C`tk`egkcs

n` ic H
Hkhikc
khikc
Cpcrn`tns Me`trcdkmmke`ns n` ic Hkhikc

-C`tk`egkcs n` ic Hkhikc2 MË]CX ZCXNDN]

-Ic Ninmmký`/Zrndnstk`cmký` y ic @nmnskdcd
dn u` Nqukikhrke Tneiýlkme2 HEH ^TIN[
-Ic Zrndnstk`cmký` (Mcivk`ksge) me`trc ni
Ikhrn Cihndrçe (Crgk`kc`ksge)2 HEH ^TIN[
-Ni Nqukikhrke n` ics Demtrk`cs sehrn ic
]civcmký`2 MÃXIE] GCXS^NR
-38 Zu`tes pcrc N`tn`dnr ies prk`mkpcins
Zcmtes Hçhikmes2 GKAN _ICMF

IC HKHIKC DKMN2
3nrc c Tnscie`kmn`sns >283
’Nxcgk`cdie tede1 rntn`nd ie hun`e. ‗
 C@TK@EGKC] N@ IC HKHIKC
Ic Hkhikc me`tkn`n u`c lrc` mc`tkdcd dn pcrcdebcs e c`tk`egkcs qun `e pednges rnseivnr. Ni
(me`trc),), y ηωιεψ `eges, (iny
vemchie c`tk`egkc prevkn`n dni lrknle ἊητΥ c`tk-, (me`trc iny)1)1 vkn`n c snr u`
tërgk`e ngpincde me` ornmun`mkc n` iýlkmc pcrc dn`etcr ie qun ns u`c pcrcdebc e u`c cpcrn`tn
me`trcdkmmký` sk` seiumký`.
Dkmn ic N`mkmiepndkc K`tnr`cmke`ci ]tc`dcrd dn ic Hkhikc (K]HN
K]HN)) qun u`c dn nscs c`tk`egkcs
dnsprn`dkdcs dn ic Hkhikc ns ni fnmfe dn, mýge Dkes pundn snr ikhrn, sk tedes ]us cmtes fc` skde

prn-erdk`cdes (ns dnmk

nonmte n` ies tkngpes dnmkr,
qunr,ins
dntnrgk`cdes
pnrtn`nmn` ),ydnsdn
dkspunstes tedcs ics mescs
ic ntnr`kdcd. ch cntnr`e,snrçc
Etrc c`tk`egkc pcrc mýge
qun tn`lc`
pundnsuDkes
snr buste, sk u`es pemes fc` skde nsmelkdes y gumfes dnbcdes dn icde. Dn kluci oergc, u`c `unvc
pcrcdebc (nste ns, u`c cokrgcmký` k`vnresçgki e chsurdc, qun sn prnsn`tc me` cpcrkn`mkcs dn vnrdcdnrc ),
csegc n` muc`te c, mýge pundn ni feghrn snr ikhrn, sk su mcrãmtnr gerci premndn dn ic lrcmkc
sehnrc`c1 yc qun sk Dkes nsmeln c tedes e dnbc c tedes dn icde, Ëi `e fcrçc `cdc buste e lrcmkese
(dn lrcmkc) csç mege ni feghrn tcgpeme tn`drçc `k`lò` vnstklke dn ikhnrtcd.
Zcrc dcr rnspunstc c nstc prnsu`mký` dn nxkstn`mkc dn pcrcdebcs n` ic Hkhikc dnhnges rnonrkr`es
ci fnmfe dn qun nstcges trctc`de u` prehingc dnsdn des pic`es dkstk`tes. Fchicr dn ntnr`kdcd
n` Dkes seie ns peskhin sk tegcges n` mun`tc ni me`mnpte tnrrn`ci dn tkngpe tkngpe.. Ic ntnr`kdcd ns n`
u` sn`tkde ctngperci, perqun `e pundn tn`nr megkn`ze `k ok`. ok`. Ni tkngpe, per ni me`trcrke, `e ns
ntnr`e sk`e me` prk`mkpke y ok`.
ok`. Zer etre icde, ni tkngpe nstã iklcde ci nspcmke dn cmunrde c ic
oçskmc.. Ies csu`tes dn Dkes pundn` iicgcrsn gntcoçskmes, ies dni feghrn se` oçskmes
oçskmc oçskmes..
Me` nste n` gn`tn, ic ikhnrtcd dn Dkes pundn snr vkstc mege u` csu`te dn nsmeln`mkc
nsmeln`mkc.. Dkes
n sc gndkdc fc nsmelkde (dnsdn ic ntnr`kdcd)
dnmkdký u` nvn`te y n` nsc ntnr`kdcd) qun cile sumndknsn n`
`unstrc fksterkc. ]u ikhrn dnmkský` `e pundn tegcrsn mege ic mcusc dn su mcrn`mkc dn ikhnrtcd
pcrc kgpndkr qun iinlun c cme`tnmnr ie qun yc dnmrntý
dnmrntý.. Dn ie me`trcrke nstcrçcges buzlc`de c
Dkes dn cmunrde ci prk`mkpke dn k`mnrtkdughrn
k`mnrtkdughrn22 sk ns ikhrn n`te`mns `e dnmrntc, sk dnmrntc
n`te`mns `e ns ikhrn.
Rn`ý` ns me`emkde tcghkë` per u`c guy mëinhrn pcrcdebc, snlò` ic muci `es dkmn
d kmn qun2
ni trcsicde dn u` ehbnte dnsdn ni pu`te C fcmkc ni pu`te H kgpikmc pcscr prkgnre per ni pu`te M1
pnre iinlcr c M prnsupe`n pcscr c`tns per D, y csç sumnskvcgn`tn y fcstc ni k`ok`kte.
N` etres tërgk`es, sk dn C c H fcy u` gntre dn dkstc`mkc, ns `nmnscrke pcscr c`tns per ic gktcd
(gndke gntre)1 iunle, pcrc iinlcr ci gndke gntre dnhe pcscr prkgnre per ic gktcd dn ic gktcd
(u` mucrte dn gntre). Mege n`trn 3 y 8 fcy k`ok`ktcs gktcdns (e tcghkë` k`ok`ktes dnmkgcins),
dnhe fcmnr k`ok`ktes rnmerrkdes c`tns dn iinlcr dn 3 c 8. @e ehstc`tn, n` ni gu`de prãmtkme ye
dey u` scite dn u` gntre dn icrle y pcse dn C c H sk` `k`lò` k`me`vn`kn`tn.
Nse sumndn me` muciquknr pcrcdebc, cile qun gcrcvkiic2 qun qun ic rczý` `e ielrc rnseivnr ie qun n`
u` pic`e iýlkme ns kgpeskhin, c pnscr dn qun me` ic prclgãtkmc* dn ic cmmký` snc peskhin.
Iinlcr c me`miukr qun Dkes `e nxkstn perqun u`c prepeskmký` iýlkmc gn csnlurc c gç qun fcy
u`c c`tk`egkc n` ic gc`nrc mege me`mkhe c nsn Dkes, pundn snr sngnbc`tn c `nlcr qun ns
peskhin iinlcr dn C c H, dn cmunrde c ic pcrcdebc dn Rn`ý`.
@etc2 prclgctksge*2 skstngc okiesýokme, qun sýie cmnptc mege mrktnrke dn vnrdcd, ies nonmtes prãmtkmes dn u` me`emkgkn`te.
8
]k Dkes pesnn ikhnrtcd n` rnicmký` c u`c cmmký` (e dnmrnte) dnpn`dn dn qun tn`lc ni pednr dn
nsmelnr cmtucr e ni pednr dn `e cmtucr. Ns dnmkr, Dkes tkn`n ni pednr dn dnmrntcr e `e dnmrntcr.
Fcstc cferc tede pcrnmn `ergci1 sk` nghcrle, sn pedrçc sestn`nr qun, mege Dkes nsmeln
skngprn ie gnber, n`
n ` vkrtud dn su schkdurçc y hn`nvein`mkc, sus dnmrntes se` `nmnscrkes y `e
me`tk`ln`tns (nste ns, qun pundn sumndnr e `e sumndnr).
Ni fnmfe dn qun ie dnmrntcde snc `nmnscrke ns u`c mcgksc dn ounrzc qun in rnstc ikhnrtcd dn
cmmký`, yc qun `e pundn nsmelnr `e dnmrntcr `k rncikzcr u` dnmrnte dkstk`te, dcde qun skngprn
nsmelnrã ie qun snc gnber pcrc su prepýskte, ëtkmc y gerci.
N`te`mns, dn cmunrde c nstn rcze`cgkn`te, per ni fnmfe dn qun Dkes skngprn nstã ehiklcde c
fcmnr ie qun ns gercign`tn hun`e pcrc Ëi gksge, Dkes `e tkn`n ikhnrtcd dn fcmnr ni gci. Mrne
qun ic okieseoçc me`ou`dn ni qun Dkes fclc ni gci me` ni qun Dkes pnqun, per nse dnhnges
snpcrcr nstes des me`mnptes.
^`c mesc ns qun Dkes fcyc mrncde ni gci (fkze ci dkchie, ci gcie pcrc ni dçc gcie, mrnc ic iuz y
ics tk`knhics, fcmn ic cdvnrskdcd y n`vçc nspçrktus dn gn`tkrc c sus preontcs), pnre etrc mesc
guy dkstk`tc ns qun Dkes pnqun e sn rnhnin me`trc Ëi gksge. Dkes n` su schkdurçc `e fcrã u`c
iny n` ic qun sn ehiklun c tn`tcr y c snr tn`tcde, puns seie n` vkrtud dn ehndnmnr nsc iny pnmcrçc.
Znre cò` n` nstn me`tnxte ic okieseoçc eivkdc qun sk Dkes pnmc per u` dnmrnte prepke, n` rncikdcd
`e pnmc per muc`te `e dnsehndnmn su gc`dcte. Nstn ns ni chsurde n` qun sn mcn me` nstes
pn`scgkn`tes mcrlcdes dn c`tk`egkcs.
Zer nse, ic supunstc ocitc dn ikhnrtcd dn Dkes n` muc`te c sus dnmrntes emupc u` nspcmke dn
rnictkvkdcd n` ies crlugn`tes, ie muci prnsupe`drçc u` tepes crlugn`tctkve dkonrn`tn pcrc mcdc
cmtkvkdcd c`tk`ýgkmc. Nste gn rnmunrdc ni rcze`cgkn`te serktns (qun ns ocicz) snlò` ni muci u`c
snrkn dn cme`tnmkgkn`tes me`mctn`cdes (nste ns, n`iczcdes), n` ni dksmurse gn me`dumn c me`miukr
qun cquniie qun ns gcie ns rncign`tn hun`e
hun`e..
serktns (lrknle2 ge`tý`)2 tedc pcrcdebc hcscdc n` ic vclundcd dn ies tërgk`es dni in`lucbn erdk`crke (µMu
(µMuã`tes
ã`tes mchniies ns `nmnscrke pnrdnr
pcrc qun u` feghrn sn qundn mcive5). Ctrkhukdc c Nuhòikdns dn Gnlcrc, sn prnlu`tc2 "µmuã`tes lrc`es dn trkle se` `nmnscrkes pcrc me`stktukr
u` ge`tý` (serktns)5"

Zer nbngpie2 ^` feghrn hnhn gumfcs mepcs dn ikmer y sn ngherrcmfc, pnre tkn`n qun mruzcr u`
rçe. K`tn`tc
rnmeln` y ie pcscr
iinvc`in`tcgn`tn
ci fespktci1y durc`tn
sn trepknzc1 ci trepnzcrme`emn
ni trctcgkn`te sn leipnc me`n`onrgnrc
c u`c u`c pkndrc y sn
y sn fknrn. Ie
n`cgerc`.
Ok`cign`tn sklun hnhkn`de n` dngcsçc perqun dnsmuhrký qun hnhnr ns hun`e, yc qun nse me`dumn
c me`emnr ci cger dn su vkdc.
Dnmkr qun perqun Dkes `e ns ikhrn `e nxkstn -yc qun `nmnscrkcgn`tn fc nsmelkde ni dnmrnte
`nmnscrke- ns mege csugkr qun ngherrcmfcrsn snc hun`e perqunpe rqun `es iinvc c me`emnr ci cger dn
ic vkdc. Zer ni me`trcrke, sk Dkes `e nsmeln ni dnmrnte cdnmucde (perqun ns ikhrn dn nsmelnr u`e
gn`es hun`e) n`te`mns me`miukges qun `e ns suokmkn`tngn`tn schke, per ie tc`te `e ns Dkes e `e
nxkstn. Ns dnmkr, `unstrc prepeskmký` ik`lùçstkmc n`mcskiic me` pcichrcs ni fcmnr dn Dkes qukn` ns
ni cuter dni in`lucbn. Me` ic in`luc y ic iýlkmc pednges me`miukr qun ni Dkes qun ns ni Ieles
dnsdn ni prk`mkpke `e nxkstn.
Nste tcghkë` gn rnmunrdc ic miãskmc pcrcdebc rnicmke`cdc me` ni pednr dn Dkes
Dkes..
=
]k Dkes ns Tedepednrese, µpedrã fcmnr u`c pkndrc tc` pnscdc, tc` pnscdc, qun Ëi gksge `e ic
pundc invc`tcr5 ]k `e ic pundn invc`tcr `e ns Tedepednrese y sk ic invc`tc `e pundn fcmnric tc`
pnscdc, per ie muci tcgpeme ns Tedepednrese.
Hkn`, pednges rnspe`dnr qun Dkes ns muctre vnmns Tedepednrese, puns2
3) pundn fcmnric1 8) pundn `e fcmnric1 =) pundn invc`tcric1 invc`tcric..
invc`tcric1 4) pundn `e invc`tcric
Ic rnspunstc nstã n` ic in`luc perqun ic prepeskmký` tcghkë` nstã n` ic in`luc. Ni fnmfe dn qun
Dkes pundn `e invc`tcric ie fcmn tedepednrese cò` n` sus mcrn`mkcs, puns csç mege ni skielksge
(crlugn`te qun me`stc dn trns prepeskmke`ns,
prep eskmke`ns, ic òitkgc dn ics mucins sn dndumn `nmnscrkcgn`tn dn ics etrcs
des) prepunste ns u` csu`te dn in`lucbn, ic seiumký` `e tkn`n qun nsmc`dcikzcrsn dn ic in`luc
sk`e n`me`trcr n` niic ic seiumký`.
_ncges quë `es dkmn ic Nsmrkturc n` muc`te ci fnmfe dn qun Dkes nsmeln c u`es pcrc vkdc ntnr`c
y c etres pcrc me`dn`cmký` ntnr`c.
ntnr`c. Dkes `e sn nsme`dn me` vnrlùn`zc perqun `e dnsnc qun sn
nsmc`dcikmn` dn ie qun fcmn. Ci me`trcrke, dnscoçc ci feghrn ehbnter y in dkmn qun `cdc
pundn fcmnr me`trc su dnmrnte, puns cò` nsc kgpetn`mkc pcrc mcghkcr ie dnmrntcde fc skde
k`miukdc n` su dnmrnte ntnr`e n k`gutchin.
N` rnicmký` c ic bustkmkc e k`bustkmkc me` qun cmtòc, tede dnpn`dn dni pcrãgntre pcrc buzlcr. ]k ni
rcsnre nsdnmicrcr
fnmfc ci ]u sc`tkdcd `cdkn
sc`tes pundn
c u`es cinlcr `cdc
n kgpures c sunsc
c etres, prepke
dnm ocver,
dnmkský`
kský` ns sk
]unstã n` ic dksmrkgk`cmký`
veiu`tcd ikhrn y nokmcz. Ni
feghrn nstã budkmkcign`tn megpregntkde me` Dkes, pnre Dkes `e tkn`n c `cdkn c`tn qukn`
rnspe`dnr per fchnr fnmfe ci gu`de dn u`c u etrc gc`nrc1 ëi fkze c Bcmeh y c Nscò dn ic gksgc
gcsc dn hcrre1 c u`e cgý dnsdn ic ntnr`kdcd y c etre cherrnmký dnsdn ic ntnr`kdcd, c`tns dn qun
fkmknsn` hkn` e gci. Ni qun `esetres vncges ic me`dn`cmký` dn Nscò mege u` fnmfe buste
perqun n` ic fksterkc cmtuý kgpçcgn`tn `e rnsunivn ni prehingc gntcoçskme me`trc Dkes Dkes.. Znre
Dkes `e rnmicgc `cdc c su ocver, `k sn nxmusc n` ni fnmfe budkmkci. ]kgpingn`tn dnmicrc qun ni ni
feghrn `e ns `cdkn pcrc citnrmcr me` Ëi, y nxpe`n su dnrnmfe dn Ciocrnre pcrc fcmnr dn ic
gksgc gcsc u` vcse pcrc fe`rc y etre pcrc dnsfe`rc
dnsfe`rc..

N` etres Ic
fcmnrie. tërgk`es, Dkes `e rnspe`dn
iýlkmc crlugn`tctkvc c`tn `cdkn
sn uoc`c perqun
n` husmcr `e tkn`n bunz
c`tk`egkcs kluci
n` ies e supnrker
fnmfes c`tn, qukn`
tneiýlkmes pnre
ic Hkhikc `e prnsn`tc pcrcdebcs `k gkstnrkes krrnseiutes. Ic Hkhikc dnmicrc ie qun Dkes fc
rnvnicde dn ]ç gksge y n` nsc rnvnicmký` `e fcy `k u`c seic pcrcdebc
pcrcdebc..
[c schnges qun c pnscr dn ie dkmfe per Rn`ý`, qun tnýrkmc y gctngãtkmcgn`tn ns kgpeskhin
iinlcr dni pu`te C c H, pnre n` ic prãmtkmc ns skgpingn`tn u` csu`te dn nmfcr c c`dcr. Ie gksge
sumndn me` ic okieseoçc qun k`tn`tc n`mcskiicr c Dkes n` sus dnmrntes y ikhnrtcdns, n` sus cmtes
ntnr`es bustes e k`bustes. N` ic prãmtkmc Dkes rnspe`dn qun ni feghrn `e ns `cdc y ns mege
gn`es qun `cdc pcrc qun ie n`mcskiin me` ies crlugn`tes qun Ëi gksge in fc hrk`dcde, lrcmkcs
c ic mcpcmkdcd dn in`lucbn eterlcdc c ic fugc`kdcd n` ic mrncmký` dni feghrn. Ni Ieles ntnr`e
qun fc nxkstkde dnsdn ni prk`mkpke `e sn n`rndc me` ies skielksges (nste ns, u` crlugn`te qun
me`stc dn trns
mrkcturcs prepeskmke`ns,
rnhnidns ic òitkgcrndumkr
qun prntn`dn` dn ics mucins sn dndumn `nmnscrkcgn`tn
c prepeskmke`ns dn ics etrcs des ), dn sus
iýlkmcs su k`nxkstn`mkc.

4
ME@ IC HKHIKC
Mrkste rnoknrn ni mcse dn des mkudcdns, Merczç` y Hntfsckdc (GctU332831 IumU3:23=), dkmkn`de qun
sk n` niics sn fuhknsn` fnmfe ies gkiclres qun sn fc` fnmfe n` Bnruscië` gumfes sn fchrçc`
crrnpn`tkde.
]k` nghcrle, schnges qun `e fkze `k`lò` gkiclre n` nscs mkudcdns, per ie tc`te `e sn
crrnpk`tknre`. Nstn crlugn`te prnsupe`n qun Dkes `e qukse fcmnr tcins gkiclres, pnre `e
`nmnscrkcgn`tn qun `e pude. µNstc ikhnrtcd dn Dkes n` epnrcmký` (fcmnr
(fcmnr e `e fcmnr)
fcmnr) ie fcmn
gercign`tn gn`es dkl`e5

µNi nbnrmkmke dn
gercign`tn su chseiutc
merrnmte, c ]u ikgktc
sehnrc`çc
dn cmunrde prepkcsuëtkmc5
hn`nvein`mkc
ë tkmc5 e su mcpcmkdcd
Zcrc dcr rnspunstc c nstcspcrc fcmnr ie qun ns
k`qukntudns
tn`nges qun pcrtkr dni fnmfe dn qun sk Dkes sn ikgktc n` fcmnr gkiclres qun k`veiumrn`
crrnpn`tkgkn`te, `e ns perqun su ikgktcmký` kgpikqun gn`es pednr `k gn`es gercikdcd, sk`e
per ni nbnrmkmke nxpiçmkte dn u` pic` e dnmrnte ntnr`e tcghkë` schke y hn`ëveie pcrc me` sus
ninlkdes..
ninlkdes
Bnsumrkste erý ci Zcdrn y in dkbe qun suspn`dknrc ic mepc qun fchrçc dn hnhnr, sk nste ounrn
peskhin, pnre ic rnspunstc dni Zcdrn oun me`tk`ucr me` ni pic`. Dn nstc cmmký` sn dnrkvc qun2
3) Dk es `e tn`çc etrc peskhkikdcd (per ie tc`te nstchc sk` ic ikhnrtcd dn suspn`dnr su pic`)1
Dkes
8) Dk
Dkes
es cmtuý
cmtuý per me`snmun`mkc dn su gercikdcd, puns ni ehbntkve ok`ci nrc gestrcr su cger n`
ic rndn`mký` (u` vcier gerci supnrker)1
=) Dkes oun ikhrn pcrc
pcrc nbnrmnr su gercikdcd
gercikdcd supnrker, pnre nscnsc ninmmký` `e prnsupe`n qun `e
tegcric.
ounsn ikhrn dn `e tegcric.
Ni csu`te cmã nstrkhc n` qun Dkes ns u` snr chseiutcgn`tn krrnspe`schin. Dkes `e rnspe`dn c`tn
`cdkn perqun `e tkn`n kluci `k supnrker y ic rnspe`schkikdcd ie ns skngprn orn`tn c u` n`tn qun
dngc`dc ni mugpikgkn`te dn u` gc`dcte e me`dumtc. µSukë` oun su me`snbnre5 µSukë` ns ni qun
in dkmn, npc, quë fcmns5
Ic nvkdn`mkc hçhikmc `es dngunstrc qun tede ie qun emurrn n` ni gu`de sumndn hcbe ni ni
dntnrgk`cde me`snbe y me`emkgkn`te c`tkmkpcde dn Dkes.
Dkes. Ie qun Dkes schn qun vc c emurrkr ie
schn n` vkrtud dn qun ie dnmrntý e pic`kokmý.

