh`jtkvc
uh`jtkvctng,
tng, gkstrc
gkstrcbtka
btkaln
ln
55. Wen blcss ks `jst lkdnly tj dnnp clnrt chg khvjlvng

khvjlvng kf yju
C. Csd qunstkjh
qunstkjh tenh bcll jh stugnhts
stugnhts tj chswnr wej bjulg hjt prngkbt ankhm
ankhm bcllng upjh
A. Bcll jh
jh stugnht
stugnhtss kh clpec
clpecantk
antkbcl
bcl j
jrgnr
rgnr
B. Bcll jh stugnht
stugnhtss ay mjkhm systn`
systn`ctkb
ctkbclly
clly crjuhg
crjuhg ten rjj`
rjj`
G. Bcl jh stu
stugnht
gnht wej bjulg hjthjt prngkbt ankhm
ankhm bcllng upjh, tenh
tenh csd qunstkjhs
qunstkjhs
5;. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm ks HJW c becrcbtnrkstkb

becrcbtnrkstkb jf sljw lncrhn
lncrhnrs:
rs:
C. Lcbd snlf-bjhfkgnhbn
snlf-bjhfkgnhbn
A. ^hcaln
^hcaln tj
tj mnt
mnt cljhm
cljhm wkte jtenr
jtenr
B. Lj
Ljw
w snlf
snlf-n
-nst
stnn
nn`
`
G. Rejrt
Rejrt cttn
cttnht
htkjh
kjh spc
spch
h
;9. ]ekbe becrcbtnrkstkb

becrcbtnrkstkb kh HJW trun jf beklgrnh frj` 9-> ync
yncrs:
rs:
C. Qcpkg gnvnljp`nht
gnvnljp`nht
A. Nxe
Nxekak
kaktt snpcrc
snpcrctkj
tkjh
h chxknt
chxknty
y
B. Yrnfn
Yrnfnrr tj plcy
plcy wkte
wkte sc`n
sc`n snx
G. K`ktct
K`ktctn
n jlgn
jlgnrr beklg
beklgrnh
rnh
;3. Wen hcturcl gnskrn jf

jf khgkvkgucls tj an wkte jtenr
jtenr pnjpln ks bcllng
C. Bj`pntktkjh
A. K`
K`kt
ktc
ctkj
tkjh
B. Burk
Burkjjsk
sktty
G. Mr
Mrnm
nmcrcrkjkjus
ushn
hnss
ss
;1. ]ej ks ten prjpjhnht

prjpjhnht jf sjbkcl bjhstrubt
bjhstrubtkvks`:
kvks`:
C. Ngwcrg Lnn
Lnn Wejrhgkdn
Wejrhgkdn
A. Ln
Lnv
v Vym
Vymjt
jtsd
sdy
y
B. On
Onch
ch Ykcm
Ykcmnt
nt
G. Oj
Ojeh
eh Gnwn
Gnwnyy
;2. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm stctn`nhts

stctn`nhts ks HJW trun jf ten ùltkpln khtnllkmnhbn
khtnllkmnhbn tenjry
C. Vnracl chg
chg `cten`ctkbcl
`cten`ctkbcl caklkty crn ten sjln
sjln khgkbctjrs
khgkbctjrs jf khtnllkmnhbn
khtnllkmnhbn
A. Kt ks prjpjsng
prjpjsng ay Ejwcr
Ejwcrg g Mc
Mcrghn
rghnrr
B. Wenrn
Wenrn crn 5 typns
typns jf
jf khtnllkm
khtnllkmnhbn
nhbn
G. Dkhnstent
Dkhnstentkb
kb khtnllkmnhbn
khtnllkmnhbn khblugns
khblugns jhn‛s
jhn‛s caklkty fjr spjrts
spjrts chg gchbn
;7. ]ekbe jf ten fjlljwkhm stctn`nhts

stctn`nhts ks cbbnptcaln
cbbnptcaln tj Aruhnr:
C. Lncrhkhm ks c gyhc`kb
gyhc`kb cbtkvn prjbnss
prjbnss
A. Wncbekhm
Wncbekhm sejulg
sejulg an gjhn gngubtkv
gngubtkvnly
nly
B. Wncbekhm
Wncbekhm ten prnrnq
prnrnqukskt
uksktns
ns ks k`pjrtc
k`pjrtcht
ht
G. Cll
Cll jf te
ten
n caj
cajvn
vn

;>. Aruhnr‛s nhcbtkvn rnprnsnhtctkj

rnprnsnhtctkjh
h ks nqukvclnht tj wekbe stcmn jf Ykcmnt:
C. Ryàjlkb
A. Kbjhkb
B. Yr
Yrnj
njpn
pnrc
rctk
tkjh
jhcl
cl
G. Rnhs
Rnhsjr
jrk-
k-`j
`jtjtjrr
;6. bjhbnptkjh
ZZZZZZZ kschg
gnfkhns cs c up
bjhtkhujus prjmrnsskvn
tj gncte chg bjhtkhujus
bjhtkhujus bechmn kh ch khgkvkgucl frj`
C. Eu`ch akrte
akrte
A. Eu`c
Eu`ch
h gnvnl
gnvnljpjp`n
`nht
ht
B. Eu`c
Eu`ch
h cbt
cbtkj
kjh
h
G. Eu`c
Eu`ch
hks
ks`
`
;=. C stcmn jh Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht Wenjry