IC NVZIKMCMKE@ TXCDKMKE@CI
Trcdkmke`cign`tn sn fc prntn`dkde dnon`dnr c Dkes per cquniie qun ni feghrn `cturci
me`skdnrc k`buste n` Ëi
Ëi.. Dn ic gksgc oergc sn fc prntn`dkde dnsik`dcr c Dkes dn ic nxkstn`mkc dni
pnmcde y cò` dn ]ctc`ãs
]ctc`ãs.. Nstn dnsik`dn dnbc u` nspcmke pcrc sespnmfcr qun fuhe u` nrrer n` ni
Mrncder, per ie muci ic okieseoçc sn prnlu`tc quë tc` pednrese e tc` eg`ksmkn`tn pundn snr u`
Dkes qun n` iulcr dn fcmnr nstn gu`de dnhký fchnr fnmfe etre gnber.
Me`trcrke c ic nxpeskmký` tneiýlkmc trcdkmke`ci, Dkes `e cinlc qun `e snc ni cuter dni pnmcde
pnmcde11
tcgpeme sn dkstc`mkc dn ics mcuscs dn ies nvn`tes hun`es e gcies qun tkn`n` iulcr n` ]u
u`kvnrse. Dkes `e tkn`n qun nsme`dnrsn n` ics mcuscs snmu`dcrkcs, sk`e qun gãs hkn` csugn su
pcrtkmkpcmký` n` ies fnmfes gcies. Ic Hkhikc `es rnictc qun `e cme`tnmn `cdc gcie n` n ` ic mkudcd
(Cgýs =2?)1
sk` qun Bnfevã ie fcyc fnmfe (Cgýs =2?)1 tcghkë` `es dkmn qun `cdkn pundn rnskstkr c ]u
veiu`tcd (Xegc`es
(Xegc`es ;23;)
;23;) per ie muci schnges qun ni feghrn `e ns ikhrn.
ikhrn.

>
Dkes `e `es fc dnbcde nstes csu`tes mege gkstnrke nsme`dkde, e mege pcrcdebc krrnseiuhin1 gãs
hkn` fc scikde seicgn`tn Ëi ns Dkes y `cdc fcy
scikde c ic pcinstrc me` su rnvnicmký` dkmkë`de`es qun seicgn`tn
sngnbc`tn c Ëi, qun c`u`mkc ie per vn`kr dnsdn ni prk`mkpke, y dnsdn c`tklue ie qun cu` `e nrc
fnmfe1 qun dkmn qun ]u me`snbe pnrgc`nmnrã pcrc skngprn y qun fcrã ie qun Ëi quknrc (Kscçcs (Kscçcs 4?2
;-33).).
;-33
Ni Dkes dn ic Hkhikc sklun sk` dnbcr `cdc ci gkstnrke1 csnlurc qun Ëi oergc ic iuz y mrnc ics
tk`knhics, fcmn ic pcz y mrnc ni gci (oergc`s iumng nt mrnc`s tn`nhrcs ocmkn`s pcmng nt mrnc`s gciug
ocmkn`s
-Kscçcs 4>2?.
nle Degk`us ocmkn`s eg`kc fcnm) -Kscçcs 4>2?.

Ëi ns u` Dkes dnscokc`tn y `e sn k`gutc c`tn sus mrkcturcs muc`de ie gci pe`n` me` ni
crlugn`te dn qun ni gci ns u` gkstnrke, e dn qun ni dkchie ns etre gkstnrke. @k ni gci `k ni
gcikl`e se` nrrerns dkvk`es1 tcgpeme surlknre` pcrc tegcr per serprnsc ci Mrncder dn tede
muc`te nxkstn. Ic Nsmrkturc `e emuitc ni fnmfe dn qun Dkes ns qukn` fc mrncde tede muc`te fcy y
Dkes gksge csugn n` oergc dkrnmtc sus fnmfes. Znre nste `e fcmn c Dkes u` ]nr pcrcdýbkme,
gãs hkn` ns u` snr guy mrkstcik`e sk` `k`lu`c me`trcdkmmký` e me`ouský`.
me `ouský`.
Tede ie fc fnmfe Dkes pcrc su lierkc, mege sn dnsprn`dn dni prepýskte
pre pýskte dn fchnr oergcde c
Bcmeh y c Nscò
Nscò11 u`e pcrc ic lierkc dn su cger y etre pcrc ic lierkc dn su krc y bustkmkc.
bustkmkc. Zer nse ni
scigkstc dnbý su tnstkge`ke per nsmrkte2 [ `unstre Dkes nstã n` ies mknies2 Tede ie qun qukse fc fnmfe
(]cige 33>2=).
33>2=). Ni nvn`te dn ic scivcmký` dni feghrn nstã redncde dn u`c snrkn me`tk`uc dn
pnmcdes per pcrtn dn qukn`ns mrumkokmcre` c Bnsòs
Bnsòs.. Tedes nses cmtes ounre` prnpcrcdes dn
c`tngc`e per ni Zcdrn, yc qun ies preontkzý dnsdn sklies ctrãs. Ni fnmfe gksge dn qun Mrkste
nstuvknsn prnpcrcde dnsdn c`tns dn ic ou`dcmký` dni gu`de (ns dnmkr, dnsdn c`tns dn qun Cdã`
nxkstknrc e pnmcrc), fcmn supe`nr y csugkr qun ni pnmcde dn Cdã` nrc k`nvktchin per muc`te nsc
nrc ic veiu`tcd dni Mrncder.
Mrncder.
Dkes `e sn gc`nbc me` pic`ns H, sk`e qun sus dnmrntes se` chseiutes, per ie tc`te `e sn dc ni
iube dn dnbcr `cdc c ic dnrkvc yc qun tede ie fc pic`kokmcde mege u` ]nr schke. Ns mknrte qun c
gumfes dn ies gercderns dn ic tknrrc, nse `e ins lustc y `e ins pcrnmn buste, pnre dn ic gksgc
gc`nrc pcrtkmkpc` dni gci me` mknrte clrcde. Zer nse snócic ic Hkhikc qun tedes ies gercderns dn ic
tknrrc per `cdc se` me`tcdes (`e tkn`n` `k`lu`c rnputcmký`, mege dkmn ic _uilctc Ictk`c), n`
42=>. Dkes `es prnsn`tc gumfcs dn sus ocmntcs, pnre `k`lu`c c`tk`egkc e me`trcdkmmký`
Dc`kni 42=>.
n` ]ç gksge.
gksge.
Ni qun ci feghrn `e in lustn ]u mmegkdc
egkdc `e kgpikmc qun `e sn ic megc1 pundn fchicr gci dn ic
gksgc pnre perqun fchic sn prnsugn qun ic prunhc.

***

?
 TNGC N]ZNMKCI2
IC NINMMKÝ@/ZXNDN]TK@CMKÝ@ [ IC @NMN]KDCD DN ^@ NS^KIKHXKE TNEIÝLKME
Ic ninmmký` ns u`c demtrk`c gcrcvkiiesc. ]k`
] k` nghcrle, ¡`e ns u` iicgcde ci ocverktksge, sk`e u`
iicgcde c snr u` mc`ci, u`c fnrrcgkn`tc e u` gndke pcrc ic rndn`mký` dn etres! N` ni C`tklue
Tnstcgn`te ni tërgk`e sn usc prk`mkpcign`tn pcrc ni snrvkmke1
snrvkmke1 n` ni @unve Tnstcgn`te sn usc
prk`mkpcign`tn pcrc ic scivcmký` qun sn gc`koknstc n` snrvkmke
snrvkmke..
Ic Hkhikc `u`mc rnme`mkikc ic me`trcdkmmký` cpcrn`tn n`trn
ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes y ni ikhrn cihndrçe dn ic fugc`kdcd, ¡sk`e qun prnsn`tc ics des!
^` hun` nbngpie dn ic tn`ský` hçhikmc snrçc Xegc`es ; qun trctc dn ic ninmmký` sehnrc`c dn Dkes
y Xegc`es 3: qun trctc dn ic rnspunstc `nmnscrkc dni feghrn (mo. 3:233, 3=).
Ic micvn pcrc nstc tn`ský` tneiýlkmc sn pundn n`me`trcr n` Nonskes 324.
324. Bnsòs ns ni feghrn ninlkde
dn Dkes y tedes nstã` petn`mkcign`tn ninlkdes n` ëi (Acri Hcrtf). Bnsòs ns ni « sç± dn Dkes pcrc ic
`nmnskdcd dn ic fugc`kdcd mcçdc (Acri Hcrtf). Nonskes 324 tcghkë` cyudc c cmicrcr ni tngc ci
cokrgcr qun ic gntc dn ic prndnstk`cmký` `e ns ni mknie, sk`e ic sc`tkdcd (skgkiktud c Mrkste). C
gn`ude `es vnges ctrcçdes c ies hn`nokmkes dni nvc`lnike n ¡kl`ercges ics rnspe`schkikdcdns! ¡Ni
iicgcde (ic ninmmký`) dn Dkes ns tc`te pcrc ni tkngpe mege pcrc ic ntnr`kdcd!
ntnr`kdcd!
Ics demtrk`cs tkn`n` rnicmký` me` etrcs vnrdcdns, y `e se` vnrdcdns ò`kmcs, sk` rnicmký`
cilu`c.. ^`c hun`c c`cielçc snrçc ic dn u`c me`stnicmký` n` me`trcpeskmký` c u`c nstrniic ò`kmc.
cilu`c
Dkes prnsn`tc ic vnrdcd n` lë`nres iktnrcrkes erkn`tcins, `e emmkdn`tcins.
@e dnhnges nikgk`cr ic tn`ský` mcuscdc per
pcrns dkciëmtkmes (pcrcdýbkmes) dn vnrdcdns demtrk`cins.
3. Ic prndnstk`cmký`
prndnstk`cmký` me`trc ni ikhrn cihndrçe fugc`e
8. Ic snlurkdcd dn ies mrnyn`tns
mrnyn`tns me`trc ic
ic `nmnskdcd dn ic pnrsnvnrc`mkc
pnrsnvnrc`mkc
=. Ni pnmcde erklk`ci
erklk`ci me`trc ni pnmcde veiktkve e veiu`tcrke
veiu`tcrke
4. Ic kgpnmchkikdcd (pnronmmke`ksge)
(pnronmmke`ksge) me`trc `e prcmtkmcr
prcmtkmcr ni pnmcde
>. Ic bustkokmcmký` y ic sc`tkokmcmký`
sc`tkokmcmký` k`kmkcins k`stc`tã`ncs
k`stc`tã`ncs me`trc ic sc`tkokmcmký`
sc`tkokmcmký` prelrnskvc
?. Ic ikhnrtcd mrkstkc`c
mrkstkc`c me`trc ic rnspe`schkikdcd mrkstkc`c
mrkstkc`c
<. Ic trcsmn`dn`mkc* dn Dkes
Dkes me`trc ic k`gc`n`mkc*
k`gc`n`mkc* dn Dkes
6. Ni Dkes qun c ok` dn mun`tcs `e sn pundn me`emnr me`trc ni Dkes qun sn me`emn per ics Nsmrkturcs
Nsmrkturcs
;. Ni rnk`e dn Dkes
Dkes mege prnsn`tn me`trc
me`trc ic me`sugcmký` outurc
outurc
3:. Ni crrnpn`tkgkn`te
crrnpn`tkgkn`te mege u` rnlcie dn Dkes me`trc ni crrnpn`tkgkn`te
crrnpn`tkgkn`te mege
mege u`c rnspunstc
dn pcmte fugc`c `nmnscrkc
33. Bnsòs mege dkvk`e
dkvk`e me`trc Bnsòs
Bnsòs mege fugc`e
38. Bnsòs mege kluci ci Zcdrn
Zcdrn me`trc Bnsòs mege
mege segntkde ci Zcdrn
Zcdrn
* `etc2 Fchicr dn trcsmn`dn`mkc n k`gc`n`mkc dn Dkes, nqukvcin c rnonrkrsn ci snr dn Dkes, mege nsn`mkcign`tn dkstk`te y
snpcrcde dni feghrn y dni gu`de, c ic vnz qun ç`tkge ci feghrn y ci gu`de.
«pcmte±± u`n ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes (qukn` skngprn tegc ic k`kmkctkvc y
Ni me`mnpte tneiýlkme dn «pcmte
nstchinmn ni pic`) me` ic rnspunstc ehiklcterkc, k`kmkci y me`tk`uc dn crrnpn`tkgkn`te y on per
pcrtn dn ies feghrns.
feghrns.
¡Tn`lc mukdcde dn `e uscr tnxtes dn ic Hkhikc
pcrc cpeycr u` icde dn ic pcrcdebc y dnsnstkgcr ni etre!
¡Tn`lc mukdcde dn cpeycr seie su demtrk`c ocverktc e skstngc tneiýlkme!
<
 TNGC N]ZNMKCI2
IC ZXNDN]TK@CMKÝ@ (MCI_K@K]GE) ME@TXC NI IKHXN CIHNDXÇE (CXGK@KC@K]GE)
K. Xegc`es 628; ” Zchie usc «c`tns me`emký± (ϊσενληπύβϋ prelk`esae) des vnmns, cquç y n`
Xegc`es 3328. N` 3328 sn rnoknrn ci cger dni pcmte dn Dkes per Ksrcni, c`tns dn qun ni tkngpe
megn`zcrc. Xnmunrdn qun ni tërgk`e «me`emnr± n` fnhrne tn`çc qun vnr me` u`c rnicmký` ç`tkgc y
pnrse`ci , `e me` fnmfes cirndnder dn cilukn` (mo. Lë`nsks 4231 Bnrngçcs 32>). Cquç nstchc k`miukdc
u`c mcdn`c dn cme`tnmkgkn`tes ntnr`es (mo. Xegc`es 628;-=:).
Nstn tërgk`e nstchc vk`muicde me` ic prndnstk`cmký`.
prndnstk`cmký`. ]k` nghcrle, fcy qun dnmkr qun ni
me`emkgkn`te prnvke dn Dkes `e ns ic hcsn dn ic ninmmký` perqun sn csç ounrc, n`te`mns ic
ninmmký` nstcrçc hcscdc n` ic rnspunstc outurc
o uturc dn ic fugc`kdcd mcçdc, qun snrçc ni dndnsngpnóe
sngpnóe
fugc`e. Nstn tërgk`e tcghkë` sn n`mun`trc n` Fnmfes 8?2>1 3 Zndre 328, 8: y 8 Zndre =23<.
C. «Me`emnr c`tns± (prelk`esae)
Ies tërgk`es «me`emnr c`tns± y «prndnstk`cr±, cghes sn megpe`n` dn ic ZXNZE]KMKÝ@ «c`tns± y
per ie tc`te, dnhn` trcdumkrsn «me`emnr c`tns±, «nstchinmnr içgktns c`tns± e «dnok`kr c`tns±. Ies
pcscbns dnok`ktkves sehrn ic prndnstk`cmký` n` ni @T se` Xegc`es 6286-=:1 Nonskes 323=-341 y
Xegc`es ;.
Nstes tnxtes ehvkcgn`tn fcmn` ë`ocsks n` qun Dkes ns sehnrc`e
sehnrc`e.. Ëi nstã n` tetci me`trei dn tedcs
ics mescs. Fcy u` pic` dkvk`e prndntnrgk`cde qun nstã ehrc`de n` ni tkngpe. ]k` nghcrle, nstn
] n hcsc, `e seicgn`tn n` ic sehnrc`çc y me`emkgkn`te
pic` `e ns crhktrcrke `k sninmtkve. ]n
c`tkmkpcde dn Dkes, sk`e n` su mcrãmtnr k`gutchin dn cger, gksnrkmerdkc y lrcmkc `e gnrnmkdc.gnrnmkdc.
Dnhnges tn`nr mukdcde me` `unstre k`dkvkduciksge emmkdn`tci ( nstcdeu`kdn`sn) e me` `unstre
mnie nvc`lëikme ci gedkokmcr nstc gcrcvkiiesc vnrdcd. Tcghkë` dnhnges nvktcr nstcr peicrkzcdes
me` ies me`oikmtes fkstýrkmes, tneiýlkmes n`trn Clustç` me`trc Zniclke e me` ni Mcivk`ksge me`trc
ni Crgk`kc`ksge
Crgk`kc`ksge..
H. «Zrndnstk`ý± (ϊσεεσΥοϋ preerçze «nstchinmnr ies içgktns c`tns±)
Ic prndnstk`cmký` `e ns u`c demtrk`c qun prntn`dn ikgktcr ni cger, ic lrcmkc y gksnrkmerdkc dn
Dkes, `k nxmiukr c cilukn` dni nvc`lnike
nvc`lnike.. Zrntn`dn oertcinmnr c ies mrnyn`tns ci cgeidcr su
mesgevkský`. Dkes ns pcrc tedc ic fugc`kdcd (mo. 3 Tkgetne 8241 8 Zndre =2;). Dkes tkn`n ni
me`trei dn tedcs ics mescs. µSukë` e quë pundn snpcrcr`es dn ëi (mo. Xegc`es 62=3-=;). Dkes vn
tedc ic fksterkc mege prnsn`tn
prnsn`tn11 ies fugc`es nstã` ctcdes ci tkngpe
tkngpe.. @unstrc pnrspnmtkvc y
mcpcmkdcdns gn`tcins se` ikgktcdcs.
@e fcy me`trcdkmmký` n`trn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes y ni ikhrn cihndrçe dni feghrn. Ns u`c
nstrumturc qun sn hcsc n` ni pcmte. Nstn ns etre nbngpie dn vnrdcd qun sn dc n` tn`ský`
dkciëmtkmc. Ics demtrk`cs hçhikmcs sn prnsn`tc` dnsdn pnrspnmtkvcs dkstk`tcs. Ornmun`tngn`tn
pcrnmn` pcrcdýbkmcs. Ic vnrdcd ns u` nqukikhrke n`trn ies pcrns cpcrn`tngn`tn epunstes.
@e dnhnges rntkrcr ic tn`ský` ci tegcr u`c dn ics vnrdcdns. @e dnhnges cksicr `k`lu`c
vnrdcd hçhikmc per sç seic n` u` megpcrtkgkn`t
megpcrtkgkn`te.
e.
Tcghkë` ns kgpertc`tn clrnlcr qun ic gntc dn ic ninmmký` `e seicgn`tn ns ni mknie muc`de
gurcges, sk`e ic sngnbc`zc c Mrkste cferc (mo. Xegc`es 628;1
628;1 Nonskes 3241 Nonskes 823:).
823:).
Oukges ninlkdes pcrc snr «sc`tes y sk` gc`mfc±. Dkes dnmkdn mcghkcr`es pcrc qun etres pundc`
vnr ni mcghke y rnspe`dc` me` on c Dkes n` Mrkste
Mrkste..
Ic prndnstk`cmký` `e ns u` prkvkinlke pnrse`ci, sk`e u`c rnspe`schkikdcd dn pcmte.
pcmte.
6
 gn tc dni mrkstkc`ksge. Ic sc`tkdcd ns ic
Nstc ns ic vnrdcd prk`mkpci dn nstn pcscbn. Nstc ns ic gntc
veiu`tcd dn Dkes pcrc mcdc mrnyn`tn
mrnyn`tn.. Ic ninmmký` dn Dkes ns pcrc ic sngnbc`zc c Mrkste (mo.
Nonskes 324), `e u`c peskmký` nspnmkci.
nspnmkci. Ic kgcln` dn Dkes, in oun dcdc ci feghrn n` ic mrncmký`
(mo. Lë`nsks 328?1 >23, =1 ;2?), dnhn snr rnstcurcdc
rnstcurcdc..
M. «me`oergns c ic kgcln` dn su Fkbe± ” Ic gntc ok`ci dn Dkes ns ic rnstcurcmký` dn ic kgcln`
pnrdkdc n` ic mcçdc.
mcçdc. Ies mrnyn`tns se` prndnstk`cdes pcrc tn`nr ic kgcln` dn Mrkste (mo. Nonskes
324).
KK. Xegc`es ;
C. Xegc`es ; ns etre dn ies pcscbns ounrtns dni @T cmnrmc dn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes (ic etrc ns
Nonskes 32=-34), n` tc`te qun ni mcpçtuie 3: dnmicrc ni ikhrn cihndrçe dn ies fugc`es micrc y
rnpntkdcgn`tn (mo. «tedes± v. 41 «tede cquni± vv. 33, 3=1 «tedes± v. 38 Qdes vnmnsW).
Zchie `u`mc trctc dn rnme`mkikcr nstc tn`ský` tneiýlkmc.
tneiýlkmc. ¡Cghcs se` mknrtcs!
Ic gcyerçc dn demtrk`cs hçhikmcs sn prnsn`tc` n` pcrns pcrcdýbkmes e dkciëmtkmes
dkciëmtkmes..
Ic gcyerçc dn skstngcs dn tneielçc se` vnrdcdns iýlkmcs c gndkcs.
gndkcs.
Ni clustk`kc`ksge y ni mcivk`ksge me`trc ni sngkpniclkc`ksge y crgk`kc`ksge tkn`n`
ningn`tes dn vnrdcd y nrrer
nrrer..
Ic tn`ský` hçhikmc n`trn ics demtrk`cs ns prnonrkhin c u` skstngc tneiýlkme, rcmke`ci y
delgãtkme, qun sn hcsc n` tnxtes dn ic Hkhikc ounrc dn me`tnxte y qun gntn ic Hkhikc c ic ounrzc
n` u` gcrme dn k`tnrprntcmký` prnme`mnhkde.
H. Nstc gksgc vnrdcd (qun sn n`mun`trc n` Xegc`es ;28=) sn nxprnsc n` Xegc`es 628;-=: y n`
Nonskes 324, 33. Nstn mcpçtuie ns ic nxprnský` gãs ounrtn dn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes n` ni @T
@T.. @e
pundn fchnr dksputc n` qun Dkes nstã tetcign`tn c mcrle dn ic mrncmký` y dn ic rndn`mký`.
rndn`mký`.
@u`mc fcy qun chic`dcr `k ctn`ucr nstc vnrdcd. ]k` nghcrle, tkn`n qun nqukikhrcrsn me` ic
dnmkský` dn Dkes dni pcmte mege u` gndke dn rnicmke`crsn me` ic mrncmký` fugc`c, fnmfc c su
kgcln`. @e fcy dudc dn qun snc mknrte qun cilu`es pcmtes dni CT, mege Lë`nsks 3>, se`
k`me`dkmke`cins y qun `e sn rnicmke`c` me` tedc ic rnspunstc fugc`c, pnre etres pcmtes se`
me`dkmke`cins y dnpn`dn` dn ic rnspunstc fugc`c (p. nb., Ndë`, @eë, Geksës, Dcvkd). Dkes
tkn`n u` pic` dn rndn`mký` pcrc su mrncmký`
mrncmký`11 `k`lò` fugc`e pundn conmtcr nstn pic`
pic`.. Dkes fc
dnmkdkde pnrgktkr qun ics pnrse`cs pcrtkmkpn` n` sus pic`ns
pic`ns.. Nstc epertu`kdcd dn pcrtkmkpcmký`
ns u`c tn`ský` tneiýlkmc n`trn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes (Xegc`es ;) y ni ikhrn cihndrçe fugc`e
(Xegc`es 3:).
@e ns cprepkcde sninmmke`cr u` ë`ocsks hçhikme n kl`ercr etre. Fcy tn`ský` n`trn demtrk`cs
perqun ic ln`tn erkn`tci prnsn`tc ic vnrdcd n` pcrns dkciëmtkmes e iin`es dn tn`ský`.
tn`ský`.
Ics demtrk`cs dnhn` gc`tn`nrsn n` rnicmký` me` etrcs demtrk`cs.
Ic vnrdcd tkn`n u` gesckme dn vnrdcdns.
KKK. Nonskes 3
C. Ic ninmmký` ns u`c demtrk`c gcrcvkiiesc. ]k` nghcrle, `e ns u` iicgcde ci ocverktksge, ¡sk`e
u`tërgk`e
ni iicgcdesnc uschc
snr u`prk`mkpcign`tn
mc`ci, u`c fnrrcgkn`tc e gndke
pcrc snrvkmke1 n` pcrc
snrvkmke1 ni @Ticsnrndn`mký` dn ies dngãs!
usc prk`mkpcign`tn pcrcN` ni CT
scivcmký`, qun rnsuitc n` snrvkmke
snrvkmke..
;
Ic Hkhikc `u`mc rnme`mkikc ic cpcrn`tn me`trcdkmmký` n`trn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes y ni ikhrn
cihndrçe dn ic fugc`kdcd, ¡sk`e qun cokrgc cghes! ^` hun` nbngpie dn ic tn`ský` hçhikmc
snrçc Xegc`es ;, cmnrmc dn ic ninmmký` sehnrc`c y Xegc`es 3: sehrn ic rnspunstc `nmnscrkc dn
ic fugc`kdcd (mo. 3:233, 3=).
Ic micvn pcrc nstc tn`ský` tneiýlkmc pedrçc n`me`trcrsn n` Nonskes 324. Bnsòs ns ni feghrn
ninlkde dn Dkes y tedes se` petn`mkcign`tn ninmtes n` Ëi (Acri Hcrtf). Bnsòs ns ni «sç± dn Dkes
pcrc ic `nmnskdcd dn ic fugc`kdcd mcçdc (Acri Hcrtf). Nonskes 324 tcghkë` cyudc c micrkokmcr ni
csu`te ci cokrgcr qun ic gntc dn ic prndnstk`cmký` `e ns seicgn`tn ni mknie, sk`e ic sc`tkdcd

(sngnbc`zc c Mrkste).
¡Ornmun`tngn`tn sn `es ctrcn c ies hn`nokmkes dni nvc`lnike y sn kl`erc` ics rnspe`schkikdcdns!
rnspe`schkikdcdns!
¡Ni iicgcde ((ninmmký`
ninmmký`)) dn Dkes tkn`n qun vnr me` ni tkngpe, csç mege me` ic ntnr`kdcd!
ntnr`kdcd!
Ics demtrk`cs sn erklk`c` me` rnicmký` c etrcs vnrdcdns, `e mege vnrdcdns k`dkvkducins,
dnsiklcdcs.
^`c hun`c c`cielçc snrçc u`c me`stnicmký` me`trc u`c nstrniic seic.
Dkes prnsn`tc ic vnrdcd me` lë`nres erkn`tcin
erkn`tcinss, `e emmkdn`tcins
emmkdn`tcins.. @e dnhnges rntkrcr ic tn`ský`
emcske`cdc per ies pcrns dkciëmtkmes (pcrcdýbkmes) dn vnrdcdns demtrk`cins ((DkesDkes mege
trcsmn`dn`tn me`trc Dkes mege k`gc`n`tn
k`gc`n`tn11 snlurkdcd me`trc pnrsnvnrc`mkc
pnrsnvnrc`mkc11 Bnsòs mege kluci
ci Zcdrn me`trc Bnsòs mege suherdk`cde ci Zcdrn
Zcdrn11 ikhnrtcd mrkstkc`c me`trc rnspe`schkikdcd
mrkstkc`c fcmkc u` semke dni pcmte, ntm.).
Ni me`mnpte
nstchinmn tneiýlkme
ni pic`) dn «pcmte
me` u`c«pcmte±± u`ndn
rnspunstc ic crrnpn`tkgkn`te
sehnrc`çc dn Dkes (qun
y on skngprn
k`kmkci tegc icdni
y me`tk`uc k`kmkctkvc
feghrn.
feghrn y.
¡Tn`lc mukdcde me` trctcr dn cpeycr u` icde dn ic pcrcdebc me` tnxtes hçhikmes ounrc dn
me`tnxte, y dnsprnmkcr ni etre! Tn`lc mukdcde dn cokrgcr seicgn`tn su demtrk`c ocverktc e
tneielçc.
skstngc dn tneielçc.
H. «`es nsmelký± n` Nonskes 324 ns u` CEXK]TE GNDKE K@DKMCTK_E qun fcmn ë`ocsks n` ni ]^BNTE.
Nste sn n`oemc n` ic ninmmký` dni Zcdrn c`tns dni tkngpe
tkngpe.. Ic ninmmký` dn Dkes `e dnhn
n`tn`dnrsn n` ni sn`tkde ksiãgkme dni dntnrgk`ksge, `k n` ni sn`tkde uitrcmcivk`kstc dn cilu`es
me`trc etres, sk`e n` ni sn`tkde dn pcmte
pcmte.. Dkes pregntký rndkgkr c ic fugc`kdcd mcçdc (mo.
Lë`nsks =23>). Dkes iicgý y niklký c Chrcfcg pcrc ninlkr c tedes ies fugc`es (mo. Lë`nsks 382=1
Ëxede
skngprn3;2>-?).
tegc icDkes gksgen`niklký
k`kmkctkvc c tedcs ics
ic scivcmký` (mo.pnrse`cs
Buc` ?244,qun
?>).nbnrmnrçc`
Nstn tnxteicyon n` Mrkste
Xegc`es ; .se`
Mrkste. Dkes
hcsns
hçhikmcs pcrc ic demtrk`c dn ic prndnstk`cmký` qun n`octkzc` Clustç` y Mcivk`e Mcivk`e..
Dkes niklký c ies mrnyn`tns `e seicgn`tn pcrc scivcmký` (bustkokmcmký`
(bustkokmcmký`),), sk`e tcghkë` pcrc
sc`tkokmcmký` (mo. Meiesn`sns 3238). Nste pedrçc rnicmke`crsn me`2
(3) `unstrc peskmký` n` Mrkste (mo. 8 Merk`tkes >283) e
(8) ni dnsne dn Dkes dn rnpredumkr su mcrãmtnr n` sus fkbes (mo. 823:1 Xegc`es 6286-8;1 Lãictcs 423;).
¡Ic veiu`tcd dn Dkes pcrc sus fkbes ns tc`te ni mknie cilò` dçc mege ic sngnbc`zc c Mrkste cferc!
«N` Ëi± ns u` me`mnpte micvn dn Nonskes 324. Ics hn`dkmke`ns, ic lrcmkc y scivcmký` dni Zcdrn
oiuyn` c trcvës dn Mrkste (mo. Buc` 342?). Ehsnrvn ic rnpntkmký` dn nstc oergc lrcgctkmci
(IEMCTK_E dn N]ONXC) n` ni v. =, «n` Mrkste±1 v. 4, «n` ëi±1 v. <, «n` qukn`±1 v. ;, «n` sç gksge±1 v.
3:, «n`nsMrkste
Bnsòs ni «sç±1± v.
dn38, «n`cMrkste
Dkes ± y v. 3=, «mcçdc
ic fugc`kdcd n` ëi±(Acri
(des vnmns).
Hcrtf).

3:
Bnsòs ns ni feghrn ninlkde y tedes se` petn`mkcign`tn ninlkdes n` Ëi.Ëi. Tedcs ics hn`dkmke`ns
dn Dkes Zcdrn oiuyn` c trcvës dn Mrkste
Mrkste..
Ic orcsn «c`tns dn ic ou`dcmký` dni gu`de± tcghkë` sn usc n` Gctne 8>2=41 Buc` 3<2841 3 Zndre
323;-8: y Cpemcikpsks 3=26. Gunstrc ic cmtkvkdcd rndn`terc dni Dkes trk`e, k`miuse c`tns dn
Lë`nsks 323. Ies fugc`es nstã` ikgktcdes per su sn`tkde dni tkngpe
tkngpe11 tede pcrc `esetres ns
pcscde, prnsn`tn y outure, pnre `e pcrc Dkes Dkes..
Ic gntc dn ic prndnstk`cmký` ns sc`tkdcd, `e prkvkinlke
prkvkinlke.. ¡Ni iicgcde dn Dkes `e ns pcrc u`es
muc`tes fkbes sninmtes dn Cdã`! Ns u` iicgcde c snr ie qun Dkes qukse qun ic fugc`kdcd ounrc,
mege ëi gksge (mo. 3 Tnscie`kmn`sns >28=1 8 Tnscie`kmn`sns 823=)1 c su kgcln` (mo. Lë`nsks 328?-
8<). Me`vnrtkr ic prndnstk`cmký` n` u` delgc tneiýlkme n` iulcr dn u`c vkdc sc`tc ns u`c
trclndkc. Ornmun`tngn`tn `unstrcs tneielçcs fchic` gãs ounrtn qun ni tnxte hçhikme.
hçhikme.

Ni tërgk`e «sk` gc`mfc± ( ἄιϋιεψ ãgeges) sn usc me`2

(3) Bnsòs (mo. Fnhrnes ;2341 3 Zndre 323;)1
(8) Rcmcrçcs y Nikzchntf (mo. Iumcs 32?)1
(=) Zchie (mo. Okikpn`sns =2?)1 y
(4) tedes ies mrkstkc`es ln`uk`es (mo. Okikpn`sns 823>1 3 Tnscie`kmn`sns =23=1 >28=).
Ic veiu`tcd k`citnrchin dn Dkes pcrc mcdc mrkstkc`e `e seicgn`tn ns ni mknie dnspuës, sk`e ic

sngnbc`zc c Mrkste cferc dn

rnoinbcr ics mcrcmtnrçstkmcs (mo.Dkes
Xegc`es 628;-=:1 pnrdkde
c u` gu`de Lãictcs 423;1
me` ni3 prepýskte
Zndre 328).dnIes mrnyn`tns dnhn`
nvc`lniksge.
nvc`lniksge .
Lrcgctkmcign`tn, ic orcsn «n` cger± dn nstn vnrsçmuie pedrçc kr, yc snc, n` ni v. 4 e n` ni >. ]k`
nghcrle, muc`de nstc orcsn sn usc n` etrcs pcrtns n` Nonskes, skngprn sn rnoknrn ci cger fugc`e
fcmkc Dkes (mo. =23<1 428, 3>, 3?).

M. N` Nonskes 32>, ic orcsn «fchkë`de`es prndnstk`cde± ns u` cerkste cmtkve. ZCXTKMKZKE CEXK]TE

CMTK_E.
Nstn tërgk`e sn megpe`n dn «c`tns± y «dkstk`lukr±. ]n rnoknrn ci pic` rndn`ter prndntnrgk`cde
prndntnrgk`cde
dn Dkes (mo. Iumcs 882881 Fnmfes 828=1 42861 3<2=31 Xegc`es 628;-=:).
Ic prndnstk`cmký` ns u`c dn vcrkcs vnrdcdns rnicmke`cdcs me` ic scivcmký` dn ic fugc`kdcd.
fugc`kdcd.
Ns
qunpcrtn
sn indn u` pctrý`
fkmknrc ë`ocskstneiýlkme e snrkns dn vnrdcdns rnicmke`cdcs.
cksicdcgn`tn! rnicmke`cdcs. ¡@u`mc tuve ic k`tn`mký` dn
Ic vnrdcd hçhikmc sn fc dcde n` u`c snrkn dn pcrns pcrcdýbkmes iin`es dn tn`ský`
tn`ský`.. Ni
dn`egk`cmke`ciksge fc tn`dkde c rntkrcr ic tn`ský` hçhikmc ci fcmnr ë`ocsks seicgn`tn n` u`c
dn ics vnrdcdns dkciëmtkmcs (prndnstk`cmký` me`trc ni ikhrn cihndrçe fugc`e1 ic snlurkdcd dni
mrnyn`tn me`trc ic pnrsnvnrc`mkc dn ies sc`tes1 ni pnmcde erklk`ci me`trc ni pnmcde veiktkve1 ic
kgpnmchkikdcd me`trc pnmcr gn`es1 ic sc`tkokmcmký` dnmicrcdc k`stc`tã`ncgn`tn me`trc ic
sc`tkokmcmký` prelrnskvc1 ic on me`trc ics ehrcs1 ic ikhnrtcd mrkstkc`c me`trc ic rnspe`schkikdcd
mrkstkc`c, ic trcsmn`dn`mkc me`trc ic k`gc`n`mkc ).
Ic ninmmký` dn Dkes `e sn hcsc n` ni me`emkgkn`te prnvke dni dnsngpnóe fugc`e, sk`e n` su
mcrãmtnr gksnrkmerdkese (mo. vv. ; y 33). Ëi quknrn qun tedes (`e seie cilu`es nspnmkcins mege
ies l`ýstkmes e ies uitrcmcivk`kstcs dni tkngpe gednr`e) snc` scives (mo. Nznqukni 36283-8=, =81
Buc` =23?-3<1 3 Tkgetne 8241 423:1 Tkte 82331
8233 1 8 Zndre =2;).

33
Ic lrcmkc dn Dkes (ni mcrãmtnr dn Dkes
Dkes)) ns ic micvn tneiýlkmc dn nstn pcscbn (mo. vv. ?c, <m, ;h), csç
mege ic gksnrkmerdkc dn Dkes ns ic micvn pcrc ies etres pcscbns sehrn ic prndnstk`cmký`,
Xegc`es ;-33.
Ic ò`kmc nspnrc`zc dn ic fugc`kdcd mcçdc ns ic lrcmkc y gksnrkmerdkc dn Dkes (mo. Kscçcs >=2? y
vcrkes etres tnxtes dni CT qun sn mktc` n` Xegc`es =2;-36).
=2;-36). Zcrc k`tnrprntcr nstes prkgnres
mcpçtuies tneiýlkmes, ns mrumkci dcrsn mun`tc dn qun Zchie fcmn ë`ocsks n` nscs mescs qun nstã`
tetcign`tn dnsiklcdcs dni dnsngpnóe fugc`e2 prndnstk`cmký` (mcpçtuie 3), lrcmkc (mcpçtuie 8) y
ni pic` ntnr`e dn Dkes pcrc ic rndn`mký` (gkstnrke, 8233-=23=). Nste oun pcrc me`trcrrnstcr ni
ë`ocsks dn ies ocises gcnstres n` ni gërkte y erluiie fugc`es.
fugc`es.