Wenjry wenrnkh ch khgkvkgucl rnspjhg tj nhvkrjh`nh
nhvkrjh`nhtt
terjume syàjls
C. Rnhsjrk`jtjr
Rnhsjrk`jtjr stcmn
A. Bjh
Bjhbrn
brntn
tn jpnrc
jpnrctkj
tkjhc
hcll stcmn
stcmn
B. Yrn-jp
Yrn-jpnrc
nrctkj
tkjhcl
hcl stc
stcmn
mn
G. Fjr`cl
Fjr`cl jpn
jpnrct
rctkjh
kjhcl
cl stc
stcmn
mn
;5. C stcmn jh bjmhktkvn gnvnljp`nht

gnvnljp`nht tenjry wenrn kh khgkvkgucl rnspjhg
rnspjhg tj nhvkrjh`nht
terjume rnflnxns
C. Rnhsjrk`jtjr
Rnhsjrk`jtjr
A. Bjh
Bjhvnh
vnhtkj
tkjh
h jf jpnrct
jpnrctkjh
kjhcl
cl
B. Yrn-jp
Yrn-jpnrc
nrctkj
tkjhcl
hcl stc
stcmn
mn
G. Bjhbrntn
Bjhbrntn jpnrctkj
jpnrctkjhcl
hcl stcm
stcmnn
;;. Wenrn ks c gkstchbn antwnnh beklg‛s cbtucl

cbtucl gnvnljp`nht lnvnls cs gntnr`
gntnr`khng
khng a
khgnpnhgnht prjaln` sjlvkhm chg ekmenr lnvnl jf pjtnhtkcl gnvnljp`nht
C. _jhn jf prjxk`kty
prjxk`kty
A. Nh
Nhnr
nrmy
my zn
znrj
rj
B. Nr
Nrjm
jmnh
nhju
juss _jh
_jhnn
G. _jhn jf Yrjxk`cl
Yrjxk`cl gnvnljp
gnvnljp`nh
`nhtt
39
399.
9. Ln
Lnvn
vnll jh Djel
Djelan
anrm rm‛s
‛s W
Wen
enjr
jry
y jf
jf `jr
`jrcl
cl gnv
gnvnl
nljp
jp`n
`nht
ht wekb
wekbe
e stc
stctn
tns
s tect
tect plnc
plncsk
skhm
hm
jtenrs ks ten “rkmet tekhm tj gj‐
C. Yrn-bjhvnhtkjhcl
Yrn-bjhvnhtkjhcl Lnvnl
Lnvnl
A. Fjr
Fjr`cl
`cl Bjh
Bjhvnvnhtk
htkjh
jhcl
cl Lnvnl
Lnvnl
B. Bjhvnh
Bjhvnhtkj
tkjhcl
hcl lnvnl
lnvnl
G. Bjhbrntn
Bjhbrntn bjhvnhtk
bjhvnhtkjhc
jhcll llnvn
nvnll
Hjtn?

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Bjllnmn jf Wncbenr Ngubctkjh- ^hgnrmrcguctn Yrjmrc`

@jguln kh NG 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht

]ect teks `jguln ks cajut:

Lnssjh 3 - Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht? @nchkhm, Bjhbnpts, chg Cpprjcbens

Lnssjh 1 - Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nhtcl Wcsds

Lnssjh 2 - Kssuns jh Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht

Lnssjh 7 - Qnsncrbe kh Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Gnvnljp`nht

Lnssjh > - Frnug‛s Ysybejchclytkb Wenjry

Lnssjh 6 - Ykcmnt‛s Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht

Lnssjh = - Nrkdsjh‛s Ysybej-Rjbkcl Wenjry jf Gnvnljp`nht

Lnssjh ; - Vymjtsdy‛s Rjbkj- Bulturcl Wenjry

Lnssjh 39 - Arjhfnharnhhnr‛s Nbjljmkbcl Wenjry

Lnssjh 33 - Gnvnljp`nht jf ten Lncrhnrs ct Vcrkjus Rcmns

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nht Wcsds

]ect crn ten j

Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

• gnfkhn gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds kh yjur jwh wjrgs 4

Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

Wen Rtcmns jf Gnvnljp`nht chg Gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Bjhbnpt jf gnvnljp`nhtcl tcsds

‒ (39 ‒ 31 yncrs jf cmn nhgkhm up

@kggln chg lctn beklgejjg

Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Kssuns jh Eu`ch Gnvnljp`nht

Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

• tcdn ch khfjr`ng stchg/pjsktkjh jh ten ternn kssuns jh gnvnljp`nht.

Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

Wenrn crn ternn tenjrntkbcl kssuns kh eu`ch gnvnljp`nht4

Wen fkrst kssun ks hcturn vnrsus hurturn.

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

]ect crn ten jaonbtkvns jf teks lnssjh:

Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

• nxplckh Frnug‛s vknws cajut beklg chg cgjlnsbnht gnvnljp`nht 4 chg

Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

NMJ Weks strubturn ks ten rctkjhcl, ljmkbcl, prjaln`-sjlvkhm bj`pjhnht jf

R^YNQNMJ Weks ks ten anlknfs

Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Ykcmnt‛s Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht

]ect crn ten jaonbtkvns jf teks lnssjh:

Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

• gnsbrkan Ykcmnt‛s stcmns kh yjur jwh wjrgs 4 chg

Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

Wen Cgcptctkjh Yrjbnssns

Fjur Rtcmns jf Bjmhktkvn Gnvnljp`nht

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Wnst yjur dhjwlngmn

C. Qncg ten sktuctkjhs anljw tenh chswnr ten qunstkjhs.

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns

Nrkdsjh‛s Ysybej-Rjbkcl Wenjry jf Gnvnljp`nht

]ect crn ten j

Ct ten nhg jf teks lnssjh,

• nxplckh ten 5 stcmns jf lkfn tj sj`njhn yju bcrn cajut 4 chg

Jvnrvknw jf ten tjpkb

Ng 393- Beklg chg Cgjlnsbnht Lncrhnrs chg Lncrhkhm Yrkhbkplns