***

38
 NI NS^KIKHXKE N@ IC] DEMTXK@C] ]EHXN IC ]CI_CMKÝ@
Ç@DKMN
K`tredummký`
3. Ics dkonrn`tns nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te n` ter`e c ic scivcmký`
s civcmký`
3.3 Ni crgk`kc`ksge
3.8 Ni mcivk`ksge
3.= Xnoinxke`ns sehrn ics des nsmunics
8. Nstudke dn pcscbns rnicmke`cdes me` ic scivcmký`
8.3 ]ehnrc`çc dkvk`c
8.8 K`mcpcmkdcd tetci fugc`c
8.= Xnspe`schkikdcd fugc`c
=. Ni nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs sehrn ic scivcmký`
=.3 Nqukikhrke sehrn ic scivcmký`
=.8 Nqukikhrke n` muc`te c ic rnspe`schkikdcd fugc`c
Me`miuske`ns
Hkhikelrcoçc
K@TXED^MMKÝ@
]k Dkes ns megpintcgn`tn sehnrc`e n` dnmkdkr c qukn` vc c scivcr y muc`de m uc`de vc c scivcrie,
n`te`mns µZer quë prndkmcr n k`vktcr c crrnpn`tkrsn y tn`nr on, sk dn tedes gedes Dkes dnmkdn5
Zer etre icde, sk Dkes k`vktc c tedes c snr
s nr scives y ni feghrn ns ni rnspe`schin dn ssuu
scivcmký`, n`te`mns µDý`dn qundc ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes y ni pednr nokmcz dn ic mruz5
N` nstn n`scye sn husmcrã dcr rnspunstc c ëstcs y etrcs prnlu`tcs guy megu`ns n`trn vcrkes
mrkstkc`es ci gegn`te dn n`trcr ci preou`de gu`de dn ic scivcmký` per ic on. on. ]n prnsn`tcrã me`
suokmkn`tn hcsn hçhikmc, ic oergc n` qun ic sehnrc`çc dkvk`c y ic rnspe`schkikdcd dni feghrn
pcrc ic scivcmký` sn dc` ic gc`e y cimc`zc` u` nqukikhrke ou`dcgn`tci, ni muci `e megpregntn
megpregn tn
ic vnrdcd sehrn ni pcpni qun bunlc tc`te Dkes, mege ic pnrse`c qun dnsnc fnrndcr ic vkdc ntnr`c.
vn rdcd dni nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs dn ic scivcmký` ns dn
Nstudkcr y gndktcr sehrn nstc lrc` vnrdcd
sugc kgpertc`mkc, yc qun conmtcrã gumfcs ãrncs dn `unstrc vkdc mege2 `unstrc pnrmnpmký`
cmnrmc dn Dkes, `unstrc lrctktud mege k`dkvkdues scivcdes per ic on, `unstrc oergc dn fcmnr
nvc`lniksge, per gn`mke`cr seicgn`tn cilu`cs.
Dn nstc oergc, nstn n`scye `e seicgn`tn cmicrcrã dudcs demtrk`cins me` rnspnmte c ic scivcmký`,
sk`e qun tcghkë` kgpcmtcrã ic vkdc dkcrkc dn mcdc mrnyn`tn qun husmc me` lrc` c`fnie me`emnr
vnrdcd.
ic vnrdcd.

3. IC] DKONXN@TN] N]M^NIC] DN ZN@]CGKN@TE N@ TEX@E C IC ]CI_CMKÝ@

C`tn ic lrc` kgpertc`mkc dn micrkokmcr sk ic scivcmký` dn u`c pnrse`c dnpn`dn ò`kmcgn`tn dn
Dkes, e dnpn`dn ò`kmcgn`tn dn ic pnrse`c, sn dnhn` nstudkcr hrnvngn`tn mege u` prkgnr
pcse ics des dkonrn`tns nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te qun durc`tn gumfes cóes fc` prndegk`cde
dn`tre dni pretnstc`tksge y qun trctc` cmnrmc dn nstn tngc. Nstcs nsmunics, mege ies peies n` ic
c ghcs c ie icrle dn ies cóes fc` prnsn`tcde hcsn hçhikmc me` ni ok`
tknrrc, dkstc` u`e dni etre, y cghcs
dn sestn`nr y dnon`dnr su peskmký` mege vnrdcdnrc. Nxpikmcrnges dn gc`nrc guy hrnvn
cilu`es pu`tes kgpertc`tns dn cghcs nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te.
pn`scgkn`te.

3=
 3.3 Ni Crgk`kc`ksge
Ies snlukderns dn Crgk`ke (tnýiele feic`dës 3>?:-3?:;), me`emkdes iunle mege
’crgk`kc`kstcs‗, sestkn`n` ies sklukn`tns pu`tes2 Dkes tkn`n mege dnsne qun tedes ies feghrns
sn scivn` y pcrc nsn ok`, Mrkste sn eornmký mege scmrkokmke per tedes (3 ( 3 Tkgetne. 824-? ’puns ëi
quknrn qun tedes snc` scives y iinlun` c me`emnr ic vnrdcd. Zerqun fcy u` seie Dkes y u` seie gndkcder
n`trn Dkes y ies feghrns, Bnsumrkste feghrn, qukn` dke su vkdc mege rnsmctn per tedes‗). Dkes per ie
tc`te eornmn su lrcmkc c tedes y cu`qun ic scivcmký` ns ic ehrc dn Dkes k`dnpn`dkn`tn dn
`unstrcs hun`cs ehrcs, ni feghrn tkn`n mknrtcs me`dkmke`ns qun mugpikr. Ni feghrn dnmkdn sk

cmnptc
cimc`mn.ic lrcmkc dn Dkes e sk ic rnmfczc yc qun ic ocmuitcd dn ninlkr skngprn nstã c `unstre
]nlò` nstc nsmunic dn pn`scgkn`te, ni feghrn tkn`n hcbe su tetci rnspe`schkikdcd ni dnmkdkr snr
scivcde e rnmfczcr nstn rnlcie, dcde qun ic scivcmký` ns u`c epmký` pcrc tedes y ni qun quknrc
pundn ehtn`nric. Dn nstc gc`nrc ie nxprnsc ni tnýiele Gynr Zncrigc`2 ’µ`e dnpn`dn dni
feghrn ic scivcmký`5 Ics ]clrcdcs Nsmrkturcs `es n`snóc` me`snmun`tngn`tn qun ni feghrn
tkn`n ic ocmuitcd dn nsmelnr me` ikhnrtcd n`trn ic vkdc y ic gunrtn. Dkes bcgãs prkvcrã dn nsc
ikhnrtcd‗.3 Csç sn vn mege ni crgk`kc`ksge pe`n mege prk`mkpci me`treicder y rnspe`schin dn
ic scivcmký` ci gksge snr fugc`e.
3.8 Ni Mcivk`ksge
Ies snlukderns dn Mcivk`e (tnýiele orc`mës 3>:;-3>?4) me`emkdes iunle mege ’mcivk`kstcs‗
sestkn`n` ies sklukn`tns pu`tes2 Ic ehrc dn ic scivcmký` ns ò`kmc dn Dkes n` de`dn ni feghrn `e
bunlc `k`lò` pcpni dnhkde c su `cturcinzc tetcign`tn mcçdc qun in kgpeskhkiktc k`miuse ni
crrnpn`tkgkn`te.. ((Xegc`es
crrnpn`tkgkn`te Xegc`es =23: ’@e fcy u` seie buste, `k skquknrc u`e1 `e fcy `cdkn qun
n`tkn`dc, `cdkn qun husqun c Dkes‗). Mrkste ns n`vkcde per Dkes c gerkr seicgn`tn per sus
ninlkdes y sk u` feghrn sn crrnpkn`tn y tkn`n on, ns seicgn`tn perqun fc skde lukcde per ni
Nspçrktu ]c`te, micre k`dkmke dn qun Dkes ie fchçc ninlkde dnsdn ic ntnr`kdcd.
ntnr`kdcd.
]nlò` ic nsmunic dn pn`scgkn`te mcivk`kstc, Dkes ns sehnrc`e ci ninlkr c qukn` vc c scivcr y ni
feghrn ns ò`kmcgn`tn ni hn`nokmkcrke dn tc` lrc`dn rnlcie dn cger qun dn oergc k`gnrnmkdc ie
g uy micrc ie fc nxprnscde su ou`dcder Mcivk`e qukn` ns mktcde
fc rnmkhkde. Dn u`c oergc guy
tcghkë` per ni tnýiele Gynr Zncrigc`. ’Dkes fc prndnstk`cde c cilu`es pcrc snr scives, y c
etres pcrcicqun
dnmkdkde sn pknrdc`.
sunrtn Ic prndnstk`cmký`
qun merrnr{ mcdc u`e‗. 8 ns ni dnmrnte ntnr`e dn Dkes, per ni muci fc
]n pundn vnr puns qun n` ni mcse dni mcivk`ksge ni prk`mkpci me`treicder y rnspe`schin dn ic
scivcmký` e me`dn`cmký` dn mcdc snr fugc`e ns ni gksge Dkes Dkes..

3.= Xnoinxke`ns sehrn ics des Nsmunics

Dnsdn ni surlkgkn`te dn ics des nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te n` ter`e c ic scivcmký`, surlknre`
pnrse`cs qun gci k`tnrprntcre` sus n`snóc`zcs y ics iinvcre` c nxtrnges demtrk`cign`tn
pniklreses ies mucins sn me`emknre` mege ies ’fypnr crgk`kc`es, n fypnr mcivk`kstcs‗.
Nstes lrupes, e ics pnrse`cs qun mcikokmcrçc` mege pcrtn dn nstes lrupes cokrgchc`2

3 Gynr Zncrigc`, Tneielçc Hçhikmc y ]kstngãtkmc (Gkcgk2 Ndkterkci _kdc, 3;;8), p.3;4
8 Gynr Zncrigc`, Tneielçc Hçhikmc y ]kstngãtkmc (Gkcgk2 Ndkterkci _kdc, 3;;8), p.3;8

34
Zer u` icde (n` ni mcse dn ies fypnr crgk`kc`kstcs)
crgk`kc`kstcs) ci pe`nr u` suge ë`ocsks n` ni ikhrn
cihndrçe dni feghrn, iinlc` c ic me`miuský` dn qun Dkes `e nikln c qukn`ns vc c scivcr y `u`mc
ie fcmn, sk`e qun ns ni feghrn ni ò`kme n` dnmkdkr qukn` ns scive y qukn` `e ie ns, fcmkn`de dn
nstc oergc c u` icde ic sehnrc`çc dkvk`c.
dkvk`c. Nstcs pnrse`cs prndkmc` ni nvc`lnike y iunle cokrgc`
qun muciquknrc, per ni skgpin fnmfe dn rnpntkr me` su hemc u`c ercmký`, e per fcmnr u`c
preonský` dn on, fc cimc`zcde ic scivcmký`.
mcivk`kstcs) qukn`ns ci pe`nr u` suge ë`ocsks n` ic
Zer etre icde (n` ni mcse dn ies fypnr mcivk`kstcs)
sehnrc`çc dkvk`c, iinlc` c ic me`miuský` dn qun Dkes cgc c ies ninlkdes y edkc c ies

rnprehcdes , fcmkn`de c u`
`te y on n`
crrnpn`tkgkn`te
crrnpn`tkgkn icde dn
ic ehrc dn Bnsumrkste
nstc oergc. muciquknr
Bnsumrkste. tkpe dn
Nstcs pnrse`cs rnspe`schkikdcd
prndkmc` fugc`c
ni nvc`lnike dn
sk` fcmnr
`k`lò` tkpe dn iicgcde ci crrnpn`tkgkn`te y c ic on, dnhkde c qun ns Dkes qukn` scivc.
]k hkn` ns mknrte fcstc nstn pu`te, `e sn pundn `nlcr qun cilu`c dn ics des nsmunics dn
pn`scgkn`te snc c`tk-hçhikmc, sç sn pedrçc csnlurcr qun ies nxtrnges dn mcdc u`c dn nstcs
nsmunics se` megpintcgn`tn me`dn`chins, puns per gndke dn ic iýlkmc fugc`c fc` iinlcde c
me`miuske`ns qun ic Hkhikc bcgãs prepe`n y qun `e sýie ctn`tc` me`trc ic `cturcinzc gksgc dn
Dkes, sk`e tcghkë` me`trc ic vnrdcd rnvnicdc n` su Zcichrc
Zcichrc..
Fchkn`de nstudkcde dn gc`nrc hrnvn cilu`cs dn ics vnrdcdns qun dnokn`dn mcdc u`c dn ics
nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te cmnrmc dn ic scivcmký`, c me`tk`ucmký` sn nstudkcrã` tcghkë` dn

gc`nrc
csç pednrhrnvn cilu`es
dnsmuhrkr pcscbns
ie qun sehrn
nxpikmc ic ies m ucins
mucins
Hkhikc mcdccmnrmc
gksgc u`c dndnniics sn n`mun`trc
scivcmký`. ou`dcgn`tcdc y
ic scivcmký`.
8. N]T^DKE DN ZC]CBN] XNICMKE@CDE] ME@ IC ]CI_CMKÝ@
Dn gc`nrc hrnvn pnre hçhikmc, sn nstudkcrã` cilu`es dn ies pcscbns micvn pcrc mcdc u`c dn ics
nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te c`tnrkergn`tn nxpunstcs, pcrc qun dn nstc oergc sn pundc iinlcr c
u`c me`miuský` hcscdc n` ic Hkhikc cmnrmc dn ic vnrdcd dn ic scivcmký`.
scivcmký`.
8.3 ]ehnrc`çc Dkvk`c
Ni prkgnr pu`te qun sn tkn`n qun me`skdnrcr ns ic lrc` vnrdcd qun ic Hkhikc `es n`snóc cmnrmc
dn Dkes y u`e dn sus ctrkhutes ou`dcgn`tcins, ni muci ns su sehnrc`çc sehnrc`çc.. Ni preontc Dc`kni n` ni
C`tklue Tnstcgn`te `es dc u`c micrc nxpikmcmký` cmnrmc dn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes2 ’Dkes fcmn ie
qun quknrn me` ies pednrns mninstkcins y me` ies punhies dn ic tknrrc. @e fcy qukn` sn epe`lc c su pednr `k
Dc`kni >2=>).
qukn` in pkdc mun`tcs dn sus cmtes ‗ ((Dc`kni >2=>). _nrsçmuies mege ni mktcde c`tnrkergn`tn pe`n` ci
dnsmuhknrte u`c dn ics lrc`dns vnrdcdns qun Dkes fc rnvnicde n` su Zcichrc1 Ëi ns sehnrc`e n`
tede, Ëi ns sehnrc`e skngprn, y n` su sehnrc`c veiu`tcd pundn dnmkdkr muciquknr mesc qun
me`skdnrn merrnmtc, k`miuse sk ni snr fugc`e `e ie iinlc c me`skdnrcr csç.
Ni tnýiele Lnrcid @yn`fuks cuter dni ikhre ’Ni Dkes qun Cdercges‗ dnmicrc ie sklukn`tn2 ’Dkes
`e rnspe`dn `k in rk`dn mun`tcs c `cdkn1 Ëi ie pic`nc y nbnmutc tede snlò` su ikhrn me`snbe, sk`
me`suitcr `k pndkr pnrgkse, y sk` dcr nxpikmcmke`ns‗=. Dkes pcrc snr Dkes, tkn`n qun snr
pnrse`c.
sehnrc`e n` tede, nste k`miuyn ic scivcmký` dn mcdc pnrse`c.
Cu` y muc`de nste pcrnzmc k`buste, rncign`tn `e ie ns, puns Dkes `e in dnhn ic scivcmký` c `cdkn
y sk sn ic quknrn eornmnr c cilukn` ns skgpingn`tn perqun Ëi csç ie fc dnmkdkde.
= Lnrcid @yn`fuks, Ni Dkes qun Cdercges (Gkcgk2 Ndkterkci ^`kikt, 3;;;), p.>3
3>
µSuë puns dn u` feghrn qun quknrc cimc`zcr ic scivcmký`5 Nstc prnlu`tc `es chrn ic punrtc
pcrc trctcr ni sklukn`tn pu`te.
8.8 K`mcpcmkdcd Tetci Fugc`c
Ic snlu`dc vnrdcd qun sn dnhn me`skdnrcr ns ic qun ni cpýstei Zchie dngunstrc, nstc ns ic dni
vnrdcdnre nstcde dn mcdc snr fugc`e2 gunrte n` sus pnmcdes. ’N` etre tkngpe ustndns nstchc`
gunrtes n` sus trc`slrnske`ns y pnmcdes ‗ ((Nonskes 823). Ni snr fugc`e nstã gunrte, `e nstã
Nonskes 823).
gerkhu`de e n`onrge, sk`e rncign`tn gunrte n` sus pnmcdes. Ni pcster Bef` GcmCrtfur, Br.
nxprnsc nstc vnrdcd n` sus pcichrcs2 ’µMýge pundn u`c pnrse`c qun nst{ gunrtc n` dniktes y
pnmcdes, mnlcdc per ]ctc`ãs, k`mcpcz dn n`tn`dnr ics mescs dn Dkes y me`tk`ucgn`tn iin`c me`
tede ie gcie, nbnrmnr dn pre`te u`c on scivcderc5 ¡Gãs oãmki snrçc qun u` mcdãvnr sciknrc dn ic
tughc mcgk`c`de!4
]klukn`de nstn pn`scgkn`te, pednges cokrgcr qun mcdc snr fugc`e per nstcr gunrte n` sus
dniktes y pnmcdes, sn vn megpintcgn`tn kgpeskhkiktcde dn fcmnr cile qun clrcdn c Dkes, tci
mege ie cokrgc ni preontc Kscçcs ’Tedes seges mege ln`tn kgpurc1 tedes `unstres cmtes dn bustkmkc se`
Kscçcs ?42?).
mege trcpes dn k`gu`dkmkc‗ ((Kscçcs ?42?). Dn nstc oergc, ni tn`nr crrnpn`tkgkn`te dn pnmcdes ns
megpintcgn`tn kgpeskhin c gn`es qun Dkes ie pnrgktc y ni fnmfe dn rnspe`dnr
cokrgctkvcgn`tn ci gn`scbn dni nvc`lnike tcghkë` sn vunivn kgpeskhin, mege ie cokrgc Zchie ci
nsmrkhkr ’Ni dkes dn nstn gu`de (sklie) fc mnlcde ic gn`tn dn nstes k`mrëduies, pcrc qun `e vnc` ic iuz dni
lierkese nvc`lnike dn Mrkste ‗ ((88 Merk`tkes 424).
424). @e fcy u`c tc` seic pnrse`c qun sk` Mrkste pundc
epe`nrsn c ]ctc`ãs, per ie tc`te, sk Dkes `e ie pnrgktn, `cdkn pundn rnspe`dnr cokrgctkvcgn`tn
ci gn`scbn dni nvc`lnike
nvc`lnike..
N` nstn pu`te vcin fcmnr u`c cmicrcmký`
cm icrcmký` ou`dcgn`tci qun fc mcuscde me`trevnrskc per gumfes
cóes y tkn`n qun vnr me` rnspnmte ci ’ikhrn cihndrçe‗ y ic mcpcmkdcd k``ctc dni feghrn dn
nsmelnr crrnpn`tkrsn y pe`nr su on n` Mrkste Mrkste.. Ic cmicrcmký` qun sn dnhn fcmnr merrnspe`dn me` ie
sklukn`tn2
Fcy qun fcmnr u`c dkonrn`mkc n`trn ics orcsns ’ikhrn cihndrçe‗ y ’ikhrn veiu`tcd‗. Hçhikmcgn`tn
sn pundn cokrgcr qun ni snr fugc`e tkn`n ’ikhrn cihndrçe‗, pnre ëstn nst{ subnte c ic veiu`tcd
dni snr fugc`e, ic muci `e ns n s ikhrn puns nstã subntc ci yule dn nsmicvktud dni pnmcde.
pnmcde. Dn nstc
oergc, ni pnmcder pundn nsmelnr muciquknr mesc qun su `cturcinzc dn pnmcde in pnrgktc, ns
>
dnmkr, ’tkn`n ikhrn cihndrçe sýie dn`tre dn ies içgktns dn su `cturcinzc‗ .
Ic me`miuský` c ic qun pednges iinlcr pedrçc snr mktcdc csç2
Ni pnmcder nstã me`tn`te pnmc`de y n` su ikhrn cihndrçe, skngprn nsmelnrã ni pnmcde puns su
veiu`tcd `e nstã ikhrn sk`e subntc c ]ctc`ãs qukn` ns su dunóe.
µSuë n`te`mns dn ics me`tk`ucs k`vktcmke`ns qun `es fcmn ic Hkhikc c crrnpn`tkr`es y pe`nr
`unstrc on n` Bnsòs
Bnsòs55 Nstc prnlu`tc dnbc ni tnrrn`e che`cde pcrc ni sklukn`tn pu`te c trctcr.
8.= Xnspe`schkikdcd Fugc`c
@e sn pundn `nlcr qun ic Hkhikc me`stc`tngn`tn fcmn k`vktcmke`ns mege ic sklukn`tn ’Zer tc`te,
pcrc qun snc` herrcdes sus vuë ivc`sn c Dkes‗ (Fnmfes =23;),
su s pnmcdes, crrnpkë`tc`sn y vuëivc`sn =23;), e ics gksgcs
pcichrcs dn Bnsòs ’Ni rnk`e dn ies mknies nstã mnrmc. ¡Crrnpkë`tc`sn y mrnc` ics hun`cs `unvcs! ‗ (Gcrmes
323>).).
323>
4 Bef` GcmCrtfur Br., ]cives sk` iulcr c Dudcs (Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterkci Mikn, 3;;4), p.?=
> Xelnr I. ]gciik`l, ¡]k Bnsòs! ^`c K`tredummký` c ics Demtrk`cs dn ic Lrcmkc (Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterkci Mikn, 3;;4), p.=6

3?
Dn vnrsçmuies mege ies gn`mke`cdes c`tnrkergn`tn sn conrrc` ies crgk`kc`es y cokrgc` qun, sk
ci feghrn sn in dc ic epmký` dn crrnpn`tkrsn ns perqun pundn fcmnrie.
Zcrc trctcr nstn pu`te, `unvcgn`tn sn mktc ci preonser ]gciik`l puns dc u` crlugn`te
me`tu`dn`tn2
’Ns kiýlkme supe`nr qun u` gc`dcgkn`te pcrc fcmnr u`c mesc, megprunhc ic mcpcmkdcd pcrc
fcmnric. Dkes gc`dý c Ksrcni c qun lucrdcrc su Iny. µCmcse nse ns nvkdn`mkc dn qun ni
feghrn pundn lucrdcr ic iny5 Micre qun `e… Niic oun dcdc, n` rncikdcd, pcrc rnvnicr ie qun
ni feghrn @E pundn fcmnr… Dkes `es gc`dc c fcmnr ie buste ò`kmcgn`tn perqu n Ëi ns buste,
?
`e me`miuský`
Ic perqun seges
qun mcpcmns‗
sn pundn. scmcr ns ic sklukn`tn2 Ns mknrte qun me`stc`tngn`tn sn k`vktc ci snr
fugc`e c crrnpn`tkrsn y dnpesktcr su on n` Mrkste pcrc cimc`zcr ic scivcmký`, sk` nghcrle, nste
`e ns gunstrc dn qun ni snr fugc`e tn`lc ic mcpcmkdcd dn crrnpn`tkrsn sk` qun Dkes sn ie
me`mndc, dn fnmfe ns u` crlugn`te gãs qun cpeyc ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes y qun iinvc ci snr
fugc`e c u` sn`tkde dn lrctktud tc` preou`de mege me ge `u`mc c`tns fuhknrc nxpnrkgn`tcde.
Trctcdes ies pu`tes c`tnrkerns, y nstudkcde cilu`es dn ies tc`tes pcscbns hçhikmes qun nxkstn` y
qun hrk`dc` cpeye c u`c u etrc dn ics nsmunics dn pn`scgkn`te me` rnspnmte c ic scivcmký`, sn
pundn dnmkr qun ni ou`dcgn`te nstã punste pcrc pcscr c nxpikmcr ie qun dnhn snr ni nqukikhrke
scivcmký`.
n` ics demtrk`cs sehrn ic scivcmký`.

=. NI
Fcy qun cmicrcr NS^KIKHXKE
c`tns dn megn`zcrN@cIC] DEMTXK@C]
fchicr dn nstn tngc ]EHXN IC ]CI_CMKÝ@
ie sklukn`tn2 Me` nqukikhrke n` ics
demtrk`cs sehrn ic scivcmký` `e sn k`tn`tc dnmkr qun ics des demtrk`cs sn fc` gnzmicde
u`koergngn`tn pcrc fcmnr dn niics u`c seic. Tcgpeme sn quknrn dnm dnmkr
kr qun cghcs se` hçhikmcs y
per ie tc`te ic sugc dn cghcs oergc` u`c `unvc demtrk`c n` ic muci u`c fc megpingn`tcde ics
dnokmkn`mkcs dn ic etrc.
Ie qun sk sn quknrn dnmkr me` nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs sehrn ic scivcmký`, ns qun2
Dkes ns sehnrc`e n` muc`te c ic ninmmký` dn qukn`ns snrã` scives y qukn`ns `e, pnre ci gksge
tkngpe, ni feghrn ns rnspe`schin per ic dnmkský` qun tegc dn crrnpn`tkrsn dn sus pnmcdes y
dnpesktcr su on n` ni scmrkokmke dn Mrkste n` ic mruz pcrc scivcrsn.
Nstn nqukikhrke qun cpcrn`tc snr me`trcrke c ic iýlkmc fugc`c ns hçhikme y per ie tc`te
trctcrnges gãs cmnrmc dn mcdc u`e dn nstes pu`tes c me`tk`ucmký`.
=.3 Nqukikhrke sehrn Ic ]civcmký`
Dkes ns megpintcgn`tn sehnrc`e n` muc`te c ic scivcmký` y per ie tc`te ns hçhikme cokrgcr qun
Dkes scivc c qukn` Ëi nikln, muc`de Ëi ie nikln, hcbe ics mkrmu`stc`mkcs qun Ëi nikln, sk` qun
dnhc rn`dkrin nxpikmcmke`ns cmnrmc dn su cmmke`cr c `cdkn y sk` qun qunpc ic gãs rngetc
peskhkikdcd dn qun nstc oergc dn cmtucr dn Dkes snc k`bustc. Dkes pcrc snr Dkes dnhn snr
sehnrc`e y ic ninmmký` n` muc`te c qukn` sn scivcrã y qukn` `e snrã scivcde `e sn nsmcpc c su
sehnrc`çc.. Ic Hkhikc prnsn`tc suokmkn`tn nvkdn`mkc pcrc rnspcidcr nstc vnrdcd, pnre vcin
sehnrc`çc
skgpingn`tn gn`mke`cr cilu`es vnrsçmuies qun cpeyc` nstc vnrdcd2

? Xelnr I. ]gciik`l, ¡]k Bnsòs! ^`c K`tredummký` c ics Demtrk`cs dn ic Lrcmkc (Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterk
Ndkterkci
ci Mikn, 3;;4), p.>=
3<
Dkes dnsdn ies tkngpes dni C`tklue Tnstcgn`te fc ninlkde sehnrc`cgn`tn c cilu`es pcrc
dngestrcrins su cger, tci mege sn nxprnsc n` ni Zn`tctnume2 ’Ci ]nóer tu Dkes in pnrtn`nmn` ies
mknies y ie gãs cite dn ies mknies, ic tknrrc y tede ie qun fcy n` niic. ]k` nghcrle, ëi sn n`mcrkóý me` tus
c`tnpcscdes y ies cgý1 y c tk, qun nrns su dnsmn`dn`mkc, tn niklký dn n`trn tedes ies punhies, mege ie vnges
Dnutnre`egke 3:234-3>).
fey‗ ((Dnutnre`egke 3:234-3>).
Dkes tcghkë` ns sehnrc`e n` muc`te c qukn` dngestrcrin su cger cge r y c qukn` in dngestrcrã su
dnsprnmke, tci mege ie nxprnsc ni preontc Gcicquçcs2 ’µ@e nrc Nscò fnrgc`e dn Bcmeh5 ]k` nghcrle,
Gcicquçcs 328-=).
cgë c Bcmeh pnre cherrnmç* c Nscò ‗ ((Gcicquçcs 328-=). (_cilc cmicrcr qun ies fnrgc`es Bcmeh y

Nstes, vnrsçmuies
Nscò cò` `e fchçc` `cmkde
cu`qun muc`de
pcrnzmc` Dkes yc qun
prnsn`tcr fchçcDkes
dnmkdkde ie qun
ns k`buste khc c sn`tkrc per
ci cherrnmnr mcdc
u` snr qukn`).
fugc`e
dnsdn c`tns qun fcyc `cmkde, rncign`tn `e ie fcmn`. Muc`de vnges ics vkdcs qun mcdc u`e dn
ies fnrgc`es vkvký y ics dnmkske`ns qun veiu`tcrkcgn`tn tegcre`, ic prnlu`tc qun mcdc inmter
dnhnrçc fcmnrsn `e ns µy per quë Dkes `e cgc c Nscò Nscò55 Gãs hkn` dnhnrçc prnlu`tcrsn µmýge ns
peskhin qun Dkes fcyc dnmkdkde cgcr c Bcmeh
Bcmeh55 Tcghkë` pednges gn`mke`cr ni cger tc`
nspnmkci qun skn`tn per su Klinskc ’Ins nsmrkhe c tedes ustndns, ies cgcdes dn Dkes qun nstã` n` Xegc ‗
(Xegc`es 32<)
32<) y ok`cign`tn pedrçcges mktcr ic tetcikdcd dni mcpçtuie `unvn dn ic mcrtc c ies
Xegc`es, mcpçtuie qun ns n` sç gksge u`e dn ies pkicrns gãs ounrtns qun sestkn`n` ic sehnrc`çc
dkvk`c n` muc`te c ic ninmmký`.
ninmmký`.

Mege me`miuský`
dnmkdkde dãrsnic cpedrçcges
cilu`es sk`dnmkr
qun qun Dkes `e yincdnhn
ic gnrnzmc` etresicfcscivcmký`
dnmkdkdec`e
`cdkn, sk` nghcrle
dãrsnic fc
y bustcgn`tn
nste ns ie qun sn gnrnmn`.
]k ni snr fugc`e in nxklknrc bustkmkc c Dkes, ie qun Dkes tn`drçc qun fcmnr ns me`dn`cr c tedc ic
rczc fugc`c k`gndkctcgn`tn. Zer ie tc`te sk Dkes dnmkdn scivcr c cilukn`, ie fcmn ò`kmcgn`tn
cpnic`de c su sehnrc`c veiu`tcd. Ni preonser Xelnr ]gciik`l nxprnsc u`c kdnc skgkicr dn nstc
oergc2 ’Tedes gnrnmnges ic me`dn`cmký`. ]k Dkes `es me`dn`crc c tedes, `e fcrçc k`bustkmkc c
`cdkn. µZer quë k`muipcr c Dkes dn k`bustkmkc per scivcr c cilu`es5<
=.8 Nqukikhrke n` muc`te c ic Xnspe`schkikdcd Fugc`c
Ni preonser dn tneielçc dn ic Trk`kty Nvc`lnikmci Dkvk`kty ]mfeei gn`mke`c ie sklukn`tn2 ’ic
sehnrc`çc k`me`dkmke`ci dn Dkes y ic rnspe`schkikdcd dn ies snrns fugc`es fu gc`es se` gutucgn`tn
megpctkhins, pednges tn`nr c `unstre cimc`mn ic nvkdn`mkc y ies crlugn`tes pcrc dngestrcr
qun `e se` `nmnscrkcgn`tn k`megpctkhins.‗6
C pnscr qun Dkes ns sehnrc`e n` muc`te c qukn`ns fcyc ninlkde pcrc qun iinlun` c snr scives y c
qukn`ns `e fc ninlkde, ns ni feghrn megpintcgn`tn rnspe`schin per ic dnmkský` qun tegn n` muc`te c
crrnpn`tkrsn y tn`nr on n` ni scmrkokme dn Mrkste, e `e fcmnrie. Nstc cpcrn`tn me`trcdkmmký`
me` trcdkmmký` ns iicgcdc
’c`tk`egkc‗ (me`trcdkmmký` n`trn des prk`mkpkes rcmke`cins); y nbngpies dn c`tk`egkc cpcrnmn`
me`tk`ucgn`tn n` ic Hkhikc.
]n mktcrã` seicgn`tn cilu`es dn niies c me`tk`ucmký`.

< Xelnr I. ]gciik`l, ¡]k Bnsòs! ^`c K`tredummký` c ics Demtrk`cs dn ic Lrcmkc (Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterk
Ndkterkci
ci Mikn, 3;;4), p.<>
6 De`cid C. Mcrse`, Ic dkoçmki Demtrk`c dni Cger dn Dkes (Hcrmnie`c2 Zuhikmcmke`ns
Zuhikmcmke`ns C`dcgke, 8::3), p.>6
; Gndkcsct Lreup, Ic N`mkmiepndkc
N`mkmiepndkc (Gcdrkd2 ]civct Ndkterns, 8::4), p.<<8

36
 (Iumcs
dn mrntcde, pnre ¡cy dn cquni qun ie trckmke`c! ‗ (Iumcs
’C ic vnrdcd ni Fkbe dni feghrn sn krã snlò` nstã dnmrntcde,
88288). Nstn vnrsçmuie gunstrc ni dnmrnte dkvk`e dn qun Bnsòs ounrc n`trnlcde per Budcs, su
88288).
prepke dksmçpuie. ]k` nghcrle ci gksge tkngpe dngunstrc qun ic rnspe`schkikdcd per ni cmte
dn n`trnlcr c Bnsòs rnmcn megpintc y ò`kmcgn`tn sehrn Budcs Budcs.. ’N` nonmte, n` nstc mkudcd sn
rnu`knre` Fnredns y Ze`mke Zkicte, me` ies ln`tkins y me` ni punhie dn Ksrcni, me`trc tu sc`te sknrve Bnsòs,
c qukn` u`lkstn pcrc fcmnr ie qun dn c`tngc`e tu pednr y tu veiu`tcd fchçc` dntnrgk`cde qun sumndknrc ‗
(Fnmfes 428<-86).
428<-86).
@unvcgn`tn sn nxpe`n ic rncikdcd dn qun Dkes fc dntnrgk`cde u` nvn`te, pnre `unvcgn`tn
se`
Dn icicsgksgc
pnrse`cs icsgestrcdc
oergc ò`kmcs rnspe`schins per
c`tnrkergn`tn n`sus prepkcs
de`dn dnmkske`ns.
ic sehnrc`çc dkvk`c y ic rnspe`schkikdcd
fugc`c mcgk`c` bu`tcs c pnscr dn pcrnmnr me`trcrkcs, csç tcghkë` ni nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs
dn ic scivcmký` ns u`c c`tk`egkc n` de`dn Dkes ns sehnrc`e n` ninlkr c qukn` scivcr, pnre ni
feghrn ns megpintcgn`tn rnspe`schin per su dnmkský` dn crrnpn`tkrsn y tn`nr on n` Bnsòs.
Ni lrc` tnýiele Mfcrins Xyrkn nxpe`n nstc vnrdcd dn ic sklukn`tn oergc2
’Ic ninmmký` `e c`uic ic rnspe`schkikdcd fugc`c y sn erdn`c c tedes ies feghrns qun mrnc`
(Fnmfes 3?2=3 y 3<2=:) y sn dkmn qun `k`lu`e ns scive sk `e mrnn (Nonskes 826-;). _cges c
pe`nrie dn nstc oergc2 Fcy ln`tn ninlkdc y vkvc fey qun `e ns scivc
s civc perqun, c pnscr dn fchnr
skde ninlkdc, me`tk`òc pnrdkdc fcstc qun mrnc, y muc`de mrnc snrã scivc.‗3:

µMýge
fcmnrie,nssk peskhin n`te`mns
nstã gunrte qunpnmcdes
n` sus ci feghrn
pnmcde s y in sn
ns in nxkbc crrnpn`tkrsn
kgpeskhin tci cm mký`5y N`
cmmký`5 sn innstn
rnspe`schkikmn
pu`te vcin icdnpn`c
`e
cokrgcr ci kluci qun ni cpýstei Zchie ’¡Suë preou`dcs se` ics rkqunzcs dn ic schkdurçc y dni
(Xegc`es 332==).
me`emkgkn`te dn Dkes! ¡Suë k`dnsmkorchins sus bukmkes n kgpn`ntrchins sus mcgk`es! ‗ (Xegc`es 332==).
Mknrtcgn`tn ie qun ns kgpeskhin pcrc ies feghrns, ns peskhin pcrc Dkes. Ns cquç de`dn d e`dn ni `unve
`cmkgkn`te n`trc n` nsmn`c mege u` rnlcie dn Dkes y `es hrk`dc ic peskhkikdcd dn vnr `unstrc
vnrdcdnrc me`dkmký` dn gunrtn n` pnmcde, csç pednges iinlcr c crrnpn`tkr`es per `unstrc vkdc
y dnpesktcr `unstrc me`okc`zc tetci n` ni scmrkokmke prepkmkcterke dn Mrkste n` ic mruz.
Ni cpýstei Zchie n` su snlu`dc mcrtc c ies Merk`tkes ie nxpe`n dn nstc oergc ’Ni dkes dn nstn
gu`de fc mnlcde ic gn`tn dn nstes k`mrëduies, pcrc qun `e vnc` ic iuz dni lierkese nvc`lnike dn Mrkste, ni
muci ns ic kgcln` dn Dkes… Zerqun Dkes, qun erdn`ý qun ic iuz rnspic`dnmknrc n` ics tk`knhics, fkze
hrkiicr
Mrkste‗su((88iuz n` `unstre
Merk`tkes merczý`
424-?). pcrc qun me`emkërcges ic lierkc dn Dkes qun rnspic`dnmn n` ni restre dn
424-?).
Dkes ns puns sehnrc`e ci ninlkr c qukn` vc c scivcr, c qukn` fc ninlkde ie fcrã `cmnr dn `unve
dã`dein vkdc cu` muc`de nstchc gunrte n` sus pnmcdes, ci fchnr `cmkde dn `unve pundn dcrsn
mun`tc dn su nstcde mctcstrýokme y crrnpn`tkrsn dn merczý` pcrc iunle dnpesktcr su me`okc`zc
tetci n` ni scmrkokmke dn Mrkste.
Mrkste.
(Xegc`es =28?).
’Dn nstc oergc Dkes ns buste y c ic vnz ni qun bustkokmc c ies qun tkn`n` on n` Bnsòs ‗ (Xegc`es =28?).
Nstn nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs sehrn ic scivcmký` dnhn iinvcr c mcdc pnrse`c ci pu`te dn
nxcitcr c Dkes per su sehnrc`çc y su k`megpcrchin lrc`dnzc y schkdurçc, ci gksge tkngpe dn
kgpiercr per su gksnrkmerdkc pcrc cimc`zcr ic scivcmký` dn su cigc y dn ics dn cquniies qun
nstã` cò` mcutkves per ni pnmcde
pnmcde..

3: Mfcrins M. Xyrkn, ]ç`tnsks dn Demtrk`c Hçhikmc (Gkmfklc`2 Ndkterkci Zertcvez, 3;<;), p.3=4-3=>
3;
]k` dudc cilu`c, sk dni feghrn dnpn`dknrc dnmkdkr snr scivcde `e fchrçc nspnrc`zc dn scivcmký`
pcrc `cdkn, puns tedes dnmkdkrçc` snlukr pnrsnvnrc`de n` ni pnmcde.
¡Lierkc c Dkes per tc` k`gnrnmkdc scivcmký` qun fc cimc`zcde c gkiie`ns dn pnrse`cs!
¡Gksnrkmerdkc per ocver ]nóer, gksnrkmerdkc pcrc cquniies qukn`ns tedcvçc `e fc` skde
cimc`zcdes! ¡Ã`kge mrkstkc`e c snr okni pcrc prndkmcr ni nvc`lnike yc qun `cdkn sn scivcrã sk `e
sn crrnpkn`tn dn sus gcies mcgk`es y sn vunivn c Dkes
Dkes!!
ME@MI^]KE@N]
N` nstn trchcbe sn fc` prnsn`tcde dn gc`nrc hrnvn ics des demtrk`cs prndegk`c`tns n` muc`te c
ic scivcmký`2
scivcmký`2 ic crgk`kc`kstc y ic mcivk`kstc.
mcivk`kstc. ]n fc nxpikmcde tcghkë` qun n` ni mcse dn nstcs
demtrk`cs sn fc iinlcde c nxtrnges demtrk`cign`tn dcók`es puns inbes dn snr hçhikmes, cpnic` c ic
iýlkmc fugc`c pcrc iinlcr c ic vnrdcd qun preonsc`. Nstes nxtrnges se` ies Fypnr
crgk`kc`kstcs n Fypnr mcivk`kstcs.
mcivk`kstcs.
Zcrc mcdc u`c dn nstcs demtrk`cs (crgk`kc`c
(crgk`kc`c y mcivk`kstc
mcivk`kstc),), sn fc` prnsn`tcde cilu`es dn ies
vnrsçmuies qun ics sestkn`n`, me` ni ok` dn dntnrgk`cr sk tkn`n` suokmkn`tn hcsn hçhikmc.
hçhikmc. Dn nstc
oergc sn fc iinlcde c dkonrn`tns me`miuske`ns me` rnspnmte c mcdc u`e dn ies pu`tes trctcdes,
n`trn ics qun nstã`2

Dkes ns sehnrc`e
Ni feghrn n` icdnscivcmký`
ns k`mcpcz scivcrsn ye ic ninmmký`. per su nstcde dn gunrtn nspkrktuci, per ie tc`te
crrnpn`tkrsn
su ikhrn cihndrçe pundn snr me`skdnrcde ikhrn fcstc de`dn su veiu`tcd sn ie pnrgktn.
Ni feghrn ns megpintcgn`tn rnspe`schin dn su dnmkský` per Mrkste.
C ic iuz dn nstcs me`miuske`ns sn prnsn`tc ic vnrdcd dni nqukikhrke n` ics demtrk`cs sehrn ic
scivcmký`, ëstn prnsn`tc ic rncikdcd dn qun c pnscr dn qun Dkes ns sehnrc`e n` dnmkdkr c qukn` vc
c scivcr, ni feghrn ns megpintcgn`tn rnspe`schin per ic dnmkský` dn cmudkr c Mrkste e `e pcrc
su scivcmký`.
Nstc cpcrn`tn me`trcdkmmký` oun dnok`kdc mege c`tk`egkc y hçhikmcgn`tn sn fc dngestrcde qun
ns u`c rncikdcd n` de`dn Dkes sn gc`tkn`n sehnrc`e y ni feghrn sn gc`tkn`n rnspe`schin .

HKHIKELXCOÇC
. Zncrigc`, Gynr. Tneielçc Hçhikmc y ]kstngãtkmc. Gkcgk Oierkdc2 Ndkterkci _kdc, 3;;8.
. Mcrse`, De`cid C. Ic dkoçmki Demtrk`c dni Cger dn Dkes. \fncte` Kiik`eks2 Zuhikmcmke`ns C`dcgke, 8::3.
. ]gciik`l, Xelnr I. ¡]k, Bnsòs! ^`c K`tredummký` c ics Demtrk`cs dn ic Lrcmkc. Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterkci MIKN, 3;;4.
. @yn`fuks, Lnrcid. Ni Dkes qun Cdercges. Gkcgk Oierkdc2 Ndkterkci ^@KIKT, 3;;;.
. Xyrkn, Mfcrins M. ]ç`tnsks dn Demtrk`c Hçhikmc. Lrc`d Xcpkds Gkmfklc`2 Ndkterkci Zertcvez, 3;<;.
. Trn`mfcrd, Nr`nste. Nstudkes dn Demtrk`c Hçhikmc. Lrc`d Xcpkds Gkmfklc`2 Ndkterkci Zertcvez, 3;<?.
. GcmCrtfur, Bef` Br. ]cives sk` iulcr c Dudcs. Hcrmnie`c2 Ndkterkci MIKN, 3;;8.
. Gndkcsct Lreup. Ic N`mkmiepndk
N`mkmiepndkc.
c. Gcdrkd2 ]civct Ndkterns, 8::4.
. _nrský` utkikzcdc dn ic Hkhikc2 ]emkndcd Hçhikmc K`tnr`cmke`ci. @unvc _nrský` K`tnr`cmke`ci. Gkcgk Oierkdc2
Ndkterkci _kdc, 3;;;.

8:
 MEGN@TCXKE] C XEGC@E] ;23=
:3 Megn`tcrke Nxnlëtkme y Nxpikmctkve dn Bcgknse`-Ocussnt-Hrew`
XegU;23:-3=. [ `e sýie nste1 gcs tcghkë` Xnhnmc, ntm.—]n pedrçc pn`scr qun fchçc rczý`
`cturci per quë prnonrkr ci fkbe dn ]crc, per snr niic ic vnrdcdnrc y ic prkgnrc nspesc dn
Chrcfãg, nxmiuyn`de csç ni fkbe dn ic nsmicvc, y ies fkbes dn Mnturc, su snlu`dc nspesc. Znre `e
pedçc fchnr tci rczý` n` ni mcse dn Xnhnmc, nspesc ò`kmc dn Ksccm, perqun sn niklký c Bcmeh n`
iulcr dn Nscò, skn`de ies des fkbes dn ic gksgc gcdrn, y sn niklký ni gn`er n` prnonrn`mkc ci
gcyer, y c`tns dni `cmkgkn`te dn ies des, y n` me`snmun`mkc c`tns qun fuhknsn` fnmfe hkn` e
gci `k ni u`e `k ni etre , pcrc qun fuhknsn tci hcsn dn prnonrn`mkc2 y tede oun pcrc dngestrcr qun
ic seic hcsn dn ic dkstk`mký` nstchc n` ic k`me`dkmke`ci ninmmký` dn Dkes2 ’@e dn ehrcs, sk`e dni
qun iicgc.‗

:8 Megn`tcrke dni @unve Tnstcgn`te per Zcrtck` - Xnnvns

Xegc`es ;23=
;23=-- Nste nstã nsmrkte n` GciU328-=
GciU328-=.. @e in oun dkmfe c Xnhnmc c`tns dn `cmnr ies lngnies,
sk`e mn`tn`crns dn cóes dnspuës dn gunrtes niies. ’Cgý‗ c Bcmeh (c ic `cmký` budckmc) n` ni
sn`tkde dn prnonrkrin pcrc ic dnsmn`dn`mkc nsmelkdc, y ’cherrnmký‗ c Nscò (c ic `cmký` ndegktc)
n` ni sn`tkde dn `e prnonrkrin.
Ni sn`tkde dn ’ cherrnmnr‗ ns ’cgcr gn`es.‗ ’Cgcr‗ ci u`e y ’cherrnmnr‗ ci etre ns u`c

gc`nrc erkn`tci dn gestrcr u` me`trcstn. N` N ` Lë`U8;2== vnges qun Inc nrc ’cherrnmkdc‗ (_nrský`
C`tkluc), pnre n` Lë`U8;2=: vnges qun ic rczý` nrc qun Bcmeh cgý c Xcquni ’gãs qun c Inc.‗
Xcquni nrc ic prnonrkdc dn Bcmeh
Bcmeh.. Ie gksge tn`nges n` GctU3:2=< y IumU3428?.
IumU3428?. Tn`nges qun
prnonrkr c Mrkste n` iulcr dn c ies pcdrns.
pc drns. Dkes cgý c Bcmeh n` ni sn`tkde dn prnonrkr nsmelnrin
mege pcdrn dn ic `cmký` pregntkdc, y cherrnmký c Nscò n` ni sn`tkde dn `e nsmelnrin. Nstc
preonmçc dn Gcicquçcs tuve qun vnr me` des `cmke`ns, GciU328-4, `e me` des k`dkvkdues. Ni
mcivk`ksge kl`erc ni me`tnxte per megpinte.
Ni nsmelnr Dkes c Bcmeh, n` iulcr dn c Nscò, skrvký pcrc gestrcr qun Dkes `e ns
me`treicde per me`mnptes fugc`es dn cmtkvkdcd.
:= Megn`tcrke dni @unve Tnstcgn`te per C.T. Xehnrste`
Xegc`es
Zchie mktc ;23=
GciU328.. Gcs c Nscò cherrnmç (te` dn Áscu ngksásc). Nstn in`lucbn sun`c c dure c
GciU328
`unstres eçdes. Ns peskhin qun ni tërgk`e gksnÿ `e skngprn me`iinvcrc tede ni sn`tkde dn ie qun
`esetres skl`kokmcges per «cherrnmnr±. _ëcsn GctU?284, de`dn sn me`trcstc` nstes gksges vnrhes
(gksnÿ y clcpcÿ). Ie gksge n` IumU3428? cmnrmc dn «cherrnmnr± (gksnÿ) ci prepke pcdrn y gcdrn
sk sn k`tnrpe`n` n`trn u`e y Mrkste
Mrkste.. Ie gksge n` BucU3828> cmnrmc dn «cherrnmnr± ic prepkc vkdc.
@e sn pundn dudcr dn ic prnonrn`mkc dn Dkes per Bcmeh y dn su rnmfcze fcmkc Nscò, pnre c pnscr
dn ]c`dcy y dn Fncdicg, u`e vcmkic c`tns dn innr n` nstcs pcichrcs cquç, ni k`tn`se edke qun
skngprn fc nxkstkde n`trn ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dn Bcmeh y dn Nscò
Nscò..
:4 Megn`tcrke dni @unve Tnstcgn`te dn \kiikcg Hcrmicy
Zchie pcsc qun
fkze schnr c mktcr
khcetre nbngpie.
c tn`nr Muc`de
gniikzes qun Xnhnmc , ic pctrkcrmcs
snrçc` ies gubnr dn Ksccm , nstchc
dn des nghcrczcdc,
`cmke`ns1 pnre qun,Dkes in
n` ni
( Ln`U8>28=).).
tkngpe vn`kdnre, ni qun `cmknrc prkgnre snrvkrçc y nstcrçc segntkde ci snlu`de (Ln`U8>28=
83
Muc`de `cmknre` ies gniikzes, Nscò `cmký ni prkgnre, y sk` nghcrle ic ninmmký` dn Dkes rnmcyý
n` Bcmeh
Bcmeh11 y oun per ic iç`nc dn Bcmeh per ic qun Dkes skluký iinvc`de c mche su pic`. Zcrc
rngcmfcr hkn` su crlugn`te, Zchie mktc Gcicquçcs 328s, de`dn Dkes in dkmn ci preontc2 «Fn cgcde
c Bcmeh y cherrnmkde c Nscò. ±
Zchie sestkn`n qun snr budçe ns gãs qun oergcr pcrtn dn ic dnsmn`dn`mkc oçskmc dn Chrcfcg
Chrcfcg11 qun
ni punhie nsmelkde `e ns gnrcgn`tn ic sugc dn ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dn Chrcfcg, sk`e qun n` nsc
ocgkikc sn iinvc c mche u` premnse dn sninmmký` c ie icrle dn ic fksterkc. Fcstc cquç, u` budçe
cmnptcrçc ni crlugn`te dn ZchieZchie.. Ies ãrchns se` ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dn Ksgcni, qun oun fkbe dn
Chrcfcg
Chrcfcg1 1 pnre c ies
punhie nsmelkde. Iesbudçes `e snnrc`
ndegktcs ins pcscrçc per ic mchnzc
ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dndnmkr
Nscòqunounies
ns ãrchns
ie qunpnrtn`nmçc` ci
qunrçc dnmkr
Gcicquçcs-, y Nscò oun tc` fkbe dn Ksccm mege Bcmeh su gniikze1 pnre c `k`lò` budçe sn in
emurrkrçc dnmkr qun ies ndegktcs tn`çc` pcrtn n` ni punhie nsmelkde. Dnsdn ni pu`te dn vkstc
budçe, Zchie fc dngestrcde su crlugn`te2 fchçc u` premnse dn ninmmký` qun sn nstchc iinvc`de c
mche n` ic ocgkikc dn ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dn Chrcfcg.
Zchie cócdn qun nsc sninmmký` `e sn hcsc n` ics ehrcs `k n` ni gërkte. Ic prunhc nstã n` qun
Bcmeh oun ninlkde y Nscò rnmfczcde
rnm fczcde c`tns dn qun `cmknrc `k`lu`e dn ies des, muc`de nstchc` n` ni
sn`e gctnr`e. Nstn crlugn`te sklun skn`de vãikde y me`miuyn`tn pcrc u` budçe. [ fcstc pcrc
`esetres, u`c lrc` vnrdcd surln dni merczý` dn nstn crlugn`te2 Tede ns dn Dkes1 dntrãs dn
tede nstã ]u ehrcr1 cu` ics mescs qun pcrnmn` crhktrcrkcs y oertuktcs tkn`n` n` Ëi su erkln`. @cdc
n` ni gu`de vc c ic dnrkvc.
:> Megn`tcrke dn tedc ic Hkhikc dn Gcttfnw Fn`ry
Xegc`es ;2?-3=
vv. ?-
?-3=
3=..Ni rnmfcze dn ies budçes per ic dkspn`scmký` dni nvc`lnike `e qunhrc`tý ic pregn
pregnsc sc dn
Dkes c ies pctrkcrmcs. Ics pregnscs y ics cdvnrtn`mkcs sn mugpikrã`. Ic lrcmkc `e merrn per ic
sc`lrn1 `k ies hn`nokmkes scivçokmes sn fciic` skngprn n` ies prkvkinlkes nxtnr`es dn ic klinskc. @e
sýie ounre` ninlkdes cilu`es dn ic skgkn`tn dn Chrcfcg, y etres `e, sk`e qun Dkes ehrý
me`oergn ci me`snbe dn su veiu`tcd. Dkes preontkzý dn Nscò y Bcmeh, `cmkdes n` pnmcde, fkbes dn
ic krc per `cturcinzc, mege ies dngãs. ]k nrc` dnbcdes c sç gksges fuhknrc` me`tk`ucde n`
pnmcde durc`tn tedc ic vkdc, pnre, per rcze`ns sc`tcs y schkcs, qun `e `es se` dcdcs c me`emnr,
Ëi sn prepuse
Bcmeh kiugk`c mcghkcr ni merczý`
ic me`dumtc dn Bcmeh
dkvk`c me` y dnbcr
ic rczc mcçdccdni
Nscò n` su gcidcd.
feghrn. Nstn mcsegunstrc
Tedc ic Nsmrkturc dn Nscò ic
y
dkonrn`mkc n`trn ni mrkstkc`e me`onse y ni mrnyn`tn rnci. Ies prkvkinlkes nxtnr`es se` me`mndkdes c
gumfes qun `e se` ies fkbes dn Dkes. ]k` nghcrle, fcy u` nstçguie megpinte pcrc ni use
dkikln`tn dn ies gndkes dn lrcmkc qun Dkes fc dntnrgk`cde.
:? Megn`tcrke dn Ic Hkhikc Xnk`c _cinrc 3;;>
XegU;.33-3= GciU3.8-=. C Bcmeh cgë, gcs c Nscò cherrnmç2 me`trcstn qun k`dkmc qun Dkes prnokrký ci
u`e sehrn ni etre1 vëcsn IumU34.8? `.
IumU34.8? `. Cherrnmn c su pcdrn2 ]nlò` u`c gc`nrc dn fchicr, prepkcgn`tn sngçtkmc, pundn
nxprnscrsn u`c megpcrcmký` nstchinmkn`de u` me`trcstn chseiute1 per tc`te, cherrnmnr sn usc
cquç
dn n` ni sn`tkde megpcrctkve dn cgcr gn`es. N` Gt 3:.=<, ic gksgc kdnc sn nxprnsc n` oergc
megpcrcmký`.

88
 :< Megn`tcrke dn Ic Hkhikc dni Dkcrke _kvkr
;.38-34 µOun Dkes buste ci nsmelnr c Bcmeh, ni gn`er, pcrc qun nstuvknrc sehrn Nscò5 N` GciU328-
= ic dnmicrcmký` "[ cgë c Bcmeh, y c Nscò cherrnmç" sn rnoknrn c ics `cmke`ns dn Ksrcni y Ndeg,
gãs qun c ies fnrgc`es mege k`dkvkdues. Dkes niklký c Bcmeh pcrc me`tk`ucr ni ik`cbn dn ies
oknins, perqun me`emçc ni merczý` dn Bcmeh. Znre `e nxmiuyý c Nscò n` muc`te c me`emnrie y
cgcrie. Tn`lc n` gn`tn ni tkpe dn Dkes qun cdercges2 ns sehnrc`e, `e ns crhktrcrke, ehrc pcrc
`unstre hkn` n` tede, ns me`okchin y scivc c tedes ies qun mrnn` n` Ni. Muc`de n`tn`dnges nstcs
mucikdcdns dn Dkes, me`miukges qun sus dnmkske`ns se` hun`cs cu`qun `e ielrnges n`tn`dnr
tedcs sus rcze`ns.
:6 Megn`tcrke dn Ic Hkhikc dn ics Cgërkmcs Dn Nstudke
Xegc`es ;23=
Bcmeh cgë…Nscò cherrnmç. Ni me`tnxte dn ies vnrs. 33 ”38 gunstrc qun ic sehnrc`c dnmkský` dn
Dkes dn nsmelnr (cgcr) c Bcmeh y rnmfczcr (cherrnmnr) c Nscò `e nstuve hcscdc n` cile
prnvkcgn`tn me`emkde e k`fnrn`tn n` niies.
:; Megn`tcrke dn Ic Hkhikc dn Nstudke dn GcmCrtfur
Xegc`es ;23=
C Bcmeh cgë, gcs c Nscò cherrnmç.
cherrnmç. Mktc dn GciU328-=
GciU328-=.. Ni pu`te cquç `e ns cilu`c ngemký` dn
edke fcmkc Nscò y sus fkbes. Gcicquçcs, qukn` nsmrkhký nstc dnmicrcmký` gãs
gã s dn gki quk`kn`tes
cóes trcs ic gunrtn dn tedes niies, gkrchc n` rntrespnmtkvc c nstes des feghrns y per nxtn`ský`
c ics `cmke`ns (Ksrcni y Ndeg) qun sciknre` dn sus ieges. Dkes nsmelký c u`e pcrc rnmkhkr su
hn`dkmký` y pretnmmký` dkvk`cs, y ci etre ie dnbý c bukmke dkvk`e.
3: Megn`tcrke Hçhikme \kiikcg GcmDe`cid
Xegc`es ;23=
Zcrc rnoerzcr cò` gãs ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes n` ninmmký`, Zchie mktc c GciU328-= 2 «C «C Bcmeh cgë,
cherrnmç±. Cquç Dkes sn rnoknrn c ics des `cmke`ns, Ksrcni y Ndeg, dn ics qun nrc`
gcs c Nscò cherrnmç±.
mchnzcs Bcmeh y Nscò
Nscò.. Dkes dnskl`ý c Ksrcni mege ic `cmký` c ic qun Ëi pregntçc ni Gnsçcs y ni
rnk`e gnskã`kme. Ndeg `e rnmkhký tci pregnsc. N` iulcr dn nste, sus ge`tns y fnrndcd ounre`
(GciU32=11 vëcsn tcghkë` BnrU4;23<-361
ter`cdes n` dnseicmký` pcrc ies mfcmcins dni dnsknrte (GciU32= BnrU4;23<-361
NznU=>2<-;).
NznU=>2<-;).
Cu`qun ns mknrte qun ic mktc dn GciU328-= dnsmrkhn ies trctes dn Dkes me` m e` ics `cmke`ns y `e me`
k`dkvkdues, sn usc pcrc cpeycr ]u dnrnmfe sehnrc`e dn nsmelnr tcghkë` c pnrse`cs
k`dkvkducins.
Ics pcichrcs C Bcmeh cgë, gcs c Nscò cherrnmç fc` dn snr megprn`dkdcs c ic iuz dni dnmrnte
sehnrc`e dn Dkes qun dnmçc2 Ni gcyer snrvkrã ci gn`er.gn`er. Ic prnonrn`mkc fcmkc Bcmeh ns
k`tnrprntcdc mege u` cmte dn cger, gkn`trcs qun ni cmte dn dnbcr dn icde c Nscò ns, n`
megpcrcmký`, me`skdnrcde mege cherrnmkgkn`te. @e sn trctc dn qun Dkes edkcsn c Nscò me` u`c
durc y vn`lctkvc c`kgeskdcd, sk`e sýie qun cgý c Nscò gn`es qun c Bcmeh, mege sn vn per ]u
sehnrc`c ninmmký` dn Bcmeh.
Nstn pcscbn sn rnoknrn c ics hn`dkmke`ns tnrrn`cins y `e c ic vkdc ntnr`c. Ni cherrnmkgkn`te dn Dkes
pcrc me` Ndeg `e skl`kokmc qun ies ndegktcs k`dkvkducins `e pundc` snr scives, mege tcgpeme
]u cger pcrc me` Ksrcni `e skl`kokmc qun ies budçes k`dkvkducins `e `nmnsktn` snr scives.
8=
(Ehsërvnsn tcghkë` qun Nscò sç rnmkhký cilu`cs hn`dkmke`ns tnrrn`cins, mege ëi gksge tnstkokmc
n` Lë`U==2;.)
Lë`U==2;.)
33 Megn`tcrke Hçhikme ]klie VVK
Ni Ksrcni dn`tre dn Ksrcni. Ic tnsks dni pãrrcoe sn oerguic n` ni v. ?h2 @e tedes ies `cmkdes dn Ksrcni
se` dn Ksrcni. Nxkstn, sulknrn Zchie, me`merdc`de me` ic tneielçc dni ’rngc`n`tn‗ dni CT, u`
Ksrcni nspkrktuci dn`tre dn u` Ksrcni ët`kme gãs cgpike. Zchie pundn utkikzcr n` etres iulcrns ni
tërgk`e ’Ksrcni‗ pcrc rnonrkrsn c tede ni punhie dn Dkes, tc`te budçes mege ln`tkins (L{i. ?23?).
Cquç, `e ehstc`tn, mege ie dnbc n` micre ic me`tk`ucmký`, nstã pn`sc`de sýie n` ies budçes. Zchie
prunhc nstc cokrgcmký` sehrn ni Ksrcni dn`tre dn Ksrcni me` des crlugn`tes cprex. pcrcinies
tegcdes dn ic fksterkc dni CT (<-3:, 33-3=). N` ni prkgnre, Zchie gunstrc qun ni fnmfe dn snr
dnsmn`dkn`tn oçskme dn Chrcfcg `e nrc suokmkn`tn pcrc lcrc`tkzcr u` iulcr dn`tre dni punhie dn
Dkes. Tc`te Ksgcni mege Ksccm nrc` fkbes dn Chrcfcg1 pnre oun sýie per gndke dn Ksccm qun
Dkes in ’iicgý‗ dnsmn`dn`mkc nspkrktuci c Chrcfcg
Chrc fcg (Lë`. 83238). Ic dnsmn`dn`mkc nspkrktuci dn
Chrcfcg, n`te`mns, nstã hcscdc `e n` nin i `cmkgkn`te, sk`e n` ic pregnsc dn Dkes. Ksccm, y `e
Ksgcni, oun ni rnmnpter dn nsc pregnsc (3:, mktc dn Lë`. 3623: y 34).
Mege sk ni tngc `e nstuvknrc suokmkn`tngn`tn micre, Zchie cferc ie suhrcyc cu` gãs, niklkn`de
u`c kiustrcmký` tegcdc dn ic sklukn`tn ln`nrcmký` dn Ksrcni (3:-3=)1 perqun cilukn` pedrçc
ehbntcr c ic prkgnrc kiustrcmký` dn Zchie, dkmkn`de qun u`c skl`kokmctkvc dkonrn`mkc n` ic
dnsmn`dn`mkc `cturci dkstk`luçc c Ksccm dn Ksgcni2 ni prkgnre fchçc `cmkde dn ]crc, ’ic ikhrn‗, y
ni òitkge, dn Clcr, ’ic nsmicvc‗ (mo. Lãi. 4283-=3). Znre nstc dkonrn`mkc `e nxkstký n`trn Bcmeh y
Nscò. Mege gniikzes, `e sýie `cmknre` dn ic gksgc gcdrn, Xnhnmc, sk`e qun ounre` me`mnhkdes
n` ni gksge gegn`te (ic pcichrc lr. aektn` prehchingn`tn sn rnoknrc c ic rnicmký` snxuci). Znre
c`tns dn qun niies `cmknrc`, Dkes dkbe c Xnhnmc qun ni gcyer snrvkrã ci gn`er (Lë`. 8>28=). Nstc
prkerkdcd dn Bcmeh ns me`okrgcdc per u` snlu`de tnxte dni CT mktcde per Zchie2 Gci. 328, =2 C
cherrn mç. Dn nstes tnstkge`kes dni CT sehrn ic suprngcmçc dn Bcmeh, Zchie
Bcmeh cgë, pnre c Nscò cherrnmç.
ehtkn`n ic me`miuský`, n` u`c `etc nxpikmctkvc (33h, 38c), dn qun ic hn`dkmký` qun Bcmeh
dksorutchc `e sn erklk`chc n` `cdc qun ëi fuhknrc fnmfe, sk`e n` ni iicgcde ikhrn y sehnrc`e dn
Dkes.

µMuãi ns nstc hn`dkmký`5 Dcde qun ies me`tnxtes dni CT, dn ies mucins Zchie tegc su kiustrcmký`,
fchic` prk`mkpcign`tn sehrn ies pcpnins fkstýrkmes dn Bcmeh y Nscò, e dn ics `cmke`ns qun
rnprnsn`tc` (Ksrcni y Ndeg) ni pic` dn Dkes (mo. Gci. 328, =), Zchie qukzã quknrc dnmkr sýie qun
Bcmeh dksorutchc dni prkvkinlke dn snr u` k`strugn`te pesktkve n` nsn pic`. Znre ni in`lucbn qun
Zchie utkikzc n` nstn pãrrcoe2 iicgcdc (v. <1 mo. 428-83)1 ninmmký` (331 mo. 332>, <, 861 Fnmf. ;23>1 3 Tns.
3241 8 Znd. 323:)1 prepýskte (331 mo. 62861 No. 3233)1 ehrcs (381 mo. 424-6)1 iicgc (381 mo. 628;),
ln`nrcign`tn sn rnoknrn ci tngc dn ic scivcmký` ntnr`c. [ ns nstn tngc ni fnmfe dn qun tc`tes
budçes `e fcyc` skde scives per gndke dni nvc`lnike, ni qun fc erklk`cde tedc nstc dksmuský`.
Iinlcges c ic me`miuský`, per tc`te, dn qun Zchie utkikzc nstes tnxtes dni CT pcrc kiustrcr ni
prk`mkpke dn ic sehnrc`çc dn Dkes n` n ` ic scivcmký`2 snr u` fkbe dn Dkes ( mo. vv. <-;) dnpn`dn,
ok`cign`tn, dni iicgcde dn Dkes. Ni ’cger‗ dn Dkes per Bcmeh y su ’cherrnmkgkn`te‗ dn Nscò,
se` oergcs dn dnsmrkhkr n` clude me`trcstn ic ninmmký` dn Dkes pcrc scivcmký` y su nxmiuský` dn
ic gksgc, rnspnmtkvcgn`tn.
84
 38 Megn`tcrke
Megn`tcrke dni Me`tnxte Muiturci
Muiturci dn ic Hkhikc (@T) G^@DE FK]ZC@E
;2?-3=
]civcdes `e per dnsmn`dn`mkc ët`kmc
Ic gcyerçc dn budçes mrnçc` qun su punhie mege u` tede snrçc scive, n` n ` me`trcstn me` ies
ln`tkins. Ic scivcmký` dn Ksrcni ngpnzý muc`de Dkes nsmelký c Chrcfcg (mcp. 4). Zchie
crlugn`tc qun ic nt`kmkdcd ns hcsn k`suokmkn`tn pcrc ic scivcmký`, mege tcghkë` n`snóchc ni CT
(p. nb., @ògU34288-8=1 DnuU32=4-=>1 ]ciU<6283-881 ]ciU;>26-331 ]ciU3:?28?-8<). Dkes pundn scivcr
n` mucinsquknrc tërgk`es qun dnsnn.
;2?-;
Chrcfcg tuve des fkbes gkn`trcs ]crc vkvçc, pnre sýie u`e rnmkhký ic pregnsc (Lë`U3<236-83).
;23:-3=
Ksccm tuve des fkbes, pnre sýie u`e rnmkhký ic pregnsc. Nste oun dntnrgk`cde c`tns dn qun
`cmknrc` (Lë`U8>28=1 mo. GciU328-=). Cu` muc`de Dkes pude fchnr nsmelkde c Bcmeh perqun
me`emçc dn c`tngc`e su merczý` (628;), ni pu`te cquç ns qun Dkes tn`çc ni dnrnmfe dn nsmelnr
n`trn ni ik`cbn nsmelkde. @e tedes ies dnsmn`dkn`tns dn Chrcfcg rnmkhknre` ic pregnsc1 ni rnste
dni CT dnmçc micrcgn`tn qun gumfes ksrcniktcs fchçc` rete ni pcmte (ËxeU=82==-=>1 @ògU33231
@ògU342=<1 @ògU3?2=8-=>1 @ògU8>24->1 DnuU32=>). µZer quë ic gcyerçc dn me`tngperã`nes dn
Zchie cmtuchc` mege sk ics mescs ounrc` dkonrn`tns n` su prepke tkngpe5
3= Megn`tcrke Hçhikme Ni @unve Tnstcgn`te y su Gn`scbn (84 Teges) per \eiolc`l Trkiik`l
3: [ `e sýie nste2 nstã Xnhnmc, qun me`mkhký dn u`e seie, dn `unstre pcdrn Ksccm. 33 Zuns hkn`,
muc`de ies des `kóes `e fchçc` `cmkde tedcvçc `k fchçc` fnmfe `cdc hun`e e gcie -c ok` dn
qun qundcrc n` pkn ni prepýskte dn Dkes n` su ikhrn ninmmký`, 38 ic muci `e dnpn`dn dn ics ehrcs,
sk`e dni qun iicgc-, sn dkbe c Xnhnmc2 «Ni gcyer snrã sknrve dni gn`er± (Ln`U8>28=). 3= Csç nstã
nsmrkte2 «Cgë c Bcmeh, y c Nscò cherrnmç± (GciU328 s).
Zchie n`iczc u` nbngpie me` etre. Zcrc niie ic fksterkc dn Ksrcni in hrk`dc ni gctnrkci dnsnchin.
Gãs tcgpeme cquç dnhn mn`trcrsn ic ctn`mký` dni inmter n` ni mýge `k n` ni perquë. Ni k`mkse dni
v. 33h y 38c snócic k`nquçvemcgn`tn ni pu`te qun cquç k`tnrnsc. Tcghkë` n` nstn pcscbn sn
me`trcpe`n` des fkbes. ]ýie qun sus rnicmke`ns nxpnrkgn`tc` u` mknrte dnspiczcgkn`te n`
megpcrcmký` me` ni nbngpie prnmndn`tn2 `e sn trctc dn ies fkbes dn des gcdrns, sk`e dn u`c
gcdrn y dn u` pcdrn. Cquç mun`tc ic mkrmu`stc`mkc dn n`trcr n` bunle des fnrgc`es lngnies.
ln gnies.
Tede niie me`trkhuyn cò` gãs c pe`nr dn rniknvn ni dcte sehrn ic ninmmký` dn Dkes. Me` niie
pcrnmn qun sn suhrcyc me` gcyer
gc yer ounrzc cò` qun c`tns ni fnmfe dn qun `k`lò` c`tnmndn`tn
fugc`e fkstýrkme me`dkmke`c ic ninmmký` dn Dkes. Ni v. 33c dnstcmc u`c vnz gãs ic ikhnrtcd dn
cmmký` dni Dkes qun nikln2 ies gniikzes `e fchçc` `cmkde cò` `k fchçc` fnmfe `cdc hun`e `k
gcie, muc`de -snlò` ni v. 38h-sn in megu`kmý c Xnhnmc ic pcichrc dn ic pregnsc dkvk`c.
Csç, puns, fcy qun cmnptcr ic ikhrn ninmmký` n` ic cmmký` y dkspeskmký` dkvk`cs (v. 33h-38c). Ns
prnmkscgn`tn nsc su cmmký` ninmtkvc ic qun cimc`zc su ehbntkve, qun n` dnok`ktkvc ns ic scivcmký`,
qun Dkes eterlc y me` ic qun muigk`c ic fksterkc dn su punhie. Ns vnrdcd qun Zchie `e nxpe`n
tedcvçc cquç nxprnscgn`tn ni rnsuitcde dn sus rnoinxke`ns.

8>
Znre, tn`kn`de n` mun`tc ni v. ?, tcgpeme sn dnhn eivkdcr qun Dkes sn fc iklcde me` su pcichrc c
Ksrcni y qun sn trctc n` ln`nrci dni prehingc dn Ksrcni, y `e sýie dn nxpe`nr u` trctcde sehrn ic
prevkdn`mkc dn Dkes y ic ikhnrtcd dn su cmmký`. Znre ni lkre dni v. 38c2 «Ic muci `e dnpn`dn dn
ics ehrcs±, k`dkmc micrcgn`tn qun `e pundn snpcrcrsn ni prehingc ou`dcgn`tci dn Ksrcni dn ic
tneielçc dn ic bustkokmcmký`. Nste ns ie qun cpcrnmnrã me` gcyer micrkdcd n` ies vnrsçmuies
sklukn`tns.
Ni v. 3= prnsn`tc u`c òitkgc oýrguic
oýrg uic dn ic kdnc dn ic ninmmký`, qun krrktc ni sn`tkgkn`te `cturci
( GciU328 s). Ni
dni feghrn, y nse me` pcichrcs dn ic Nsmrkturc2 «Cgë c Bcmeh, y c Nscò cherrnmç± (GciU328
cmn`te dn ic orcsn rnmcn, snlò` ic k`tnrprntcmký` dn Zchie, n` ic cmmký` dn Dkes qun nikln
ikhrngn`tn. Gcs ic ikhnrtcd dn Dkes `e me`skstn n` qun gunstrn cger fcmkc u`c pc pcrtn
rtn y edke
fcmkc ic etrc, sk`e n` qun ciiç de`dn dnrrcgc cger, ciiç nstã ëi. [ nste ns ie qun sn dngestrcrã
me` ni eterlcgkn`te dn ic lrcmkc dkvk`c n` Mrkste. Sun `e per niie dnscpcrnmn sk` gãs ic krc dn
Dkes mege oe`de esmure dn ic cmtucmký` dn ic lrcmkc, ns ie qun yc fnges vkste n` ni me`tnxte
tn`se dn ies mcpçtuies 3-4.
34 Hesqunbes Nxpesktkves dn ic Hkhikc (\crrn` \. \knrshn)
H. Ic hcsn dn ic ninmmký` (vv. XegU;2?-3=).
XegU;2?-3=).
N` ic ninmmký` Dkes nbnrmn su veiu`tcd sehnrc`c pcrc ielrcr su pic` pnronmte. Tn`lc prnsn`tn
qun ic ninmmký` dn qun sn fchic n` XegU;23-==
XegU;23-==11 XegU3:23-831 XegU3323-=? ns `cmke`ci y `e
k`dkvkduci. Cpikmcr tedcs ics vnrdcdns dn nstes mcpçtuies c ic scivcmký`, e c ic snlurkdcd dni
mrnyn`tn k`dkvkduci, ns nrrcr su gn`scbn per megpinte. Ns gãs, Zchie mukdcdescgn`tn dnstcmc
qun nstã fchic`de c ies budçes y c ies ln`tkins mege punhies, `e mege pnmcderns k`dkvkducins.
(3) Chrcfcg2 Oun nsmelkde mege ni pcdrn dn ic `cmký` fnhrnc, pnre Zchie cokrgc qun `e tedes
(_ë csn tcghkë` XegU828>-8;.)
ies ksrcniktcs se` vnrdcdnres fkbes dn Ksrcni. (_ëcsn XegU828>-8;.) Chrcfcg tuve
gumfes fkbes (Lë`U8>23-?
(Lë`U8>23-?),), pnre seicgn`tn u`e nsmelkde2 Ksccm, qukn` oun ni fkbe dn ic pregnsc
per on.
(8) Ksccm2 Oun ni fkbe dn ic pregnsc per on (vëcsn LãiU4283-=3),
LãiU4283-=3), gkn`trcs qun Ksgcni oun ni fkbe dn
ic mcr`n per gndke dn ics ehrcs. Ic vnrdcdnrc «skgkn`tn dn Chrcfcg± se` ies mrnyn`tns y `e
sýie ies qun tkn`n` sc`lrn budçc n` sus vn`cs.

(=) Bcmeh2c`tns
k`miuse Dkesdnpcsý
qunper
ies cite
`kóesc Nscò, ni prkgelë`kte,
`cmknrc`. y nsmelký
µZer quë5 Zcrc c Bcmeh,
gestrcr qun ni yprepýskte
tegý su dnmkský`
dn Dkes ci
ninlkr c su `cmký` sn mugpikrçc. Nscò dnmkdký
dnm kdký rnhnicrsn me`trc Dkes, pnre ies prepýsktes
p repýsktes dn Dkes
`e dnpn`dn` dn ics dnmkske`ns dni feghrn. @e pednges nxpikmcr ic rnicmký` n`trn ics ninmmke`ns
dni feghrn y ies prepýsktes dn Dkes, pnre schnges qun cghcs mescs se` vnrdcdnrcs y sn
n`snóc` n` ic Zcichrc dn Dkes.

8?
 DKMMKE@CXKE]
DKMMKE@CXKE NVZE]KTK_E DN ZCICHXC] DNI @^N_E TN]TCGN@TE DN N. \. _K@N
CHEXXNMNX, CHEXXNMNDEX, CHEXXNMKHIN
C. _nrhes
3. gksne (ιλύΧϋ, L=4:<), edkcr, cherrnmnr. ]n usc nspnmkcign`tn2
(c) dn sn`tkgkn`tes gcikmkeses n k`bustkokmchins fcmkc etres, snc qun snc` me`trc
m e`trc k`emn`tns mege sk
GctU3:28811 GctU8423:
sn trctc dn u`c c`kgeskdcd gutuc (p.nb., GctU3:288 GctU8423:11 IumU?288, IumU?28<
IumU?28<11 IumU3;2341
BucU=28:), dn cherrnmnr ic iuz, gntcoýrkmcgn`tn (BucU<2<1 BucU3>236-3;, BucU3>28=-8>1 TktU=2=1
BucU=28:), TktU=2=1
3B`U82;, 3B`U8233
3B`U823311 3B`U=23=, 3B`U=23>1 3B`U428:1
3B`U428:1 CpeU3628, de`dn «cherrnmkhin± ns trcdummký` dni
pcrtkmkpke pnronmte n` vez pcskvc dni vnrhe, ikt2 «edkcde±, e «fchkn`de skde edkcde±)1
(h) dn u` sn`tkgkn`te inlçtkge dn cvnrský` fcmkc ie qun ns gcie1 cpikmcde c gcics cmmke`ns
(XegU<23>)1
XegU<23>)1 c ic gcidcd (FnhU32;
(FnhU32;)1)1 c «ic repc (oklurcdcgn`tn) me`tcgk`cdc per su mcr`n±
(BudU328=)1
BudU328=)1 c «ics ehrcs dn ies `kmeicçtcs± (CpeU82?
(CpeU82?11 y n` CpeU823>, n` cilu`es gss.1 vëcsn X_X)1
(m) dn ic prnonrn`mkc rnictkvc dn u`c mesc per n`mkgc dn etrc, gndkc`tn ic nxprnský` dn
gn`esprnmke c, e cvnrský` c, ics dngc`dcs dn u`c pnrse`c e mesc n` rnicmký` c ies dn etrc
(GctU?28411 IumU3?23=),
pnrse`c (GctU?284 IumU3?23=), n` muc`te c ic kgpeskhkikdcd dn snrvkr c des «snóerns±1 n`
muc`te c ics dngc`dcs dn ies pcdrns n` rnicmký` c ics dn Mrkste ((IumU3428?
IumU3428?)1)1 n` rnicmký` ci
gn`esprnmke dn ic prepkc vkdc n` rnicmký` c ics dngc`dcs dn Mrkste (BucU3828> BucU3828>)1)1 `nlctkvcgn`tn,
dn ic prepkc mcr`n, nste ns, dn ie pnrtn`nmkn`tn c u`e prepke, y per n`dn dn ic nspesc dn u`
feghrn mege u`c me` ëi (NonU>28;
(NonU>28;).).
@etc2 n` 3B`U=23>, ci qun cherrnmn c su fnrgc`e sn in iicgc fegkmkdc1 perqun ni pnmcde me`skstn
n` ic dkspeskmký` k`tnr`c, dn ic qun ni n i cmte ns tc` seie ic nxprnský` nxtnrker.
8. cpestulne (ἊϊεύτώνΧϋ, L?>>), dn`etc nstrngnmnrsn Qcpe, dn (n` oergc pcrtktkvc) utkikzcde
cquç k`tn`skvcgn`tn1 stulne, edkcrW1 dn cfç, cherrnmnr (XegU382;
( XegU382;).¿
).¿
H. @eghrns
3. cokiclctfes (ἊϏλαΩνγζεψ, L6?>), `e cgc`tn dn ie hun`e (c, `nlcmký`1 okine, cgcr1 clctfes,
hun`e). ]n usc n` 8TkU=2= 2 «cherrnmnderns dn ie hun`e± (X_X y X_).¿
8. (ζξεύτώνΠψ, L8=3;), (dn tfnes, Dkes, y stulne1 vëcsn M). ]n usc n` XegU32=: mege
tfnestulns dn Dkes± tc`te n` ic X_ mege n` ic X_X, X_X<< y _G . Fcy vnrske`ns, mege ic
«cherrnmnderns
_nrský` Xnvkscdc K`linsc, qun trcdumn` «cherrnmkhins c Dkes±, y cu`qun ic prkgnrc trcdummký`
nstã cprepkcdc pcrc ics pcichrcs qun sklun`, «k`burkeses±, «sehnrhkes±, «citkves±, pcrnmn qun ns
ic snlu`dc trcdummký` ic qun dc ni vnrdcdnre sn`tkde. Iklftoeet mktc dn ic npçsteic dn Mingn`tn
dn Xegc n` me`okrgcmký` dn niie, «cquniies qun prcmtkmc` nstcs mescs se` cherrnmkhins pcrc
Dkes±.¿
M. Cdbntkve
stulntes (ύτώνμτωψ, L4<?<), edkese, cherrnmkhin (dn stulne, edkcr, `e utkikzcde n` ni @T). ]n usc
n` TktU=2=.¿
TktU=2=.¿

8<
 DKMMKE@CXKE HÇHIKME _KIC-N]M^CK@
CHEXXNMNX
Ni vnrhe mcstniic`e nstã mcrlcde dn te`es ngetkves y skl`kokmc, cilu`cs vnmns, chegk`cr1 etrcs,
chc`de`cr e dnbcr y, ok`cign`tn,
o k`cign`tn, churrkrsn dn u`c pnrse`c e sktucmký`. N` ni cherrn
cherrnmnr
mnr hçhikme
tcghkë` n`trc` nstes dkvnrses gctkmns, y cdngãs, c vnmns, nstã prnócde dn krc, edke e gcic
veiu`tcd fcmkc u`c sktucmký` e fcmkc u`c pnrse`c. Cherrnmnr ci prýbkge e ci fnrgc`e ns pnmcde
(Ln`U8<2431 =<241 InvU3;23<1
c ies ebes dn Dkes (Ln`U8<243 InvU3;23<1 8]cU3=288).
8]cU3=288). Sukn` cherrnmçc c su gubnr y ic
chc`de`chc sk` buste getkve nrc mcstklcde y dnhçc rnmkhkric dn `unve ((DnuU8823=-3;
DnuU8823=-3;).). Znre ic
iny cokrgc qun
ehiklcmký` muc`de cnxkstn`
dn bu`tcrsn niic dnmcuscs
`unveinlçtkgcs
(DnuU842=pcrc
(DnuU842= , 4). chc`de`cric, n`te`mns ni gcrkde
Muc`de ies sn`tkgkn`tes `ectkn`n
qun u`n` des ic
pnrse`cs nstã` hcscdes gnrcgn`tn n` ic mcr`n, ni cherrnmkgkn`te pundn snr u` pniklre guy
peskhin (8]cU3=23>
(8]cU3=23>). N` ic Hkhikc, «cherrnmkgkn`te± pundn dnskl`cr, c vnmns, u` lrcde k`onrker dn
(Ln`U8;2=:, =31 DnuU8323>
cger (Ln`U8;2=: DnuU8323>11 ZreU3=2841
ZreU3=2841 GciU328, =1 IuaU3428?
IuaU3428?11 XegU;23=
XegU;23=).).
CHEXXNMKGKN@TE
Ns u`c ngemký` qun iinvc c ic pnrse`c qun ic skn`tn c u`c ounrtn epeskmký` me`trc su ehbnte dn
nstc k`tn`sc cvnrský`. Ic Hkhikc gcrmc ni cherrnmkgkn`te mege gývki dni fegkmkdke pu`khin me`
ic gunrtn, n` iulcr dn ie qun fcmn` gumfcs inlksicmke`ns gednr`cs, qun dc` mege mcusc
ctn`uc`tn u` sn`tkgkn`te nxcitcde dn edke (@ugU=>2;-86
( @ugU=>2;-86).). Ni fegkmkdc cmmkdn`tci nrc
pretnlkde, n` tc`te
@ugU=>23;-83).
(@ugU=>23;-83 ). @equn ni qunrnpudkcr
sn pedçc gctchc per
c icn`ngkstcd `e pedçc
gubnr prepkc snr nxmuipcde
per skgpin per mcusc
cherrnmkgkn`te cilu`c
(DnuU8823=-
(DnuU8823=-
3;).). Dnhçc dcrsn u`c mcusc bustc. ]k ëstc `e nxkstçc, y ni gcrkde fchçc cmuscde ociscgn`tn c su
3;
DnuU8823;).). ]k ic
nspesc, dnhçc snr mcstklcde, guitcde y `e pedçc bcgãs chc`de`cr c su gubnr ((DnuU8823;
cmuscmký` dn ocitc dn mcstkdcd prngctrkge`kci nrc mknrtc, ic gubnr nrc mcstklcdc durcgn`tn
(DnuU88283). Ni cherrnmkgkn`te ns u`c me`snmun`mkc dni pnmcde, ni muci skngprn prevemc
dkvkský`, dnsme`okc`zc, mnies y cherrnmkgkn`te.
^`c dn ics me`snmun`mkcs dni pnmcde n` rnicmký` me` Dkes ns ni cherrnmkgkn`te qun skn`tn Dkes
per ni pnmcde, y me`trc ni mcrãmtnr dni feghrn pnmcder, dnsdn ]u sc`tkdcd (ZscU332>
( ZscU332>1 GciU32=),
GciU32=),
(NznU362=8).). Ni fkbe dn Dkes dnhn n` niie kgktcr c su
cu`qun dnsnc`de ic scivcmký` dni pnmcder (NznU362=8

(]nóer (FnhU32;
(FnhU32;
IuaU3428?),
IuaU3428? 1 XegU>261
), dcdcXegU>26 1 mp. 8MeU>23;-83).
per ni ]nóer 8MeU>23;-83 ). Ic nxfertcmký`
c ]us snlukderns, c cherrnmnr
sn fc dn n`tn`dnr c pcdrn,rnictkve.
n` sn`tkde gcdrn yNinspesc
cger
ci ]nóer ns tc` dnikmcde qun, n` megpcrcmký`, ies etres cgerns se` cherrnmkgkn`te. _nr, c nstn
( Ln`U8;2=:, =3, de`dn «gn`esprnmkcdc± ns trcdummký` dni vnrhe fnhrne
rnspnmte, ni mcse dn Inc (Ln`U8;2=:
«cherrnmnr±)1 y tcghkë` ni dni pcdrn qun me`sk`tkn`de c su fkbe, cmtòc n` rncikdcd mege
cherrnmkë`dein, ci prkvcrin dni hkn` dn ic dksmkpik`c (ZreU3=284
(ZreU3=284).).

86
 @^N_E DKMMKE@CXKE DN IC HKHIKC CIOE@]E IEMA\CXD
CHEXXNMKGKN@TE
Cvnrský` nxtrngc fcmkc u`c pnrse`c e mesc. Dkes tkn`n c. per ic kdeictrçc y ics mestughrns
(DnuU3828;-=81 DnuU3?288)1
pclc`cs (DnuU3828;-=8 DnuU3?288)1 per ies qun fcmn` k`kqukdcd (]ciU>2>
( ]ciU>2>)1)1 per ’ies ebes citkves‗1
per ’ic in`luc gn`tkresc‗1 per ’ics gc`es dnrrcgcdercs dn sc`lrn k`emn`tn‗1 per ’ni merczý` qun
gcquk`c pn`scgkn`tes k`kmues‗1 per ’ies pkns prnsureses pcrc merrnr ci gci‗1 per ’ni tnstkle ocise qun
(ZreU?23?-3;)1)1 per ics oknstcs
fchic gn`tkrcs‗1 per ’ni qun sknghrc dksmerdkc n`trn fnrgc`es‗ (ZreU?23?-3;
rniklkescs `e sk`mnrcs (KscU3234
(KscU3234)1)1 per ni dkvermke (GciU823?
(GciU823?).). Ni feghrn kgpçe skn`tn c. per ni
(]ciU=4283
buste (]ciU=4283
me`snbe 1 ]ciU=>23;)1
]ciU=>23;
dni Citçskge )1 per ic
(]ciU3:<233)1
(]ciU3:<233 merrnmmký`
)1 per ((]ciU>:23<
(]ciU38:2?)1
]ciU>:23<)1
ic pcz (]ciU38:2? )1)1 per
per icBnfevã (]ciU6323>
(]ciU6323>
mkn`mkc 1 ]ciU6=28
(ZreU3288)1
(ZreU3288 ]ciU6=28)1
)1 per ic )1 per ni
schkdurçc (ZreU328;
(ZreU328;).). Ni buste skn`tn c. per ic rnu`ký` dn ies gcikl`es (]ciU8?2> ( ]ciU8?2>)1)1 per ies qun
nspnrc` n` vc`kdcdns (]ciU=32?
(]ciU=32?)1)1 per ni gci (]ciU;<23:
(]ciU;<23:)1 per ic ehrc dn ies qun sn dnsvçc`
(]ciU3:32=)1
]ciU3:32=)1 per ies feghrns fkpýmrktcs (]ciU33;233=
( ]ciU33;233=)1)1 per tede mcgk`e dn gn`tkrc (]ciU33;2386(]ciU33;2386)1)1
(]ciU3=;283)1)1 per ni seher`e (ZreU3>28<
per ies qun cherrnmn` c Bnfevã (]ciU3=;283 (ZreU3>28<)1)1 per ic cvcrkmkc
(ZreU8623?
ZreU8623?)1)1 per ic lc`c`mkc dn vkein`mkcs (KscU==23>
(KscU==23>).).
]k sn megprehchc qun u`c gunrtn `e fchçc skde cmmkdn`tci, sk`e per c., sk ni muipchin fchçc kde c
( DnuU3;233-38).). Ic gn`mký` dn
u`c mkudcd dn rnoulke nrc scmcde dn ciiç y n`trnlcde c ic gunrtn (DnuU3;233-38
c. qun sn fcmn n` DnuU8323> n`trn des gubnrns, u`c cgcdc y etrc cherrnmkdc, sulknrn qun ni c.
pundn c vnmns
dkonrn`mkcs skl`kokmcr
n` mcse u` cgerdc`de
dn fnrn`mkc, gn`ericmegpcrcde me` ci
prkgeln`kturc etre (IumU3428?).
(IumU3428?
fkbe ). @e sn]npedçc`
dn ic prnonrkdc. fcmnr
rncikzchc u`
premnse n` ni mcse dn u` rnmkë` mcscde qun skn`tn c. per su nspesc c mcusc dn sespnmfcs n`
muc`te c su vkrlk`kdcd. ]k sn dntnrgk`chc qun tn`çc rczý`, ic gubnr gerçc. Znre n` mcse
(DnuU8823=-83).).
me`trcrke, sn in kgpe`çc u`c guitc ci feghrn y `e pedçc rnpudkcr c su gubnr (DnuU8823=-83

***

8;
 ^@ ZCMTE
(TNN]TCGN@TE, CCIKC@RC, ME@TXCTE, ME@_N@KE,
CM^NXDE E, ME@ONDNXCMKÝ@, ZXEGN]CC ee MEGZXEGK]E
E)2

3) ]N DNHN L^CXDCX
L^CXDCX22 33) DN]NMFCX22
]N Z^NDN DN]NMFCX
(Lë` 3<2;) (Lë` 3<23:) (Ëxe 3;2>) (8Xn 3<23>)
(Dt. <2;) (Dt. <238) (Dt. 8;2;) 38) ]N Z^NDN B^XCX N@ _C@E2
_C@E2

(3Xn 628=) (3Xn 33233) (8Mr ?234) (Nzn 3?2>;) (Nzn 3<23?-3;) (Esn 3:24)
(@nf 32>) (@nf ;2=8) (]ci 8>23:) 3=) ]N Z^NDN XEGZNX2
XEGZNX2
(]ci <623:) (]ci 3:=23
3:=236
6 ) (]ci 3=8238) (3Xn 3>23;) (]ci 6;2=;) (Nzn 3<23>)
(Nzn 3<234) (Dc` ;24) (Nzn 3<23?) (Rcm 3323:)
8) ]N DNHN M^GZIKX2
M^GZIKX2 34) ]N Z^NDN MEXXEGZNX
MEXXEGZNX22
(Dt. ==2;) (Gci 826)
=) ]N DNHN ZNXGC@NMNX
ZNXGC@NMNX22 3>) ZXEOC@CX2
]N Z^NDN ZXEOC@CX2
(Bnr ==28>) (Fnh 62;) (Gci 823:)
4) OKXGN22
]N DNHN N]TCX OKXGN 3?) ]N Z^NDN _KEICX2
_KEICX2

(]ci <62=<) (Lë`

(Lë` 3<234) (Dc` 332=8)
>) COKXGCX2
]N DNHN COKXGCX2 3<) ]N Z^NDN S^NHXC@TCX
S^NHXC@TCX22
(Inv 8?2;) (]ci 6;286
6;286)) (Bes <233)
<233) (Bes <23
<23>)
>) (8Xn 36238)
?) ]N Z^NDN ME@OKXGCX
ME@OKXGCX22 (Ksc 842>) (Ksc >423:) (Nzn 3<236)
(Lë` 3<23;) (Dt. 6236) (Nzn 3?2?8) (Nzn 3<23;)
(Dc` ;28<) 36) TXC]ZC]CX22
]N Z^NDN TXC]ZC]CX
<) XCTKOKMCX22
]N Z^NDN XCTKOKMCX (Dt. 3<28) (Bes 8=23?) (Bun 828:)
(Lãi =23<
=23<)) (Lãi =23>) (Bnr =4236) (Esn ?2<) (Esn 623)
6) ]N Z^NDN EI_KDCX
EI_KDCX22 3;) ]N Z^NDN K@_CIKDCX
K@_CIKDCX22

(Dt. 428=) (Dt. 42=3) (8Xn 3<2=6) (Inv 8?23>) (Inv 8?244) (Dt. =323?)
(]ci 6;2=4
6;2=4)) (Zre 823<) (Cgý 32;) (Dt. =328:) (Bun 823) (Bnr 3323:)
;) DNBCX2
]N Z^NDN DNBCX2 (Bnr 34283) (Bnr =32=8) (Bnr ==28:)
(Dt. 8;28>) (3Xn 3;23:) (3Xn 3;234) (Bnr ==283) (Nzn 3?2>;) (Nzn 442<)
(Bnr 882;) (Lãii ==23
(Lã 23>)
>)
3:) ]N Z^NDN OCITCX
OCITCX22 8:) C@^ICX2
]N Z^NDN C@^ICX2
(]ci 4423<) (Ksc 86236) (Ksc ==26)

]k ouërnges k`oknins, ëi pnrgc`nmn okni1 Ni `e pundn `nlcrsn c sç gksge. 8Tk 823=)

Mcdc u`e nstë pin`cgn`tn me`vn`mkde n` su prepkc gn`tn. Xe. 342>)
µTkn`ns
µTkn` ns tò
t ò on5 Tn`ic pcrc me`
me `tkle
tkle dnic`tn
dnic`tn dn Dkes. Hkn`cvn`tur
Hkn`cvn`tur cde
ni qun `e sn me`dn`c c sç gksge n` ie qun cprunhc. Xe. 34288)
… y ted
tedee ie `
`e prevkkn`n dn on, ns pnmcde. Xe. 3428=)
e prev
Ted
Te de gn ns içmkte,
içmkte , pnr
p nre
e `e te de me`v
me`vkn`n1
kn`n1 tede gn ns içmkte
içmkte , pnr
p nre ndkokmc. 3nrc c Me. 3:28=)
e `e tede ndkokmc.
…pnre
…pn re g
gkrcrë
krcrë c cqu
cqunn i qun ns peh
pehrn
rn y f
fugkid
ugkidnn dn n spç
spçrktu,
rktu, y qun tkng
tkn gh ic c gk pcich rc. Ks. ??28)
pcichrc.
TNEIELÇC DK]ZN@]CMKE@CI
Zcmtes Hçhikmes)
Hçhikmes)
TNEIELÇC DNI ZCMTE e
DNI XNNGZICRE
Zcmtes Tneiýlkmes)
Tneiýlkmes)
 38 Zu`tes pcrc N`tn`dnr ies Zrk`mkpcins Zcmtes Hçhikmes
Zer Gkan _icmf

C me`tk`ucmký` sn prnsn`tc` 38 pu`tes e dkrnmtrkmns qun mrne qun se` òtkins pcrc ic megprn`ský`
dn ies prk`mkpcins pcmtes —@eëtkme, Chrcfãgkme, Gesckme, Dcvçdkme y @unve.
3. Ies pcmtes hçhikmes se` ies vnfçm
vnfçmuies
uies c trcvës dn ies mucins ni prelrcgc dni rnk`e
rnk`e dn Dkes sn
dnscrreiic n` ic fksterkc.
8. Ies pcmtes nstã` rnicmke`cdes n`tr
n`trnn sç. ]n dnspiknlc` y sn dnscrreiic`
dnscrreiic` n` rnicmký` me` ies dn
dngãs.
gãs.
=. Ies pcmtes c gn`ude me`tkn`
me`tkn`n`
n` cghes ningn`tes2 k`m k`me`dkmke`cins
e`dkmke`cins y me`dkmke`cins.
me`dkmke`cins. Zer
k`me`dkmke`ci qunrnges dnmkr qun u` pcmte `e pundn snr c`uicde u`c vnz qun Dkes sn ehiklc
k`me`dkmke`cign`tn
k`me`dkmke`cign` tn c ëi. Dkes mugpikrã tedcs ics ehiklcmke`ns qun Ëi tegc sehrn sç. ]k` nghcrle,
ics me`dkmke`ns sn pundn` meiemcr sehrn ies pcrtkmkpc`tns
pc rtkmkpc`tns fugc`es dn gc`nrc qun, pcrc
nxpnrkgn`tcr ics hn`dkmke`ns dn ies pcmtes, nstc nstã me`dkmke`cdc c ic ehndkn`mkc.
4. Ni pcmte me` @eë ns ic pictcoergc pcrc nnii dnscrreiie prelrnskve dn ies etres pcmtes. Dkes
pregntn ic nstchkikdcd dn ic `cturcinzc dnspuës dn ic k`u`dcmký` liehci per ie qun ni prelrcgc dn
pcmte pundn dnscrreiicrsn n` ic fksterkc.
>. Ni pcmte Chrcfãgkme ns ni pcmte ou`dcgn`tci pcrc ni Gesckme, Dcvç Dcvçdkme,
dkme, y ni @unve Zcmte.
?. Ni pcmte Gesckme ns u` pcmte meme`dkmke`ci
`dkmke`ci y ns ni gndke c tr trcvës
cvës dni muci Ksrcni pundn
gc`tn`nrsn me`nmtcde
c`uicde dnhkde me` ics hn`dkmke`ns
c ic dnsehndkn`mkc dn Ksrcnidni
(csçpcmte dn Chrcfcg.
ic `nmnskdcd dn u`Nstn pcmte
@unve pundn snr y oun
Zcmte).
<. N` me`bu`te n k`k`dkvkducign`tn,
dkvkducign`tn, ies pcmtes me`skstn` n` dnmn`cs dn pregnscs
pregnscs nspnmçokmcs
k`miuyn`de hn`dkmke`ns nspkrktuci, `cmke`ci (Ksrcni), k`tnr`cmke`ci y gctnrkcins. Nstes ningn`tes
se` kgpertc`tns y sn n`trniczc`. Tedes ies ningn`tes sn mugpikrã` iktnrcign`tn c trcvës dn des
vn`kdcs dn Bnsòs (`e ns `nmnscrke
`nmnscrke k`tnrprntcr e nspkrk
nspkrktucikzcr
tucikzcr ies pcmtes tkpeiýlkmcgn`tn).
6. Ni Dcvçdkme y ni @u
@unve
nve Zcmte se` nxtn`ske`ns dni Zcmte
Zcmte dn Chrcfcg y ies gndkes c trcvtrcvës
ës dni
muci sn mugpin ni pcmte dn Chrcfcg (iç`nc rnci —Dcvçdkme1 scivcmký` y hn`dkmke`ns c tedes ies
mrnyn`tns — @unve)
;. Ies pcmtes sn mugpin` iktnrcign`tn c ie icrle dn ic fksterkc c trcvës dn2
(3) mugpikgkn`te fkstýrkme c`tns dn Mrkste1
(8) ic prkgnrc vn`kdc dni mugpikgkn`te dn Bnsòs1 y
(=) ic snlu`dc vn`kdc dni mugpikgkn`te dn Bnsòs.
3:. Ic ëpemc dn ic Klinskc n`trn Zn`tnmestës
Zn`tnmestës (Fnmfes 8) y ni rnlrnse dn Bnsòs ns u`c ëpemc de`dn
nxkstn u` mugpikgkn`te dn gumfcs hn`dkmke`ns nspkrktucins (`e nspkrktucikzcdcs) dn ies pcmtes (u`
`unve merczý`, u` nspçrktu qun gerc n` `esetres, ic i c scivcmký` gnskã`kmc pcrc Budçes y Ln`tkins,
ntm.)
33. Ni Xnk`e Gkin`crke ns ic nrc n` ic fksterkc n` qun tedes ies ningn`tes dn ies pcmtes
Chrcfãgkme, Dcvçdkme, y ni @unve Zcmte sn mugpikrã` n` tedcs sus dkgn`ske`ns2 nspkrktuci,
`cmke`ci (Ksrcni), k`tnr`cmke`ci (`cmke`ns), y gctnrkci (hn`dkmke`ns oçskmcs, tknrrc rnstcurcdc, ic
crge`çc k`tnr`cmke`ci, ic crge`çc dn ies c`kgcins, ic predummký`
p redummký` dn ic clrkmuiturc, ntm.)
38. ^`c megprn`ský` cdnmucdc
cdnmucdc dn ies pcmtes hçhikmes ns suokmkn`
suokmkn`tn
tn pcrc mcptcr ni prelrcgc dn
pcmtes dn Dkes. Ies pcmtes tneiýlkmes `e dnhn` kgpe`nrsn c ies pcmtes hçhikmes n` oergc cilu`c
qun citnrn ni skl`kokmcde dn ies pcmtes hçhikmes.